...Background 4 1.1 Unitary and Pluralistic frames of Reference 4 1.2 Changes in Trade Unionism Have Affected Employee Relations 6 1.3 Role of Main Players in Employee Relations 8 2.0 Understanding the Nature of industrial Conflict and Its Resolution 10 2.1 The Procedures an Organization should follow in dealing with Conflicts 10 2.2 The key features of employee Relation in a Selected Conflict Situation: 12 2.3 Effectiveness of procedures used in a selected conflict situation 14 LO3 Understanding collective bargaining and negotiation processes 15 3.1 The role of negotiation in collective bargaining 15 3.2 The impact of negotiation strategy for a given situation 17 Win-Win Strategy 17 Win-Lose Strategy 17 LO 4 : Understanding the concept of employee participation and involvement 20 4.1 The influence of the EU on industrial democracy in the UK 20 4.2 Comparing of the methods used to gain employee participation and involvement in the decision making process 23 4.3 The impact of human resource management on employee relations 24 Conclusion 26 References & Bibliography 27 Introduction The Purpose of this assignment to acquire knowledge and development of skills about employee Relations (Relations between an employer and a collective workforce, typically through a recognized union), its nature, historical background, types, and European Union roles in its development. It also encompasses the industrial conflicts such as strike, lock out etc. and the procedure for solving those...
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...A successful nation must have a strong governmental system. But there are different ways this system can be organized, with various distributions of power. The separation of powers is a model for the government of a state. The model was first developed in ancient Greece. Now, it is used in the United States. Under this model, the state is divided into branches, each with separate and independent powers and areas of responsibility. The typical division of branches is into a legislature, an executive, and a judiciary. The United States Legislation is comprised of the House of Representatives and the Senate, together forming Congress. Congress is comprised of mainly democrats and republicans, and republicans hold the majority in Congress right...
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...Presidential System? OBJECTIVES * To point out the good sides of the Parliamentary system. * To discuss the process of legislation of the Parliamentary Government. * To tackle the important topic about Parliamentary system. * To form a good information to the readers about the essence of Parliamentary system. SIGNIFICANCE * This term paper gives information to the reader about the system of Parliamentary Government. * This paper will benefit the ones who search information about the essence of Parliamentary system. III. Introduction Parliament, (from Old French: parlement; Latin: parliamentum) the original legislative assembly of England, Scotland, or Ireland and successively of Great Britain and the United Kingdom; legislatures in some countries that were once British colonies are also known as parliaments. The British Parliament, often referred to as the “Mother of Parliaments,” consists of the sovereign, the House of Lords, and the House of Commons. Originally meaning a talk, the word was used in the 13th century to describe after-dinner discussions between monks in their cloisters. In 1239 the English Benedictine monk Matthew Paris of the Abbey of St. Albans applied the term to a council meeting between prelates, earls, and...
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...Summary : I. The United Kingdom 1. The Make-Up of the UK 2. Constitutional Monarchy and Parliamentary Democracy 3. The Electoral System and Political Parties in the UK 4. The Current Political Situation 5. Devolved Administration in the UK II. The United States of America 1. The Make-Up of the USA 2. The Federal and Constitutional Republic of the USA 3. Political Parties in the USA 4. The Current Political Situation in the USA I. The United Kingdom 1. The Make-Up of the UK The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is a constitutional monarchy and unitary state. It is made up of four individual countries, which are England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. It is governed by a parliamentary system and its seat of government is in London. There are also three devolved powers outside of the capital, located in Belfast, Cardiff and Edinburgh (the three capital cities of Ireland, Wales and Scotland respectively). There are also a number of islands that are constitutionally tied to the United Kingdom constitution, but that are not part of the UK. They are the bailiwicks (headed by a bailiff, appointed by the crown to administer) of Jersey and Guernsey (to the south of the UK) and also the Isle of Man, which is off the north-east coast of the British mainland. However, it is true to say that the majority of British might even get confused as to the difference between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and the British Isles...
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...COMPARATIVE FOREING GOVERNMENT The US Political system- principles, institutions, rules and performance * A Democratic Republic * Political power, authority and legitimacy resides in the ¨we the people¨ * Officeholders serve specified terms and face regularly schedule elections * Political office cannot be inherited or conferred (no monarch, no nobility) * A constitutional system * A single document defining government powers, institutions and their functions, electoral procedures * Short and difficult to amend * Flexible and adaptable to changing circumstances (¨living document¨) * Widely perceived as legitimate by ¨we the people¨ * A representative democracy * Elected representatives –not ¨we the people¨-- make national law and policy (no referenda, recall, or ballot initiative) * The rule of law * Power of government over citizens explicitly limited (bill of rights) * The judiciary (federal courts) is on independent brunch of government whose members are protected by interference * All the elected are subjected to the law * Appointed officials are accountable to elected officials and to the courts * Institutional characteristics * /Separation of power/ divides political power and governmental authority among three branches having distinctive powers * Checks and balances allows each branch to offset the powers of the others * A powerful bicameral legislature with a meaningful upper house *...
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...movement known as 20th February was more for reform in the system while keeping the same structure. According to Molina, “This coincidence of official celebrations and mass mobilization against the regime – both employing the discourse of democratization – illustrates the duality of the political process in which Morocco has been immersed since the beginning of the so-called Arab Spring. On the one hand, the new and unforeseen regional dynamic has acted as a catalyst for a cycle of unprecedented protests in the country, breaking new ground in terms of demands and spreading across the kingdom. On the other hand, the regime promptly responded to these changing dynamics by offering generous socio-economic measures and political concessions in the classic reformist tradition of the Moroccan monarchy.”(2011). One of the main demands expressed by the group was for separations of powers and a transformation of the role of the king to a more symbolic one. However, the result of those events are not meeting their initial demands as the proposal reforms are timid and keep most power with the king, the plans as proposed by the king does not respond to the demand...
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...‘The role of government in creating the business climate’ At its inception in 1957, the European Union was known as the European Economic Community. It was created by the Treaty of Rome by six countries known as the Core Six – Belgium, Luxembourg, The Netherlands, Germany, Italy and France. It’s main mission being creating a common – tariff free market in favour of easier and more profitable trade. The European Union consists of The Council of Ministers, European Parliament, European Commission and The European Court of Justice. Britain joined the EU in 1973, however it was never fully committed to the European project. The EU now consists of 28 member states, however that is due to increase with the potential of more countries joining amongst which are Turkey and Ukraine. European Government: How the European government does affect UK business? The EU has a big impact on business in the UK. Thanks to the EU Britain is able to trade their goods and services such as cars and banking with other countries in the EU without tariffs. This enables swifter and more profitable trade. As well as that, the EU helps the UK trade their goods and services outside the EU because it is the second largest trade bloc in the world, competing with the USA and China. The EU has supranational policy making power on trade for all member state, including the UK. This means that whatever the EU decides on trade, the UK has to follow. Additionally, the EU imposes working conditions and minimum...
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...1/19/2015 Westminster system - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Westminster system From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The Westminster system is a democratic parliamentary system of government modelled after the politics of the United Kingdom. This term comes from the Palace of Westminster, the seat of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. The system is a series of procedures for operating a legislature. It is used, or was once used, in the national legislatures and subnational legislatures of most Commonwealth and ex-Commonwealth nations upon being granted responsible government, beginning with the first of the Canadian provinces in 1848 and the six Australian colonies between 1855 and 1890. However some former colonies (e.g. Nigeria) have adopted the presidential system as their form of government. The Houses of Parliament are situated within the Palace of Westminster, in London. Contents 1 Characteristics 2 Operation 3 Role of the head of state 4 Cabinet government 5 Bicameral and unicameral parliaments 6 Criticisms 7 Ceremonies 8 Current countries 9 Former countries 10 See also 11 Notes 12 Bibliography 13 External links Characteristics A Westminster system of government may include some of the following features: a sovereign or head of state who functions as the nominal or legal and constitutional holder of executive power, and holds numerous reserve powers, but whose daily duties mainly consist of performing ceremonial functions...
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...conceived of as rule by the best qualified citizens, and contrasted with monarchy. In later times, aristocracy was usually seen as rule by a privileged group (the aristocratic class), and contrasted withdemocracy.[1] ------------------------------------------------- Concept The concept evolved in Ancient Greece, whereby a council of famous citizens was commonly used and contrasted with direct democracy in which a council of male citizens was appointed as their "senate". The Greeks did not like the concept of monarchy, and as their democratic system fell, aristocracy was upheld.[1] In Rome, the Republic consisted of an aristocracy as well as consuls, a senate, and a tribal assembly. Later, aristocracies primarily consisted of an elitearistocratic class, privileged by birth and often by wealth. Since the French Revolution, aristocracy has generally been contrasted with democracy, in which all citizens hold some form of political power. However this distinction is often oversimplified. In Leviathan, Thomas Hobbes describes an aristocracy as a commonwealth in which the representative of the citizens is an assembly by part. Simply put, a government when only a certain part of the general public can represent the public. Modern depictions of aristocracy regard it not as a legitimate aristocracy (rule by the best) but rather as a plutocracy (rule by the wealthy). ------------------------------------------------- Advocates of aristocracy * Aristotle * Charles Baudelaire ...
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...force to keep control. In a military dictatorship, the army is in control. Usually, there is little or no attention to public opinion or individual rights. Totalitarian (China)-- Rule by a single political party. People are forced to do what the government tells them and may also be prevented from leaving the country. Theocracy (Iran)-- A form of government where the rulers claim to be ruling on behalf of a set of religious ideas, or as direct agents of a deity. Monarchy (Jordan)-- A monarchy has a king or queen, who sometimes has absolute power. Power is passed along through the family Parliamentary (Israel)-- A parliamentary system is led by representatives of the people. Each is chosen as a member of a political party and remains in power as long as his/her party does Republic (USA)-- A republic is led by representatives of the voters. Each is individually chosen for a set period of time. Anarchy(Afghanistan?)-- Anarchy is a situation where there is no government. This can happen after a civil war in a country, when a government has been destroyed and rival groups are fighting to take its place. Authority - who picks the...
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...Q) Discuss the role of political parties in contemporary democracies. Assess whether parties have retained their position or are in a decline or ascent? Consider arguments both in favour and against your judgment. A) In the twenty-first century, the term democracy doesn't just bring to mind the idea of people power; instead it prompts the idea of the existence of several political parties. The changing face of democracy has much to owe to the evolution of the political party system in the world today. Political parties seem to have become an engraved concept of democracy nowadays because of the significant role they play in the prevalent democratic systems. On face value a political party is a group of individuals representing certain views and attempting to gain power through the process of elections and translating these views into policies. However, they have several purposes, that upon being fulfilled act like building blocks to form the wall of democracy as we know it today. These include, but are not limited to, the formation of a government, representation of populist ideas, provision of a political platform for individuals, and the setting of goals for society which of course are coherent with what the masses desire. Moreover parties may also represent a certain faction of society which could be ethnic, religious or a certain class, much like interest groups do. These purposes of political parties are parallel to the essential principles of democracy, hence playing...
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...Outline the ways in which the media in Britain are regulated. Is there enough regulation? The history of mass communication is rather short in the broad context of the world’s progress. Despite the fact that in all times people felt the urge to share their significant experiences in more durable than verbal form – like the prehistoric paintings on cave walls and invention of writing by Sumerians later – relatively modern forms of communication, reaching large audiences, originated only in the past five hundred years. The importance of sharing information and even more – deciding what to share and what to withhold – was understood from the moment people learned to write. As Tom Clancy put it: ‘Information, knowledge, is power. If you can control information, you can control people’ and that is why since the beginning of times that precious knowledge was divided only between the chosen few: from high priests of the ancient civilizations to the nobility and servants of God in the middle ages; from the dictators like Stalin and Hitler to modern moguls like Rupert Murdoch. In our times mass media became a super-power: it has a colossal impact on society as a whole and its political, economic, cultural constituents, therefore it must be governed and regulated aiming to ensure a freedom to communicate, diversity and universal provision as well as secure communicative and cultural ends chosen by the people for themselves (McQuail, 2010). The obligatory argument that always emerges...
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...CONSTITUTIONAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE LAW LAWS 1112 Y (1) UNIVERSITY OF MAURITIUS ACADEMIC YEAR 2011/2012 Lecture 1 DEFINITION AND SCOPE OF CONSTITUTIONAL LAW * The role of law * “Law is not merely a matter of the rules which govern relations between private individuals (for example between the employer and employee or between landlord and tenant). Law also concerns the structure and powers of the state.” A W Bradley and K D Ewing: Constitutional and Administrative Law * Constitutional Law has the basic role of governing the structure and the powers of the state. It therefore organises the powers of the state in an attempt to prevent abuses of power by those in power. * Emergence of Constitutional Law - Enlightenment * The term “constitution” was coined recently with the emergence of the new nation state. During the 18th of century, political revolutions in France and the US led to the emergence of the new nation state and the need was felt for a document reflecting the beliefs and the political aspirations of the heralders of the new political and legal order. * Major ideologies (constitutionalism, Thomas Hobbes, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, John Locke) started perceiving power of the state and freedoms of individuals as being conflicting such that only a proper balance between the two would lead to political and social stability. According to those ideologies, to maximise individual freedoms and liberties, the power of the state had...
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...Reform of the United Nations Security Council From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search | This article is incomplete. Please help to improve the section, or discuss the issue on the talk page. (September 2012) | The United Nations Security Council. Reform of the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) encompasses five key issues: categories of membership, the question of the veto held by the five permanent members, regional representation, the size of an enlarged Council and its working methods, and the Security Council-General Assembly relationship. Member States, regional groups and other Member State interest groupings developed different positions and proposals on how to move forward on this contested issue.[1] The reform of the Security Council requires the agreement of at least two-thirds of UN member states and that of all the permanent members of the UNSC, enjoying the veto right.[2] Contents * 1 History * 2 General Assembly Task Force * 3 Increasing membership * 3.1 "In Larger Freedom" * 3.2 Uniting for Consensus * 4 New permanent member proposals * 4.1 Brazil * 4.2 Germany * 4.3 India * 4.4 Japan * 4.5 Membership of a Muslim-majority nation * 4.6 Africa * 5 Veto reform * 6 Overall positions on reforming the Security Council * 6.1 United States * 6.2 United Kingdom and France * 6.3 Russia * 6.4 India * 6.5 Brazil *...
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...Iqbal on Islam-Democracy Discourse: An Analysis of his Views on Compatibility and Incompatibility Tauseef Ahmed Parray Allama Muhammad Iqbal (1877-1938) was a poet and philosopher, a fine prose-writer, a great linguist and man of letters, a well-known lawyer, a leading politician, a front-rank statesman, an esteemed educationist, a great art critic, Muslim reformer, a dominant and one of the most distinguished thinkers of the 20th century. His writings – consisting of poetry in three languages: Punjabi, Urdu and Persian and prose in English and Urdu - have inspired thousands and his thought has moved millions. Iqbal was at the same time a philosopher in the line of al-Farabi, Ibn Sina and al-Ghazzali and a poet in the rank of Saa`di and Hafiz. For most of his life his profession was law and his passion, writing prose and especially poetry, considering it as a vehicle for the propagation of his thought. Iqbal studied both Islamic sciences and the Western philosophy. His writings were indebted to two principal sources: his Islamic heritage and the western philosophy he studied at Cambridge, Munich, and Heidelberg. The poetry of Iqbal is mainly philosophical and the questions relating to religion, race and civilization, government, progress of women, literature and arts, and world politics were of equal interest to him. In this paper, an exploration of Iqbal`s views about democracy is made, revealing that he accepted only those principles of democracy which he deemed...
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