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新魔方新手教程

[pic]
前言
我们常见的魔方是3x3x3的三阶魔方,英文名 Rubik's cube 。是一个正 6 面体,有6种颜色,由26块组成,有8个角块;12个棱块;6个中心块(和中心轴支架相连)见下图: [pic] (图1) 学习魔方首先就要搞清它的以上结构,知道角块只能和角块换位,棱块只能和棱块换位,中心块不能移动。

魔方的标准色: 国际魔方标准色为:上黄-下白,前蓝-后绿,左橙-右红。(见图2)注:(这里以白色为底面,因为以后的教程都将以白色为底面,为了方便教学,请都统一以白色为准)。

(图2)

认识公式 [pic] [pic] (图3) (图4) 公式说明:实际上就是以上下左右前后的英文的单词的头一个大写字母表示
[pic]
(图5)
[pic]
(图6)
[pic]
(图7)
[pic]
(图8)
步骤一、完成一层

首先要做的是区分一层和一面:很多初学者对于“一面”与“一层”缺乏清楚的认识,所以在这里特别解释一下。所谓一层,就是在完成一面(如图2的白色面)的基础上,白色面的四条边,每条边的侧面只有一种颜色,图(2). 如图(1)中心块是蓝色,则它所在面的角和棱全都是蓝色,是图(2)的反方向 图(3)和(4)则是仅仅是一面的状态,而不是一层! [pic][pic] (1) (2) [pic][pic] (3) (4) 注:图(2)和(4)分别是图(1)和(3)的底面状态 想完成魔方,基础是最重要的,就像建筑一样,魔方也如此,基础是最重要的。 由于上文提到过中心块的固定性,这一性质,在魔方上实质起着定位的作用,简单的说就是中心块的颜色就代表它所在的面的颜色。

一、十字(就是快速法中的CROSS)

第一种情况如图所示:

[pic]

公式为R2

[pic]
第二种情况如图所示:
(白色下面颜色为橙色,为方便观察,特意翻出颜色) 橙白块要移到上右的位置,现在橙白块在目标位置的下面。但其橙色片没有和橙色的中心块贴在一起。为此我们先做D’ [pic] F’ [pic]即把橙色粘在一起,接着 R [pic]还原到顶层,,F [pic]是把蓝白橙还原到正确的位置(上面的F’ 使蓝白块向左移了九十度)。

公式为D’ F’ R F
图解:
[pic][pic][pic][pic]

当然,架十字不只只有上面两种情况,现我们在分析下其它的一些情况吧!
如下图:

橙白块的位置己对好,但颜色反了,我就先做R2化成第二种情况,然后用还原第二种情况的公式即可!

[pic][pic] 上面两种情况都为前右的块要移到上后的位置。我们先做R’ [pic] D’ [pic]移到前下的位置,再做R [pic] “把橙白还原上去”,接着做D2 [pic]移到后下的位置。上面两种情况分别化为上面第一种和第二种情况。其对称情况亦是按类似上面的思想来还原!如果刚开始时橙白块也还没对好,直接做R’ [pic] D [pic]移到后下位置即可!

二、第一层角 依然把十字放在顶层,还原角块时,我们首先在底层找有没有我们要还原的角,没有的话再到顶层去找!基本的两种情况为: [pic] [pic] 公式:D’ R’ D R 公式:R’ D’ R
图解:
公式:D’ R’ D R [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic]
公式:R’ D’ R [pic] [pic] [pic]

这两种比较简单,试着转就能明白其中的原理了。 注意到没有?要还原的角块都在底层而且目标色(也就是白色)都是可见的,然而还可能会出现下面这种情况:

咦!白色呢?原来在底面!这种情况我们称之为不可见,在还原时我们要做的就是令它的白色可见,同时它要位于底层! 先做 R’ [pic] 角处于后下右的位置,而且白色是可见的,然后做D [pic]或D2 [pic]移到后下左或前下左,接着要再做 R [pic]把白橙还原回去!再把那角移到前下右就是上面第二种情况了!

最后还有两种情况,就是角块的位置已经对好,但颜色没对好,如下图: [pic][pic] 我们仍然要把上面的块移到底层并且要保持白色是可见的,然后令其归位。 左图情况的做法是:先做R’ D R [pic] [pic] [pic]化成第一种情况,然后用第一种情况的公式。 右图情况的做法是:先做R’ D’ R D [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic]化成第二种情况即可!

最终效果 第二图为背面效果 [pic]

步骤二――第二层 搞定好第一层了!接着我们就要开始还原第二层了,首先我们把魔方倒过来,也就是把做好的第一层放到底层,如左图:

好了,我们可以开始还原第二层,第二层找块时首先在顶层找有哪些块是可还原的。由于白的对面是黄色,所以在顶层见到没有黄色的棱块均是要还原到第二层的。第二层比较容易,来来去去也就三种情况,由于有两种是互为对称,其实也就只有两种情况而已。

如下图: [pic] [pic] y’ R U R U R U' R' U' R' U’ R' U' R' U' R' U R U R U

助记口诀 五顺五逆 五逆五顺
图解:
[pic]y’ R U R U R U' R' U' R' U’
五顺五逆
[pic] [pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic]
[pic] R' U' R' U' R' U R U R U
五逆五顺
[pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic]
小贴士:上面两个公式互为对称,都是10步,最后一步没有实际意义,只是加入令口诀更加容易记住而已,可以不做第10步!

还有的情况就是位置正确但颜色没对好,或者已经在第二层但位置不对。 如下两图: [pic][pic] 这类情况要怎么办呢?我们先从顶层 随便 找个块“还原”到前右的位置(不论是不是含有黄色的棱块,都可以!),那蓝红块自然会移到顶层(被替换出来了),接着适当转顶层就会出现和步骤二开头介绍的两种情况之一

最终效果 第二图为另三面效果

[pic][pic]

步骤三――OLL
注: OLL就是要把顶层颜色统一,即顶面 为黄色。这里以黑色代替 [pic]

从现在开始的图片都是从顶面向下看的俯视图。黑线代表顶层的颜色。注意魔方一定要按照图的样子摆好!图的下面则是魔方的前面,也就是你面对的面,图的正面则是魔方的顶面。(如图7)

(图7)

顶层十字
[pic]
完成了第二层,接下来是在顶层架“十”字,先不管角块的颜色到底如何,只关注棱块,而且只看顶面的颜色(即黄色),最多做两次‘相似’公式就可以在顶层架好十字。 [pic] [pic] 公式1:FRUR’U’F’ 公式2:f RUR’U’f’
图解:
公式1:FRUR’U’F’ 助记口诀:左右上顺 右上左逆 [pic] [pic] [pic][pic][pic][pic]

公式2:f RUR’U’f’ 助记口诀:左右上顺 右上左逆 [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] 注:上公式可以发现公式1与公式2只有前后的F和f大小写之分,所以记一个公式就可以

我们最终的目的是使得顶面变成这样[pic],如果你的魔方顶面已经是这样了,那这一步就可以直接跳过,不过不是每次都会这样幸运的,公式还是需要背的。下面就是顶层三种状态和拧法。

[pic][pic] 状态1 目标状态

[pic][pic] 状态2 目标状态 [pic][pic] 状态3 状态2 目标状态
顶层颜色

鉴于初学者都不喜欢背公式,所以这里只使用一个公式,当然如果想快速还原魔方的话,可以增加公式的数量,但就还原来说,用这一个足够了。^_^

顶层翻角颜色的公式:R’ U2 R U R’ U R 助记:右逆上顺顺,右顺上逆,右逆上顺(再)右顺
图解:
[pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic]

顶层拧完十字以后共有7种情况,下面就是顶层角颜色的7种情况和拧法。

第一种: [pic] 这种情况做一次公式 [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] 就可以变成 [pic]

第二种: [pic] 这种做一次公式 以后[pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] 再U2[pic]变成 [pic] 再做一次公式 [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] 就会成功了……!

第三种: [pic] ――使用公式 [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] ——变为 [pic]――使用公式 [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] -―成功…………!

第四种: [pic]―使用公式 [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] ―再U’ [pic]―[pic]―使用公式- [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] 再U2[pic]―[pic]―使用公式 [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] ―成功……!

第五种: [pic]―使用公式 [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] + U[pic]― [pic]―使用公式 [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] + U2[pic]―[pic]―使用公式 [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] ―成功……

第六种: [pic]――使用公式 [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] + U[pic]― [pic]――使用公式 [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] ――成功……!

第七种: [pic]―使用公式 [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] ― [pic]―使用公式 [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] + U2[pic]―[pic]―使用公式 [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] ―成功……!

步骤四――PLL

步骤1、还原角位置 最后还原的状态一定可以找到一个或者多个颜色和位置都对的角,如果四个都对了的话,这部分可以略掉. 首先找到只有一个正确的角块(有两个正确的话,做U或者U’可以变成a或者b),则一定会出现a或b图,这里只介绍a的公式。

公式:x' R2 U2 R D R' U2 R D' R x
图解:
[pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] U[pic] [pic] [pic] [pic]

此公式效果为下图所示 左下角块(标住为红色)不动,其他三个角块[标住为绿色)逆时针顺序互换一次位置

[pic]

一共三种情况,分别是 [pic] [pic] [pic] a b c
情况a直接做一次公式就可以调整好角的位置,情况b需要做两次,如果遇到情况c就随便挑选一个方向拧一次公式,然后就会情况a或者b了。
完成后效果如下图(1)(2)所示:

[pic] [pic] 1. (2)
步骤2、还原棱位置

最后一步,调换棱块位置,下面的图也是俯视图.
[pic]
注:公式里面的括号()是帮助记忆公式的,没有特殊意义

[pic] 公式:(R U' R) (U R U R) (U' R' U’R2)
图解:
([pic] [pic] [pic])( [pic] 有误,一层[pic] [pic] 有误,一层[pic])( [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic])

A
[pic] 需要重复两遍公式 B

[pic]公式+U'+公式
[pic]公式+U+公式
如果遇到这两种情况就随便挑选一个侧面当作前(???)(注:顶面还是不可以变的,这里的顶面是黄色),做一次公式,然后就会出现A或者B的情况了… 到这你已经会还原魔方了……^_^……!~~~

-----------------------
(橙色下面颜色为白色,为方便观察,特意翻出颜色)

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