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Araling Panlipunan Reviewer
Aralin 1
◊tao unang sumilpot 2 milyong taon nakaraan
◊edad ng sandaigdigan: 14,988,000,000
◊edad ng mundo: 4,498,000,000
◊1300BK: mga Tisno nagmasid sa galaw ng araw at posisyon ng mga bituin
◊Pythagoras, Heracleides, Aristarchus, Aristotle, Ptolemy
◊Aristarchus: araw iniikutan ng planeta
◊Aristotle: daigdig sentro ng daigdig
◊Ptolemy: kakampi ni Aristotle
◊Nicolaus Copernicus: Mikolaj Kopernik; kakampi ni Aristarchus
◊Galileo (Italya), Isaac Newton (Inglatera), Johannes Kepler (Alemanya), Edwin Hubble (Amerika)
◊Mesopotomia: Babylonians, Assyrian; 200 BK; Enuma Elish gumawa ng langit at ng lupa mula sa malawak na dagat; ibig sabihin ng Mesopotamia (lupain sa pagitan ng dalawang ilog, Tigris/Euphrates)
◊Griyego: magkadikit ang langit at ang lupa; nang magkahiwalay ito saka kalamgn lumitaw ang mga tao, bundok atbp.
◊Hudyo atr Kristiyano: mundo ginawa ng Diyos; bibliya (Kristiyano) at Torah (Hudyo)
◊Hindu: Vedas
◊Teoryang Nebular: Pierre Simon de Lapalace (1796); planeta nabuo sa mainit na buhag (gas) na mabilis na umikot sa kalawakan; nang lumamig, ito’y nagkaroon ng porma hanggang naging planeta
◊Big Bang: nabuo pagkatapos ang malaking pagsabog (naganap 20 bilyong taon nakaraan); lumikha ng bola ng apoy na naging sa kalaunan, bituin, planeta atbp.
◊Dalawang Bahagi ng Big Bang ◊1. simula nang maganap ang pagsabog, patuloy na lumalayo ang mga bolang apoy kaya’t patuloy ring lumalawak ang daigdig ◊2. patuly na paggalaw ng mga bituin atbp. ay maaaring tumigil sa paglayo sa isa’t isa at sa halip ay pwedeng bumalik at magbanggaan
Ang Pinanggalingan ng mga Tao
◊Charles Darwin: Origin of the Species; ang tao’y di basta-bastang sumulpot kundi unti-unting dumating sa kasalukuyan niyang kalagayan at hitsura; unang nagbigay ng ebidensyang nagpatunay dito; maraming tao ang di naniwala dito dahil labag daw ito sa istorya ni Adan at Eva
◊humanap ang mga siyentipiko ng ebidensiya upang mapatunayan ang teorya ni Darwin
◊noong ika-19 dantaon, naging masigasig ang mga tao sa pagtuklas sa kanilang pinagmulan
◊Leakey (Louis, Mary, Richard): nakatuklas sa mga labi sa Aprika
◊Australopithecus (bakulaw na Taga-timog): pangalng binigaysa uri ng unang tao ◊Africanus: matulis ngipin, karne, di-tuwid katawan sa paglakad, kasangkapang bato’t buto, kaunting noo, maliit at payat kaysa sa robustus ◊Robustus: gulay, lumalakad nang patayo subalit di tuwid, walang noo, walang kagamitan, nakatira sa kagubatan, masmalaki sa africanus
◊Homo Habilis: mataas noo, karne’t gulay, lakad patayo’t tuwid, kasangkapang bato, nagtayo ng tirahan, higit na malaking utak kaysa Australopithecus, namuhay bilang pangkat
◊Homo Erectus: Mataas noo, karne, gulay, nakatayo sa paglakad, iba’t ibang tirahan, kagamitan, apoy, di-kataasan, napakalagalag, nagbiyahe sa Heidelberg, Beijing at Java; Taong Peking, Taong Java
◊Homo sapiens: mataas noo, karne’t gulay, nakatayo paglakad, tuwid, saan-saan nakatira, kasangkapang bato, metal etc.
◊Neanderthal: malapat at makapal ang bungo sapagkat higit na malaki ang laman nitong utak kaysa karaniwang tao ngayon
◊Cro-Magnon: masmalaking utak kaysa sa atin, matangkad(6talampakan), malalaki ang katawan
◊Carl Sagan: malaki man ang katawan nila, nandito pa rin tayo dahil sa ating abilidad Aralin 2 ◊ unang apat na bilyong taon ng mundo nahati sa Archeozoic at Proterozoic
◊ ang dalawang ito’y tinawag na Precambrian
◊ dito unang nabuhay ang mga dikya, bulati, koral at mikrobyo
◊ matapos ang proterozoic, sumunod ang paleozoic na nagsimula mga 570 milyong taon ang nakaraan at tumagal nang 330 taon
◊ sa huling parte nito lumabas ang mga halamang may buto at mga reptilya, at mga palaka
◊ Paleozoic binubuo ng Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, Permian
◊ Cambrian: maraming hayto ang natagpuan; hayop na may bahay tulad ng tahong (pati rin sa Ordovician at Silurian
◊ Devonian: makakapal na kagubatan, dumami ang isda
Mesozoic
◊ pumalit sa Paleozoic
◊ nahahati Triassic, Jurassic at Cretaceous
◊ Triassic: dinosaur tulad ng pterodactyl; lumalangoy na buwaya, pagong pati palmera
◊ Jurassic: tumigas ang balat ng dinosaur kaya naging masmapanganib sila;
◊Cretaceous: tumaas ang tubig sa dagat kaya nagkahiwalay-hiwalay ang lupain; lumitak bundok at bulkan (namatay ang maraming nilalang dahil sa alikabok)
Cenozoic
◊ 63 milyong taon nakaraan nagsimula
◊ panahong umiiral pa rin ngayon
◊ ebolusyon ng mammal, ibon at halaman
◊ Tertiary: Paleocene, Eocene, Oligocene, Miocene, Pliocene
◊ Eocene: naglipana ang mga bakulaw; maliliit na reptilya, paniki, kamelyo atbp.
◊ Miocene: 18 milyon yrs ago; nabuhay ang bakulaw na tawag proconsul o dryopithecus, bakulaw na di-lumalakad at sinasabing pinanggalingan ng Homo Sapiens
Ang Epokang Pleistocene
◊ Quartenary: Pleistocene, Holocene
◊ Pleistocene: pagyeyelo (bago dumating ito, mainit ang klima ng mundo sa loob ng 60 milyong taon)
◊ Pagyeyelo: Tumagal nang 40,000-60,000 taon; tuwing matapos ito, natutunaw ang yelo; namatay ang maraming bakulaw; namalagi ang tao sa kainitan ng Aprika, Timog Asya at Australia; kanlurang asya at hilagang amerika nabalutan ng yelo; nakatulong dahil tumaas ang lupa na nagbigay oportunidad sa sakahan
ANG MGA PANAHON NG TAO
Paleolithic
◊ Lumang Panahon ng Bato
◊nagsimula mula ang unang lumitaw ang tao hanggang 8000BK ng nagsimula silang magsaka
◊pinakamahaba
◊natapos sa epokang Pleistocene
◊gumamit ang tao ng kasangkapang yari sa bato, buto, kahoy, halaman
◊gumamit ang tao ng apoy
◊nangaso ang tao
◊nagsuot ng damit ang tao mula sa balat ng hayop
◊natulog ang tao sa kweba
◊walang agrikultura
Mesolithic
◊Panahon ng Bato
◊8000BK
◊natunaw ang makapal na yelo; lumawak ang lupang pansakahan
◊naging maspino ang kagamitang bato
Neolithic
◊Bagong Panahon ng Bato
◊4000 to 3000 BK
◊agrikultura
◊alagang hayop
◊mga banga, paso, palayok
◊makikinis na kagamitang bato
◊tao’y tumigil sa paglalaboy
◊lumaki ang populasyon; nabuo ang pamayanan;organisasyong panlipunan
◊nagsimula ang pansakahan sa Timog Asya at lumaganap sa mundo
◊napabuti ang agrikultura sa Mesopotamia etc. noong 4000BK
◊naiwan ang bakas sa Europa 3000-2500 BK nakaraan
Chalcolithic
◊di masasabing isang panahon
◊sakop ng Neolithic
◊di-na pawang bato kundi tanso na rin ang mga kagamitan
Panahon ng Tanso
◊tanso unang ginamit sa Mesopotamia noong 3500BK para sa sandata
◊tanso nagmula sa Asya Minor, Armenia, at Caucasia
◊3000 BK laganap paggamit ng tanso sa Timog Kanlurang Asya; 2000BK sa Europa
◊Bronze Age di naganap sa buong mundo
Panahon ng Bakal
◊ore (dukalin) lumabas sa mesopotamia noong 2500BK
◊tunay na nag-umpisa noong 1000BK nang mapalitan na ang tanso
◊1400 BK:Asya Minor; 1100BK: Austria o Europa
◊umabot sa Amerika 1600PK Aralin 3 Teoryang Tulay Lupa
◊kabit-kabit dati ang mga lupain ng mundo at nagmukha lamang hiwa-hiwalay dahil natunaw ang mga bundok ng yelo
◊dahilan ang paglalakbay ng mga tao sa iba’t ibang kontinente
◊Eurasia nakakabit sa Aprika sa pamamagitan ng tangkay ng Suez
◊Kipot Bering nag-ugnay sa Eurasya sa Hilagang Amerika
◊Panama Canal idinugtong ang Timog at Hilaga Amerika
◊Dati’y di magkahiwalay ang New Guinea, Tasmania at ilang isla ng Melanesia, Australia pinaka-pusod ng lupaing ito
◊pinakamababaw na bahagi ng dapat ay palibot sa Timog-Silangang Asya at Australia (73.15 metro/240 talampakan)
Ang Pangaea
◊Continental Drift: Alfred Wegener (Alemang guro, may ineres sa atmospera at panahon); buo noon ang lupain ng mundo di dahil sa tulay-lupa kundi dahil talaga silang magkakadikit
◊Napansin ni Wegener noong 1912 na magkahugis ang baybay-dagat ng Brazil at Aprika
◊Lumipat ang interes ni Wegener mula sa heolohiya at paleontohiya
◊Noong panahong Jurassic at Tertiary, simulang nabasag ang Pangaea
◊Unang naghiwalay ang Aprika at Timog Amerika at nagkaroon ng Atlantiko
◊Noong Quartenary, naghiwalay ang Norway at Greenland
◊Sa paggalaw ang India patungong hilagang-silangan, nabuo ang Himalayas
◊Sa paggalaw ng mga kontinente, may mga naiwan tulad ng Lesser Antilles, Greater Antilles, Pilipinas, Hapon
◊Ang Australia at New Zealand aty dati’y iisa
◊Scandinavia’y dati’y nakalubog hanggang Panahon ng Yelo
Walang Pruweba, Walang Paniwala
◊Namatay si Wegener, 1930 sa Greenland
◊Alex du Toit: mula sa Johannesburg, Timog Aprika; pag-angat nang magma mula sa pusod ng mundo ang nagtulak sa kontinente para maghiwalay; wala nga lang katibayan
◊Patrick Blackett at Stanley Runcorn: 1950, siyentipikong Ingles, magnetismo ng mga bato sa ilalim ng lupa; dating magkadikit ang Europa at ang Hilagang Amerika
◊Ekspedisyon sa Antarktika: nakatagpo ng malaking deposito ng karbon; nanggaling sa namatay na halaman; napatunayang may buhay dati sa Antarktika
◊Arthur Holmes: taga-Scotland, thermal convcection: paggalaw ng mga kontinente ay naganap bunga ng malakas na alono daloy papaitaas ng mga lusaw na alono daloy papaitaas ng mga lusaw na bagay sa ilalim o pusod ng lupa; nang sumingaw ito, nahatak sa iba’t ibang direksyon ang Pangaea at nabiyak
◊lahat ng kontinente ay gumalaw di-umano patungong hilaga, may bilis na 20-90 km sa bawat isang milyong taon
◊India: pinakamalayo ang narating
◊Pagkaraan ng ilang milyong taon, iiba na ang hitsura ng ating mga mapa; magbabanggan ang Asya at Australia
Kontinente ng Mundo
◊Asya, Aprika, Australia, Europa, Hilagang Amerika, Timog Amerika, Antarktika
Ang Mga Lahi sa Mundo
◊Siyam kinikilalang lahi
◊Dati’y tatatlo: Caucasoid, Mongoloid, Negroid
◊Caucasoid: Hilaga/Timog Europa, Hilagang Aprika, Timog-Kanlurang Asya, Rusya, Siberia; India, Indoesia, Hapon, Silangang Pasipiko; mapuputi anag balat, matangos ang ilong, manipis ang labi
◊Mongoloid: dating kasama ng Pilpino; Silangan, Gitna, Timog-Kanluran, Timog Asya, Hilagang Aprika, Timog-Silangang Europa
◊Amerikanong Indian at ang Eskimo ay mongoloid
◊Negroid: Aprika, India, Pilipinas (Aeta), Indonesian, Oceania (Papuan at Melanesian), maliliit, maiitim, kulot at pino ang buhok, sarat ilong, makapal labi
Ang Makabagong Pagkakahati-hati ng mga Lahi
◊Aprikano: Aprika, Hilaga/Timog Amerika
◊Amerikanong Indian: itinaboy ng Europa; Hilaga/Timog Amerika
◊Indian: maputi at maitim na balat, Pakistan, India, Bangladesh
◊Asyano: Tsino, Hapones, Koreano,, Filipino, Vietnamese, Malaysian, Indonesian, Kampuchean, Singaporean, Silangang Asya, TImog-Silangang Asya
◊Australiano: Australia, aborigines
◊Europeo: Europa, Timog-Kanlurang Asya, Australia, New Zealand, Hilagang Amerika, Timog Amerika at Timog Aprika
◊Melanesian, Micronesian at Polynesian: Pasipiko Aralin 4
◊Unang sibilisasyon sa Asya
◊Sibilisasyon: pag-unlad ng pamumuhay ng tao
◊Ang sibilisasyon o kabihasnan: masasabing umiiral na kapag ang mga tao ay marunong nang bumasa, at magtabi ng mga tala tungkol sa kanilang buhay, lipunan, tradisyon, at mga institusyon
◊nakakamit dahil sa pag-unlad ng pagkatao ng tao
◊pinagmumulan ng sibilisasyon: kakayaha, pangangailangan, talino ng tao, kaugalian, pamahalaan, pamumuhay, mataas na antas ng kaunlaran, kultura, teknolohiya
Ang Unang Sibilisasyon
◊Ang mga dating mangangaso ay nagsimula sa kagamitang bato ngunit unting umunlad hanggang natuto sila magtanim at maghabi
◊mahalagang katangian ng lugar na pinagtatayuan ng sibilisasyon: tubig
◊Dahilan: pagkain; kalakalan, kalinisan, transportasyon; inumin, irigasyon, pagsasaka
◊Mesopotamia: unang siyudad noong 3500BK
◊Magsasaka, patol, negosyante, pari
◊Pamahalaan nanggaling mula sa mga negosyante at pari
◊Pag-unlad nagsimula sa mga Sumerian noong 4000BK
◊Tumira sila sa katimugan ng Mesopotamia na ang tawag ay SUmer
◊Sumerian unang gumamit sa Ilog Tigris at Euphrates bilang patubig sa taniman; nag-alaga rin ng hayop
◊Pagbabagong dulot ng Sumerian sa Mesopotamia
◊1. nagkaroon ng malalaking pamayanan
◊2. natatag ang mga siyudad na may sari-sariling pinuno
◊3. naging malalaking templo ang maliliit na sambahan
◊4. nagkaroon ng kalakal sa ibang bansa
◊5. nagkaroon ng pamantayan para sa sukat at timbang
◊6. decimal
◊7. natipon sa isang kodigo ang mga batas
◊8. naimbento ang pagsusulat
◊Cuneiform: 3100 BC, istilo ng pagsusulat
◊sagana ang mesopotamia sa luwad at madalas itong gamitin
Harappa sa India
◊Sa lugar na dinadaanan ng Ilog Indus unang nagkaroon ng Pamayanan
◊Limang sanga ng Ilog Indus: Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas, at Sutlej
◊Punjab (limang ilog): kapatagang dinidiligan ng Indus
◊2000 BK: mataas na antas ng kultura para sa mga taga-Punjab
◊5000 BK: nagsimulang magtanim sa bayan ng Baluchistan at Sind
◊ang dalawang bayang iyon pati halos lahat ng Ilog Indus ay Pakistan na ngayon
◊Baluchistan dati’y maraming ilog at bukid ay disyerto na ngayon
Harappa at Mohenjo Daro
◊Isanlibong taon pagkatapos ang Mesopotamia
◊Harappa: nakuha sa pangalan ng isa sa dalawang malaking siydad ng sibilisasyong iyon
◊natatag sa kaliwang pambang ng Ilog Ravia, Punjab
◊Mohenjo-daro: natatag sa kanang pampang ng Ilog Indus
◊2350-1750BK: umunlad ang Harapa at Mohenjo Daro
◊Nagtanim, nag-alaga ng hayop, nagtayo ng siydad, nagpairal ng pamahalaan sa pamamagitan ng buwis ang mga Harappan
◊pangunahing tanim: trigo, barli, gisantes, linga, at bulak
◊nakipagkalakalan sa Persia, Mesopotamia at Tibet
◊Harappan: sistemang pagsulat na may 270 titik; wala pa rin nakakatuklas kung paano intindihin ito
◊sinasabing nanggaling lamang sila sa Mesopotamia
◊Kahit na marunong sila gumamit ng tanso, tinuloy pa rin nilang gumamit ng kagamitang bato
◊Indian: napaka-konserbatibo; dahilan kung bakit hindi nag-abalang lumipat pataas nang Indus ang mga taga-Mohenjo Daro
◊Tuwing lulubog ang gusali, tatayo na lang sila muli ng isa pang gusali hanggang minsan umabot ng siyam ang magkakapatong gusali; pareho rin ang laki ng kanilang mga bahay, lahat gawa sa ladrilyo at walang bintana ang bahaging nakaharap sa kalye; may isang mallit at isang malaking paliguan; malalapat rin ang daan
◊Harappan gumawa ng depensa para sa kanilang mga siyudad
◊Nawalan ng kaayusan sa Mohenjo-Daro bago sila masakop
◊Aryan nagpabagsak sa Mohenjo-Daro noong 2000BK
◊Aryan nanggaling sa Poland hanggang kumalat sa Gitnang Asya
◊Ninuno ng Griyego, Romano, Ingles, Aleman, Turko, Iranian, Syrian, Yugoslavian, Scnadinavian
◊Naging mababa ang tingin ng maputi, matangos ang ilong, matangkad na Aryan sa maiitim at pandak na Harappan
◊Sinunog nila ang mga tirahan ng mga Harappan at pagkatapos ginawang alipin sila
◊Dasa: tawag sa mga Harappan na ang ibig sabihin sa sanskrit ay alipin
◊Aryan na nag-asawa ng dasa ay itinakwil
Tsina
◊Huang ho, Yangtze
◊Huang Ho: yellow river dahil sa kulay ng makapal na banlik na dala nito; nagdala ng pighati sapagkat lagi itong umaapaw at nagdudulot ng baha; pighati ng Tsina
◊1887: baha nakapatay sa isang milyong tao
◊solusyon: ipinakulong ang Huang He sa pamamagitan ng mga dike
◊Yangtze: masgrabe, tawag rin ay Chang Jiang; 400 tonelada ng banlik taun-taon ang ibinubuhos; buhos nito’y nagpapalaki sa Shanghai; di tulad ng Huang He pwedeng daanan ng mga sasakyang dagat na masmaliit sa barko; ginagamit sa kalakal at pinagkukunan ng kuryente
◊kontribusyon: nagbiyahe ang karaban ng metal sa buong Asya, mga butong natatanim, mga pinaamong hayop, mga bagong ideya na sa matalinong isipin ay maaring nagbunga ng masmarami pang ideya
◊Shang: sentro ng sibilisasyong Tsino; natatag sa An-yang sa Hilagang Tsina]
◊Anyang: kabisera ng dinastiyang Shang mula 1400-1100 BK; tagpuan ng iba’t ibang tao; magulo at mabilis na buhay dito ay nakatulong sa pag-unlad ng sibilisasyon
Karagdagang Kontribusyon
◊1.sariling sistema ng pagsusulat
◊2. kasangkapang tanso na natutunan mula sa Mesopotamia
◊3. sistemang decimal
◊4. paraan ng paghuhula
◊5. kalendaryo; isa batay sa paglitaw ng araw sa kalangitan, isa naman sa buwan
◊6. sukatan ng taon batay sa pag-ikot ng mundo
◊Shang: 500 na taon hanggang napabagsak ng Chou noon 1122 BK
◊Chou: tumagal ng 886 taon
Kontribusyon ng Chou:
◊1. pananatili ng mga nasa pamahalaan
◊2. ekonomiya
◊3. pagdami ng tao
◊4. paglaganap ng sibilisasyon sa isang napakalawak na bansa na hindi madaling lakbayain Ziggurat: templong Babylonian na yari rin sa istilong piramide subalit may hagdanan sa labat at may altar sa tuktok Notes
Batayan ng Kasaysayan ◊1. Pagbabago ◊2. Nakaapekto sa karamihan ◊3. Makabuluhan ang pangyayari
Layunin
◊1. matutunanan ang mga maling nagawa ◊2. mauugnay ang nakalipas sa kasalukuyan ◊3. Pahalagaan ang mga taong naka-ambag ng mabuti para sa bansa Salik ◊1. Tao – pinakamahalgang batayan; kumikilos, gumagalaw at nag-iisp sa kanyang kapaligiran; naghahanap ng kasagutan, nakaranas ng kabiguan at tagumpay ◊2. Kapaligiran – pisikal na ginagalawan ng tao; nagtatakda ng gagawin at iisipin ng tao; may malaking impluwensiya sa tao ◊3. Panahon: sumasagot sa tanong na kailan; pagpapakita ng pagbabago; aral at gabay; nagtatakda kung gaano katagal mararanasan ng tao ang hirap o ginhawa
Batayan
◊Batayang Primarya: orihinal na pinagmulan ng batayan; Labi (fossils) ◊bungo ◊banga ◊pintura (drawing) ◊monumento ◊barya ◊bakat (hayop) ◊Batayang Sekundarya: mula sa primarya ◊nasusulat: pahayagan, tableta, nobela, talaarawan ◊di-nasususlat: oral, kwento
Disiplinang Panlipunan
◊Agham pulitikal – pamhalaan at pulitika
◊Ekonomiks – agham ukol sa paglikha, pamamahagai at paggamit ng yaman, kalakal at serbisyo
◊Sosyolohiya – pag-aaral ng pag-unlad, kultura, at funsiyon ng lipunan
◊Heograpiya – pag-aaral sa katangiang pisikal ng mundo ◊1. Anyong lupa, anyong tubig ◊2. Panahon ◊3. Likas na yaman ◊4. klima
◊Antropolohiya – agham tungkol sa pinagmulan, pag-unlad nang sankatauhan ◊1. Pangbayolohikal – fossils, labi ◊2. Arkeolohikal – artifacts ◊3. Sosyokultural – pananaliksik ◊4. Wika
◊Sikolohiya – pag-aaral ng pag-iisip ng tao ◊1. Personalidad – andar ng isip ◊2. Motibo – hangarin sa buhay ◊3. Perception – stimuli ◊4. Sariling kakayahan
Mga Teorya ng Pinagmulan ng Mundo
1. Pangrelihiyon ◊batay sa kaisipan ng simbahan
2. Pangagham ◊sumasaklaw sa mga likas at mga pangyayaring nasasakop ng batas ng kalikasan
3. Big Bang ◊nabuo mula sa pira-pirasong bahagi ng mga planeta na sanhi ng malaking pagsabog gawa ng malakas na centrifugal force ng nebular sa pag-ikot ng araw ◊Pierre Laplace
4. Condensation ◊mula sa pagsanib ng hydrogen gas at atomic dust ◊Robert Jowstrow
Sibilisasyon
1. Mesopotamia
Tigris/ Euphrates ◊Babylonians/Sumerians/Assyrians
2. India
Indus/Ganges ◊Aryans/Mohenjo Daro
3. Tsina
Yangtze/Huang Ho ◊Intsik/Mongolians
4. Ehipto
Nile ◊Sumerians/Greek

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