...Peacekeeping in the Charter of the United Nations The Charter of the United Nations was signed, in San Francisco, on 26 June 1945 and is the foundation document for all the United Nations work. The United Nations was established to “save succeeding generations from the scourge of war” and one of its main purposes is to maintain international peace and security. Peacekeeping, although not explicitly provided for in the Charter, has evolved into one of the main tools used by the United Nations to achieve this purpose. The Charter gives the United Nations Security Council primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security. In fulfilling this responsibility, the Security Council may adopt a range of measures, including the establishment of a United Nations peacekeeping operation. The legal basis for such action is found in Chapters VI, VII and VIII of the Charter. While Chapter VI deals with the “Specific Settlement of Disputes”, Chapter VII contains provisions related to “Action with Respect to the Peace, Breaches of the Peace and Acts of Aggression”. Chapter VIII of the Charter also provides for the involvement of regional arrangements and agencies in the maintenance of international peace and security provided such activities are consistent with the purposes and principles outlined in Chapter I of the Charter. United Nations peacekeeping operations have traditionally been associated with Chapter VI of the Charter. However, the Security Council need not refer...
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...THE RELEVANCE OF THE UNITED NATIONS IN THE POST-COLD WAR ERA: IRAQI INVASION AS A CASE STUDY BY ALADENIYI, EMMANUEL ABIODUN APRIL 2005 CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND 1. The basic concepts and assumptions that led to the formation of the United Nations (UN) dates back to the beginning of statecraft and humanity’s first efforts to foster international cooperation. The treaty of the peace of Westphalia of 1648 is regarded at humanity’s first effort in statehood and fostering international cooperation. The formation of the UN is predicated on the evolution of diplomacy, alliances, conferences, rules of warfare, means of peaceful settlement of conflicts and the development of international law. The overriding purpose of the UN is war prevention. This purpose was earlier pursued by ancient Greek Philosophers, Plato and Aristotle, who wrote on the conditions necessary for peace.1 The church in the Middle Ages also enunciated a doctrine of “Just War” to limit violence and destruction by sanctioning only wars fought for justifiable courses. The pacifists and internationalists, like Desiderius Erasmus, condemned war in its entirety as “immoral and wasteful”. 2. The need to institute mechanics for peaceful settlement of disputes and prevent war encouraged the formation of various international organizations over time. These include the Congress of Vienna and Concert of Europe in 1815. The Hague System worked towards the codification...
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...Nigeria’s quest for permanent seat in the UN INTRODUCTION To assess Nigeria’s quest for the permanent seat of the United Security Council, there is need to discuss the UN Security Council and the reforms that provide the opportunity for such quests. The Security Council The Security Council is one of the principal organs of the United Nations. It is charged with the maintenance of international peace and security. Its powers include the establishment of peace-keeping operations, the establishment of international sanctions, and the authorization of military action. It has 15 members; 10 non-permanent members, chosen by regional groups and elected by the General Assembly for two-year terms. It also comprises five permanent ones: namely the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Russia and China. These countries boast the most powerful military forces in the world. G U.N. Reform By the early 1990's, changes in the international system since the establishment of the United Nations in 1945 led to demands for the reform of the Security Council. The defeated powers of the Second World War, Germany and Japan, were now some of the largest contributors to the U.N., and they demanded permanent seats in the Security Council. Other regional powers also made claims on the grounds that Africa, Latin America and the Far East were not represented as permanent members of the UNSC. It is quite significant that in the light of their enormous contributions to world economy...
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...Challenges facing the UN Security Council Objective The U.N security council of the United Nations has the primary responsibility under the United Nations Charter for the maintenance of international peace and security Preston, (2006). Under the Charter, all Members of the United Nations agree to accept and carry out the decisions of the Security Council. While other parts of the United Nations make recommendations to various States, the Council has the power to make decisions that Member States are obliged to obey. This gives the Security Council a very important and powerful position in the United Nations and in the world. Some of the challenges to effective peacekeeping are considered largely conceptual. In the past, peacekeepers were merely expected to separate hostile forces and observe cease-fires or truces President's Homeland Security Advisory Council, (2008). According to Luck, (2006), for the operation to be successful, it is essential that the parties to the conflict offer their collaboration and support. However, in recent conflicts, involving ethnic-based disputes, internal political struggle or the collapse of state institutions, the UN Security Council has been acting without the clear consent of the parties to the conflict Moravcsik, (1998. The result is that the environment for peacekeeping is no longer benign. Peacekeepers increasingly work in a climate of continuing armed conflict, sometimes in places where there are poorly defined borders or cease-fire...
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...FORUM: General Assembly 6 (Legal) QUESTION OF: Strengthening the role of mediation in the peaceful settlement of disputes, conflict prevention and resolution MAIN SUBMITTER: Botswana _____________________________________________________________ The General Assembly, Acknowledging the aims and principles discussed and abided by in the Charter of the United Nations, Reaffirming its dedication to protect and honour the sovereignty of all States equally, its understanding of territorial integrity and political freedom of all States equally and the responsibility of all Member States to act internationally in conformity with the principles and aims of the Charter of the United Nations, Taking into account the importance of gender balance within every activity of the UN, whether it be decision-making or idea-generation, Understanding that violence due to arms, terrorism and civil disunion continues to hamper the serenity and social stability of numerous regions all around the world, Noting with appreciation the successes of certain previous mediation attempts as well as the peace and stability they have brought about, Taking note of the 2009 report by the Secretary-General of the United Nations promoting, propagating and supporting any and all mediation efforts made by UN and/or any other state or non-state actor, provided that the aim of the mediation was solely the peaceful settlements of disputes, conflict prevention and resolution, Reiterating Article...
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...An Introduction to the UN System: Orientation for Serving on a UN Field Mission (Intro to the UN 070329) A Course Produced by The United Nations Institute for Training and Research, Programme of Correspondence Instruction (Revised 2003) Course Author Lt.Col. (Retd.) Christian Hårleman Senior Special Fellow, UNITAR Series Editor Harvey J. Langholtz Copyright 2003, UNITAR POCI UNITAR Training Programme of Correspondence Instruction in Peacekeeping Operations Dag Hammarskjöld Centre Box 20475 New York, NY 10017 Programme UNITAR de Formation Par Correspondance Aux Opérations de Maintien de la Paix Palais des Nations 1211 Geneve 10 Suisse An Introduction to the UN System: Orientation for Serving on a UN Field Mission (Intro to the UN 070329) A Course Produced by The United Nations Institute for Training and Research, Programme of Correspondence Instruction (Revised 2003) Course Author Lt.Col. (Retd.) Christian Hårleman Senior Special Fellow, UNITAR Series Editor Harvey J. Langholtz Copyright 2003, UNITAR POCI Address all correspondence to: UNITAR Training Programme of Correspondence Instruction in Peacekeeping Operations Dag Hammarskjöld Centre Box 20475 New York, NY 10017-0009 USA An Introduction to the UN System: Orientation for Serving on a UN Field Mission TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents................................................................................. i Foreword.....................................................
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...The Head of State or Government of he movement of the Non-Aligned countries met in Kuala Lumpur Malaysia, from 24-25 February 2003 to address the crucial global issues affecting their people with the view of agreeing to a set of actions in the promotion of peace, security, justice, equality, democracy and development conducive for a multilateral system of relations based on principles of sovereignty, territorial integrity and political independence of state. The right of people to self determination and non-intervention in maters which are essentially within the jurisdiction of states in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations and International Law. According to the United Nations Department of Disarmament Affairs (UNDA), the Heads of State or Government emphasized that the international situation continues to be marked by rapid and dramatic evolution, presenting numerous opportunities and challenges to the international community and the Non-Aligned Movement. However, recent events have again demonstrated that a peaceful, just and secure world continues to elude human kind. Accordingly simmering disputes, violent conflicts aggression and foreign occupation, interference in the domestic affairs of states , policies of hegemony and domination, unilateral and conceive measures, ethnic strife religious intolerances, xenophobia, new forms of racism narrowly conceived nationalism pose major and dangerous obstacles to harmonious coexistence among states and people and have...
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...* * * * * * * * INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS AS AN EXAMPLE; UNITED NATIONS Its goal and efforts * * * * * What are the international Organisations? International organisations ‘represent the apex of a pyramid of multilateral diplomacy. At the base of this pyramid are the issues suitable for negotiation. Above this is the process of negotiation in which states agree norms or rules, and only in certain cases does this process of negotiation create the appropriate organisation or institutions’ (Imber, 1992). One can classify these organisations into various categories concerning of their functions. Such as: a) International financial institutions b) Commodity cartels c) World trade d) Sustainable economic development e) Food security f) Human rights g) The environment h) Regional organisations i) Health j) Emergency/disaster relief k) Security These organisations can be listed as Inter-governmental and non-governmental organisation too. * Theory and International Organizations One tries to establish a theory which aims to explain international organisations. His theory bases on ‘a principal-agent (P-A) model of international organization in which groups of member governments sometimes empower their IO agents with real decision-making authority. …7 Member governments (making up the principal) hire an IO (agent) to perform some functions that will...
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...World order is a term used to describe the balance of power among the nations of the world. It is linked with the political, economic and social framework in the world at a particular time and the effect that this situation has on the relationship between countries. There is an increasing need for world order in the global community due to growing conflict both within and between nations and regions. The increased trade between countries has stimulated the growth of many world order issues such as the access to resources, the inequality in a nation’s distribution of income, crimes against humanity and the growing awareness of human rights globally have also led to an increased need for world order. The importance of world order in promoting peace and harmony can be seen in the dramatic growth and development of international law over the past 60 years. The international responses currently in place include are mainly enforced by the United Nations (UN) and are aimed at the maintenance of world order in the international community. There is an increasing need for World Order in contemporary society than ever before as a high level of interdependence between countries has resulted from the push for globalisation and free trade. This interaction between countries has instigated greater conflict in the world in the form of terrorism, civil unrest and conflict for access to the world’s shrinking resources. Access to resources has been a major source of conflict due...
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...Question no 02: Examine the national achievements of Bangladesh by contributing peacekeeping operation across the world. Course name: UNO and World Peace Course code: 223 Student’s details: Bayjid Mahmud Sagar 7th batch & 6th semester Class roll: AF 103 CGPA 3.55 Peace and Conflict Studies, University of Dhaka. Introduction Forty three years after independence, Bangladesh has been identified as one of the next 11 emerging economies. In this financial year alone, its economy is expected to grow by six percent. Not only in economies it has established as well reputed in many sector. Now Bangladesh people working in united peace with dignity. Bangladesh is devoted and focused on the standards cherished in the UN Charter, the peaceful settlement of global debate. Bangladesh Forces have been joining in the United Nations Peacekeeping Operations (UNPKO) around the globe for over two decades. At this time activities of Bangladeshi peacekeepers are apparent in all the troubled ranges of the world, beginning from Haiti to East Timor from Lebanon to DR Congo. They had been all over the place and are resolved to remain so in the days to come and gained the certifications of a ‘Role Model’ in worldwide. About Peacekeeping Generally Peacekeeping refers to the active maintenance of a truce between nations or communities, especially by an international military force. Broadly refers to the deployment of national or, more commonly, multinational forces for the purpose...
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...Collective security system as a limitation to State’s sovereignty Collective security system as a limitation to State’s sovereignty Alexandra Foucaud Since 1648 and the Treaty of Westphalia and the recognition of the sovereignty of each State, States have been commonly accepted as the key feature of world politics. Nevertheless, the Westphalian system did not prevent the outbreak of the two World Wars of the 20 th Century. After, the First World War emerged, at the instigation of President Wilson, a first try to set up a collective security system with the creation of the League of Nations, which would, eventually, not last long. After the Second World War, all “free” States affirmed their will “to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war, which twice in our lifetime has brought untold sorrow to mankind, and to reaffirm faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person, in the equal rights of men and women and of nations large and small, and to establish conditions under which justice and respect for the obligations arising from treaties and other sources of international law can be maintained, and to promote social progress and better standards of life in larger freedom »1 thus establishing a new collective security system (CSS) which purpose was “To maintain international peace and security, and to that end: to take effective collective measures for the prevention and removal of threats to the peace, and for the suppression of acts...
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...THE UN SECURITY COUNCIL AND PROPOSE TACTICAL MEASURES TO OVERCOME THESE CRISES Introduction i) The United Nations The United Nations is an international organization instituted with a visionary goal and objective of promoting world peace, security, and cooperation under the terms of the Charter, signed by member countries. Established in 1945 by 51 founding states, the institution has its headquarters at New York City. The focal point of the organization is focus on affairs of the government, politics, and diplomacy worldwide, and encompasses economic and social development programs. Implementation of these development schemes works to improve human rights and reduce conflicts among its member counties. ii) The UN Security Council The United Nations is composed of the General Assembly (for legislation), a Security Council (for the promotion of peace), a Secretariat (administration and information) as well as the International Court of Justice (for judicial matters). Under the Charter, the Security Council has a primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security. The Security Council takes the lead in determining the existence of a threat to the peace or act of aggression. While the UN has had its fair share of success, it has also encountered several obstacles in its path of executing peacekeeping missions. This paper investigates the challenges that the Council has stumbled upon in its mandate to maintain world peace and order...
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...Police Roles and Functions CJS/210 2-26-12 Police Roles and Functions Police officers have many roles and functions. Society sees police officers as problem solvers of last resort. Police officers themselves see themselves as keepers of the law and protectors of the community. Whatever role or function of police officer, police officers ensure the safety of America’s communities. The main objective of police officers is to ensure preservation of peace and public safety through the enforcement of local, state, and Federal laws, and by providing support and assistance during emergency or crisis situations (Duluthmn). The police officer has three major functions that it does: social service, order maintenance, and crime control. Social service is the area where the police help people who need emergency assistance, whether it is giving first aid or finding lost children. Typically, over 50 percent of the telephone calls to the police requesting assistance involve social service as compared with less than 20 percent relating to crime. The police presence in society is also intended to preserve order by serving as a deterrent to misconduct and by providing a quick-response mechanism for potential or low-level problems (Katz, 2011). Order maintenance is the activities which involve: traffic control, crowd control, resolving domestic disputes, and moving prostitutes from the streets. The focus of order maintenance is on handling situations to preserve the peace rather than...
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...European Union:- A group of European countries that participates in the world economy as one economic unit and operates under one official currency, the euro. The EU's goal is to create a barrier-free trade zone and to enhance economic wealth by creating more efficiency within its marketplace. The current formalized incarnation of the European Union was created in 1993 with 12 initial members. Since then, many additional countries have since joined. The EU has become one of the largest producers in the world, in terms of GDP, and the euro has maintained a competitive value against the U.S. dollar. EU and non-EU members must agree to many legal requirements in order to trade with the EU member states. The European Union is a group of countries whose governments work together. It's a bit like a club. To join you have to agree to follow the rules and in return you get certain benefits. Each country has to pay money to be a member. They mostly do this through taxes. The EU uses the money to change the way people live and do business in Europe. Countries join because they think that they will benefit from the changes the EU makes EU is a unique economic and political partnership between 27 European countries that together cover much of the continent. The EU was created in the aftermath of the Second World War. The first steps were to foster economic cooperation: the idea being that countries who trade with one another become economically interdependent and so more likely to...
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