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Royal Dutch & Shell

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Royal Dutch and Shell
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Sebastian Fersch, MiFFT2013
Jimish Gandhi, MiFFT2013
Ryan Kruger, MiFFT2013
Rafa Leon, MiFFT2013

1. What are cross listings and dual listings? Where are RD and Shell listed? What are ADRs?

Cross listing is the listing of a company’s common stock on a different exchange than its primary and original stock exchange. For a company to be cross-listed, it must meet the requirements of all the exchanges its shares trade on. Cross listings provide companies with more liquidity and a greater ability to raise capital.
A Dual Listed Company (DLC) is a corporate structure in which two corporations function as a single operating business through a legal equalization arrangement, but retain separate legal identities and stock exchange listings. Almost all DLCs are cross-border, and have tax advantages for the corporations and their shareholders.
Royal Dutch and Shell used to be a DLC until 2004 with listings on nine exchanges across Europe and the United States. While Royal Dutch traded primarily in the U.S. and the Netherlands, Shell traded predominantly in the U.K. In the U.S., Shell shares traded as American Depository Receipts (ADRs). An ADR is a negotiable certificate issued by a U.S. bank representing a specified number of shares in a foreign stock that is traded on a U.S. exchange. An ADR allows you to own shares of a foreign company while realizing any dividends and capital gains in U.S. dollars. It is now a single entity with primary listing on the London Stock Exchange and secondary listings on Euronext Amsterdam and the New York Stock Exchange.

2. Why do you think the prices of RD and Shell deviate from the 60/40 split, and why does this deviation change over time?

The corporate structure of Royal Dutch and Shell mandated that cash flows to the shareholders of each company be distributed in a 60/40 ratio. Combining

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