Frederick Chung
Professor Dominic
Anatomy & Physiology oct-13-11 Chapter 7 Review 1. E 2. A 3. D 4. C 5. D 6. A 7. D 8. E 9. B 10. E 11. Hydroxyapatite 12. Canaliculi 13. Appositional 14. Solubility product 15. Hypocalcemia 16. Osteoblasts 17. Calcitriol 18. Metaphysic 19. Metaphysic 20. Osteomalacia
True and false 1. T 2. T 3. F 4. F 5. F 6. T 7. F 8. T 9. F 10. T

Testing Your Comprehension 1. Osteocytes adjacent to a central canal and transfer osteocytes by way of these processes. 2. expect to see increased density in all weight bearing bones of the appendicular skeleton. 3. Blood calcium concentration is hormonally regulated within a narrow range of the homeostatic set point. hormone lowers the calcium level by stimulating osteoblast activity. 4. The trabeculae of spongy bone are not arranged randomly like the fibers of a kitchen sponge, but rather, are aligned along lines of stress in the bone so they can bear the greatest amount of stress for the least amount of bone mass. 5. If the epidermis blocked all UV radiation from reaching the blood vessels in the dermis. If no vitamin D were taken orally to compensate for this, then we would expect to see rickets in children or osteomalacia in adults. Both of these diseases result from inadequate bone deposition in the absence or insufficiency of vitamin D. Chapter 8 Review 1. B 2. E 3. A 4. D 5. A 6. E 7. C 8. D 9. E 10. B 11. Fontanels 12. Temporal 13. Sutures 14. Sphenoid 15. Anulus 16. Dens 17. Auricular 18. Styloid 19. Pollex, hallux 20. Longitudinal True and false 1. T 2. F 3. F 4. T 5. T 6. T 7. F 8. F 9. F 10. T Testing Your Comprehension 1. The condyloid process of her mandible was driven into the mandibular fossa and fractured her temporal bone, creating an opening from the auditory canal to the throat. 2. High-heeled shoes raise the human foot into a position comparable to that of a cat or dog, with the body weight being supported on the heads of the metatarsal bones. In a human, however, much of the weight is still supported through the calcaneus and the heel of the shoe. 3. An intervertebral disc between C1 and C2 would restrict the mobility of those vertebrae and make it impossible to rotate the head from side to side. Furthermore, C1 has no vertebral body, therefore has no place to which an intervertebral disc could be attached. 4. In children and adolescents, the femoral head is attached to the neck by a cartilaginous epiphyseal plate; this joint has not ossified yet. Cartilage is not as strong as bone, and trauma to the femur can cause the head and neck to separate along this line. Such a fracture in any long bone is called an epiphyseal fracture. Adolescents are especially at risk of epiphyseal fractures because their greater body weight (compared to younger children) puts more stress on the femur and their participation in sports and rough play, and their relatively high frequency of vehicular accidents, subject them to more trauma. 5. Andy could have fractured the tibiae or the femoral shafts, but since the EMT said he had broken his hips, the most likely site would be the necks of the femurs. (A fractured acetabulum is also possible.) Andy was able to jump from such heights as a child without injury because a child’s bones are more resilient and because a child, being lighter in weight, hits the ground with less momentum (force) than an adult, so the landing produces less stress on the bones.

Chapter 9 Review 1. C 2. B 3. A 4. E 5. C 6. C 7. A 8. D 9. B 10. D 11. Synovial fluid 12. Bursa 13. Pivot 14. Kinesiology 15. Gomphosis 16. Serrate 17. Extension 18. Range of motion 19. Articular disc 20. Talus
True or false 1. F 2. F 3. F 4. T 5. T 6. T 7. F 8. T 9. F 10. T
Testing Your Comprehension 1. Mechanical advantage is the ratio of the length of the effort arm, LE, to the length of the resistance arm, LR. In a second-class lever, the components are in the order fulcrum-resistance-effort (FRE), so the effort arm is always longer than the resistance arm and LE/LR is always greater than 1. In a third-class lever, the components are in the order FER, so the effort arm is always shorter than the resistance arm and LE/LR is always less than 1. 2. (a) Calcaneus–frontal plane; (b) coxal bones–frontal plane; (c) femur–sagittal plane; (d) tibia–frontal plane; (e) proximal phalanx II–frontal plane. 3. (a) Flexion of the hip, knee, and elbow as you sit; (b) pronation of the forearm, extension of the elbow, and flexion of the shoulder as you reach for the apple; (c) depression and protraction followed by elevation of the mandible as you take a bite; and (d) retraction of the mandible and cyclic elevation, depression, and lateral and medial excursion as you chew it. 4. The fulcrum is the head of the humerus. The effort arm is from the middle of the humeral head to the deltoid tuberosity and the resistance arm is from the middle of the head to the weight in the hand. The MA is less than 0.2 because the resistance arm is more than 5 times as long as the effort arm. This is a third class lever. 5. (1) Ball-and socket joint: shoulder (humeroscapular) and hip (coxal) joints. (2) Condylar joint: radiocarpal, metacarpophalangeal, and metatarsophalangeal joints. (3) Saddle joint: trapeziometacarpal joint I of the upper limb, with no example in the lower limb. (4) Plane joint: intercarpal and intertarsal joints. (5) Hinge joint: elbow (humeroulnar), knee, and interphalangeal joints. (6) Pivot joint: Proximal radioulnar joint of the upper limb, with no example in the lower limb.