...The Rise of Roman Papacy By Brian D. Jenkins Liberty University CHHI301-C01 LUO 201220 Spring 2012 One of the most peculiar phenomenon in all of history is the rise of the papacy. During the events of the Middle Ages in Rome arose the need for a central figure. The Roman bishop happened to fill that role to provide much needed stability and leadership. The focus of this particular paper will address the reasons for Rome, significant factors to dominance, and the implications of the papacy. Reasons for Rome Throughout the first centuries of Christian history, five cities emerged as epicenters for the church; Jerusalem, Antioch, Alexandria, Rome, and Constantinople. The Edict of Milan in 313 AD recognized Christianity as a legitimate religious entity. “The proclamation …assured Christians of legal rights (including the right to organize churches),” It was in this early stage of formation as an organization that the church took a similar structure to the government. The key leaders of the regional churches rose to power. The five bishops of the previous listed churches were looked to as geographical region leaders. Those five attempted to establish a stable structure upon which to build. However, the bishops would often disagree. From the time of the Edict of Milan until Constantine moved the capital of the empire away from Rome, the Roman bishop was a natural thought for the leader of the young church. Being at the center of the political, social, and economical...
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...The Rise of Roman Papacy Hayden Wyrick Liberty University 201520 Spring 2015 CHHI 301-D13 LUO One of the most peculiar events in all of history is the rise of the papacy. During the time of the Middle Age Rome arose the need for a central figure. The Roman bishop filled that role to provide much needed stability and leadership. The focus of this particular paper will address the reasons for Rome, significant factors to dominance, and the implications of the papacy. Reasons for Rome Throughout the first centuries of Christian history, five cities emerged as epicenters for the church: Jerusalem, Antioch, Alexandria, Rome, and Constantinople. The Edict of Milan in 313 AD recognized Christianity as a legitimate religious entity. It was in this early stage of formation as an organization that the church took a similar structure to the government. The key leaders of the regional churches rose to power. The five bishops of the previous listed churches were looked to as geographical region leaders. Those five attempted to establish a stable structure upon which to build. However, the bishops would often disagree. From the time of the Edict of Milan until Constantine moved the capital of the empire away from Rome, the Roman bishop was a natural thought for the leader of the young church. Being at the center of the political, social, and economical scene allowed the Roman bishop the level of influence needed. After the political powers moved from Rome to Constantinople, the only...
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...Gersick Rough Draft for Peer Review Dr. MacEwan 10 April 2016 The fourteenth century proved to be a traumatic century for the Catholic Church. Starting in the 1290’s the relationship between the King of France, Philip IV, and the Papacy was dissolving due to the attempts by the French crown to control the clergy in France. The French crown achieved its goal with the influencing and persuasion of the papacy to settle in the French city of Avignon and election of a new French pope. Throughout the fourteenth, and into the fifteenth century, the French crown and the church influenced each other in many significant decision making moments that brought historical changes upon both parties. The Papacy settling in Avignon was a result of Philip the Fair’s problem with the pontificate of Boniface VIII and was the onset of French secular involvement in the church. When Philip gained power at the tender age of 17 he was determined to strengthen the monarchy any ways possible. He wanted to change France to the most powerful centralized state in Europe being a feudal country. This meant that the crown had to be the dominant authoritative presence in France, and throughout Philip’s early quest to achieve this dominance he was constantly detested by the Papacy. Pope Boniface VIII was elected 1294 after his predecessor, Celestine V, abruptly resigned as pope. Once elected Boniface brought the Papal Curia back to Rome after Celestine V put the papal court under the patronage of the king of...
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...During the Late Middle Ages, the disease later known as The Black Death caused great losses. It is considered to be the worst plague suffered in Europe, but which were the steps that led to it? Historians agree that famines, floods, poor life conditions, overpopulation and ships navigating longer distances were its main causes. The disease attacked many times, and had a great impact on both economy and society. The depression left by the Black Death was only aggravated by the schism of the Church, which lead to confusion and general lack of faith. Below, I will analyse both events in detail, stating both their causes and consequences. The Black Death Causes Before the plague struck England, the economic situation in which the peasants were immerse could be defined as anything but favourable. During the first decade of the fourteenth century, inflation affected the price of grain, livestock, and other essential products. Weather was not on the peasant’s side either. England was suffering what was later called a transition from the Medieval Warm Period to the Little Ice Age. The century began with torrential rains, which ruined entire crops of wheat, oat and hay. People could hardly produce enough to keep up with the rising prices, and feeding the animals became an almost impossible task to perform. Transporting food from distant places was both very hard and expensive. To crown it all, peasants had overspecialized in single crops in the previous decades. This system seemed...
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...Dr. Warren Carroll says in one of his chapters, “The move of the Popes of Avignon in France, where they maintained their residence for the seventy-two years from the consecration of Clement V to the return of Gregory XI to Rome, was a grave error of judgement, though not the unmitigated evil excoriated by Petrarch in his furious passages calling Avignon a ‘hell upon earth” (Carroll, 355). When the Popes moved to Avignon a new whole chapter of Christendom was about to be created. And it was called The Hundred Years’ War. Throughout the Hundred Year’s War chaos was being made in Europe. The Pope left Rome and moved to Avignon, leaving the papacy severely compromised. And the invasion by the English to capture France caused a lot of turmoil, but...
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...The Rise of the Papacy The rise to power of the Papacy in the Roman Empire during the 6-9th centuries is crucial to the history of the church. There were many theories as to why the Papacy earned such central power. Included in these were the rise of the early church, and also the negative and positive effects of individuals related tot he government of the Roman Empire. Altogether it took many steps in a long process for the Papacy to gain such control. What is clear though is that the Papacy held firm control until the reformation. This paper will expand on the reasons for the rise of the Papacy in power, what allowed for it to thrive, and also negative and positive impacts on the empire and even the world. Fall of the Roman Empire There were many factors, and theories that are included when one is speaking of the fall of the Roman Empire. One of the first theories centers around disease and plagues. Some historians maintain that the Empire was crippled, as many diseases and plagues circled the Empire. They crippled families, workers and even members who were involved with the government. Another small factor may have been the decay of the army. The army say an increase in more German peoples, which may have altered the morale of the army, and even the size of the army itself. One large theory also centers around the government of the Empire. Many historians also believe that the Roman Empire set itself up for failure.(1) In the way that the...
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...RAMIFICATIONS OF THE PAPACY’S POWER IN ROME Church History 301 April 20, 2014 Ramifications of the Papacy’s Power in Rome The papacy – the office held by the pope as head of the Catholic Church - gained great power from the sixth through eighth centuries, and there are several reasons for this surge in influence. Starting around 590, Pope Gregory I sought to convert Teutonic invaders to Christianity. Islam was also in play, as it had taken over most of Asia and Africa. According to Earl Cairns, by trying to win Teutonic tribes to Christianity, the medieval church “…further centralized its organization under papal supremacy and developed the sacramental-hierarchical system characteristic of the Roman Catholic Church.” In addition, the church had started with Christ, who made Peter the first Pope in Rome. Hence, it was evident that this would be fitting for the location of the papacy. Jesus had given Peter the keys to the kingdom, asserting that Peter was the rock on which he would build his church (Matthew 16:18-19). Basing the Church in Rome enabled close coordination of political and ecclesiastical leadership, especially since it was still under Roman rule. Another factor, which gave the Roman church its authority, was Damascus I (366-384), who called the church in Rome the apostolic see and named himself pontifex maximus, a name once held by the emperor of Rome. This elevated the authority of the church in the minds of Christians, and it elevated the political...
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...CHHI-301-D10 LUO FALL2013 PAPER 2 The Rise of the Papacy INTRO In the void left by the collapse of the Roman Empire, the bishop of Rome grew even more in both power and prestige beginning in the sixth century and continuing to the reformation in the ninth century. It is the aim of this paper to explain how and why the papacy in Rome became the center of power of the medieval world, the factors contributing to this dominance over Western Europe, and the positive and negative ramifications of the position becoming so powerful. Through this paper you will discover how papacy was able to fill the vacuum of power left by the fall of an empire. THE HOW AND WHY When the Roman Empire fell services that it previously provided were left untended. Additionally the political structures and authority of the government were left in ruins. This created a massive void in the culture of the empire. While the government collapsed, the Church survived and even thrived, remaining strong throughout the known world, but especially in Rome. Services previously provided by the government were now being delivered at the hands of the Church under the direction of the Bishop of Rome, which would become the position of Pope. Society turned to the Church for education, monasteries took in war-orphans, and peace and mercy were encouraged in matters involving the former empire and its conquerors. While the Roman Empire was falling, the Church was rising and society churned on both...
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...The Rise of Papacy The rise of the papacy came at a time when the Roman Empire collapsed and there was chaos as it related to the bishops who held office in Rome and what religion would be at the forefront of the representation of the west or east of Rome since its demise. The term “papacy” (papatus), meant to distinguish the Roman bishop’s office from all bishoprics (episcopatus), and The Head of the Roman Catholic Church the pope is considered the successor of Peter and the vicar of Christ (Elwell, p. 888). The “pope” is a terms of endearment which means “father” and this was the title of the most important and influential bishops in the early church. The church at Rome nevertheless enjoyed and wanted to preserve the original apostolic faith and the prominence, and they as bishops also owned its apostolic “founders” and to its political setting, and this led to the inspiration of these bishops to exercise greater leadership in Rome and abroad (Elwell, p. 888). Most emperors and patriarchs of Constantinople, challenged the bishops and their beliefs by saying that the church in Rome is new and improved but that they are still believe in the old Roman church. The popes or bishops were not moved by their words and they knew that they were not living up to the apostolic ways of the founding fathers who came before them and that their primacy was derived from Peter and not from their political setting which in turn made their claim to fame to be truly based upon the “apostolic”(Elwell...
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...RESEARCH PAPER 2 THE PAPACY Jonathan Waters February 18, 2013 CHHI 301-B12 During the collapse of the Western Roman Empire, the Bishop of Rome became a very influential and powerful figure in the church. Many different men held this position and were very successful. Although many of the effects of the papacy were positive, the overwhelming power they held, combined with the age of obscurantism, superstition, and credulity in which they lived, allowed many false claims and doctrines to come about. Some of these doctrines are still existence today. They have caused many dissentions throughout the centuries following the rise of the Papacy. The historical beginnings of the Papacy are somewhat hard to uncover. Due to the decline in power of the Western Emperor, the Bishop of Rome, or Pope, became the primary political leader of Italy. The word “pope” is derived from the term pappa, which originated in the ancient colloquial Greek as an endearing term for “father.” It was a common title applied to most of the Eastern clergy. However, in the West the term was only common in Rome and in the later eleventh century was made the official title for the Bishop of Rome by Gregory VII. The term “papacy” (papatus), meant to distinguish the Roman bishop’s office from all other bishoprics (episcopates), also originated in the later eleventh century. However, this position was more than just a political position. The papacy was a unique sort of monarchy in that it claimed jurisdiction...
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...THE RISE OF THE PAPACY Presented to Professor G. Johnson For CHHI 301-D06 LUO By Dana Peebles August 2, 2015 Introduction During the 6th century, the rise of the Roman Catholic Church increased in power. With the leadership of the papacy, this endured up until the 9th century. While there were both positive and negative ramifications of this reality, the biggest is the influence of papal authority and the effect that it had over Christianity. The collapse of the Roman Empire brought order to not only orthodoxy, but also the government. Throughout this essay, it is my desire to touch on these areas. In addition, I will also discuss some of the contributing factors to the dominion of Western Europe and what happened up until the Reformation. The effect of the barbarian invasion and the continuation of Western Civilization during the Middle Ages, is truly a time within history that impacts the church and its association with supremacy. The How And Why Of The Papacy And The Power It Had In understanding the significance of the papacy and the power it had, it only makes sense to begin with a good solid definition of it. “The term pappa, from which the word “pope” is derived, originated in ancient colloquial Greek as an endearing term for “father,’ and was then applied, beginning in the third century, to Eastern patriarchs, bishops, abbots, and eventually parish priests.” [1]. Throughout Rome and the Western part of the Empire, this term “became...
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...age of twelve. Though his exact age when he was pope, it is sure that he was not fairly placed into the papacy. With the right connections and his family’s fortune, he was able to make his way as pope. His family ‘enrolled’ him into the papacy when their rivals ruled Rome. Theophylactus hastily went through ordination after his election to become Pope Benedict IX. Although he was installed as pope, he was deposed twice throughout his reign, reigning from 1033-1045; 1047-1048. The people were extremely unhappy at the state of the papacy at the time, but with his connections and wealth, Pope Benedict IX was always able to make his way back into the papacy. Throughout his on and off reign, his...
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...Despite the attempts of the Papacy to gain control over the Church within Empire, many humanists such as Dante Alighieri and Lorenzo Valla argued that not only was the Church corrupt in relying upon fraudulent papers such as the Doctrine of Constantine in order to stake its territorial claim, but that the claim was itself illegitimate. The Holy Roman Empire never was - nor has ever been- subordinate to neither a secular nor a spiritual power. Many have argued that it was the people who are represented by the electors and in accordance with the will of God - who were the true source of power of the Empire and it is the people who also had jurisdiction...
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...Initially the Italian Peninsula had three main groups on it, the Romans, the Greeks and the Etruscans. Rome itself was founded in 753 B.C.E. An Etruscan led monarchy was overthrown in 509 B.C.E. The Roman Republic consisted of two Consuls who were chosen annually and led the army into battle. The Roman praetor ruled in the consul’s absence but was responsible for civil justice. New praetors were put in place to rule over conquered provinces. During emergencies a temporary dictator was voted in who had unlimited power to handle the threat to Rome. Quaestor's assisted in financial matters, while aediles supervised the public games and grain supply. The Roman Senate consisted of 300 men who served for life and advised the consuls. The centuriate assembly was the political assembly of the Roman army, and the tribunes of the plebs were to protect plebeians against patrician magistrates. The council of the plebs, 471 B.C.E., passed laws for the plebeians. The Twelve Tables of Law had the laws and policies written down for all to see. The Roman confederation, 338 B.C.E., allowed for conquered nations to become citizens, it allowed for provinces to maintain their own autonomy in exchange for soldiers for the Roman Army. After the Italian Peninsula, Romans faced off with Carthage located by Tyre. Three Punic Wars followed with Carthage ultimately defeated. The First Triumvirate was a coalition between Pompey, Crassus and Caesar, who felt that the senate was continuously trying to...
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...DOCTOR’S PRESCRIPTION By Santos T. Araña, Ph.D. PAPACY vs. PHILIPPINE PRESIDENCY I was fascinated by the process of choosing a new pontiff compared to the system a president of a republic is elected like Philippines. It cannot be avoided to compare the method because vote should be considered sacred conviction of those involve. The selection of Pope Francis witnessed by the world was a sacred occurrence in Vatican participated by Cardinals from different parts of the world who composed the College of Cardinals. Pope Francis will be leading the entire Catholic Church in the world with about 1.2 billion Catholic believers as of 2010 Census of the 2012 Annuario Pontificio (Pontifical Yearbook). The Catholic Church is headed by a Pope while a democratic Government is headed by a President. The structure of church government in choosing their leader is called Papacy which is the system of central government of the Roman Catholic Church of which the pope is the supreme head being accorded special respect; while the layman’s government known as presidency, the administration or the executive, the collective administrative and governmental entity that exists around an office of president of a state or nation. The manner of choosing a pope begins with a papal conclave known as the meeting of the College of Cardinals convened to elect a new Bishop of Rome. The conclave has been the procedure for choosing the pope for more than half of the...
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