|Date |Incidence/Instrument |Notes |
|13 May 1969 |Racial clash erupted |a local quarrel flared into a racial clash |
|16 May 1969 |The Yang di-Pertuan Agong(YDA) declared a state of |Special Ordinance (Special powers) Emergency, 1969 |
| |emergency. Parliament was suspended. NOC was formed. |Curfew enforced |
| | |Assemblies banned |
| | |Security controls tightened |
|August-Dec 1969 |Special Peace and Development bodies formed: |Later combined to form the Ministry of National Unity |
| |National Muhibah Committee | |
| |National Unity Department | |
|29 Jan 1970 |National Consultative/Unity Council was formed |Advisory body for National Operations Council (NOC) |
| |Special Rukun Negara committee was setup |Formulated normative guidance and set of values for unity |
|31 August 1970 |Rukun Negara as National Ideology was formalized |Declaration by YDA on Malaysia’s 13th Independence Anniversary|
Table 4.0: Background to the Formulation of Rukun Negara
4.1.2 Analysis and Implications of the Tragedy
1. The bloody tragedy of May 13 shocked the whole nation.
2. The implications of the incident in terms of economy and politics were serious concerns that lingered in the minds of the leaders as well as the rakyat.
3. Thus, many lessons had been learnt from the tragedy especially in the context of racial conflict especially between the Malays and the Chinese for more than 50 years.
4.1.3 The Objectives of Rukun Negara
[pic]
Figure 4.0: The objectives of Rukun Negara
Objectives of Rukun Negara are directed towards developing a modern and progressive nation where the people together enjoy the nation’s riches in a fair and just manner, in a peaceful environment, respecting each other, despite ethnic and cultural differences.
4.1.4 The Principles of Rukun Negara
1. Five principles have been set to achieve the five objectives of Rukun Negara.
2. Five principles coincide with five ‘levels of duties’ demanded of every Malaysian by five sources of authority or sanction points.
3. Five principles are like slogans which are precise and clear rather than elaborate essay.
4. They are easily understood and remembered.
Figure 4.1: Status Set in the Context of Rukun Negara
|Rukun Negara |Description |
|Belief in God |The importance of religious values and belief so that people are healthy in their thinking, |
| |inclined to do good and avoid evil. |
|Loyalty to King and Country |Instils patriotism, responsibility and readiness to serve. |
|Upholding the Constitution |It is noble or glorious because it is supreme source if legislation. |
|Rule of Law |Everybody should have responsibility to obey the enforcement bodies like the Police. |
|Decorum and Morality |it is wholesome qualities upon which a sound personality is built. |
Table 4.1: The Principles of Rukun Negara
2. IDEOLOGY AND POLITICAL SYSTEM
Figure 4.2: Political System
4.2.1 Malaysia’s Main Policies
|National Agriculture Policy |National Integration Policy |
|National Incorporation Policy |National Cultural Policy |
|National Privatization Policy |The Policy of Applying Islamic Values in the Administration |
|National Development Policy |National Women’s Policy |
|National Industrialization Policy | |
4.2.2 Summary of Important National Economic and Social Policies
|Objective |To raise production output through optimum use of resources |
| |To increase the people’s income especially in the rural areas |
| |To balance national economic development based on manufacturing |
| |To increase and provide sufficient food resources for the people |
| |To increase national income through supplying raw materials that form the basis of local and foreign industrial |
| |needs |
| |To develop agricultural land by using high and effective technology |
| |To improve competitiveness and production capacity of the agricultural sector through the involvement of various |
| |sectors including the private |
|Programme |The opening and development of new land such as FELDA, FELCRA |
| |In-situ development to implement re-planting programmes, land rehabilitation and consolidation, Integrated |
| |Agriculture Development Project (IADP) to develop the economy of smallholders through re-planting programmes |
| |Programmes for local development, collective land development |
| |Improve the use of public facilities like roads, transportation, the use of machines and modern fertilization |
| |systems |
| |Various activities and agricultural support services that include Research and Development (R&D), training, |
| |marketing and incentives to develop agriculture among estate owners and farmers, agriculture and marketing credit. |
|Strategy |Develop the agricultural sector following current development |
| |Adjust to rapid economic growth and development and global competition by raising productivity through the |
| |involvement and cooperation of various sectors particularly the private |
| |Restructure agricultural agencies to become more effective |
| |Optimize export income through diversification |
| |Develop the farmer especially in the rural areas and encourage a system of agriculture based on the |
| |self-sufficiency and commercial concept |
| |Introduce modern agricultural technology and more effective management |
| |Employment opportunities especially for the rural population |
| |Implement policies on food production especially rice and fish; livestock; fruits; vegetables; coconuts; industrial|
| |crops; nurseries; the production of food from livestock. |
| |Improve the production of small-holders for a more balanced economy especially for smallholders |
| |Open more areas of new land for agricultural development |
| |Combine involvement and cooperation of various parties especially the private sector to increase large-scale |
| |agriculture, value-added products, labour saving, effective mechanization and automation production, joint venture |
| |programmes and investment |
|Objective |To create close, meaningful, effective cooperation between the public and private sector. |
| |To create an attitude of sharing and mutual understanding regarding procedures and objectives of both the sectors. |
| |To improve national earnings. |
|Programme |Explore various business opportunities in and outside the country |
| |Determine policies and regulations and provide facilities and incentives |
| |Increase earnings through business income taxes |
| |Improve Programmes of expertise sharing among ministries and the private sector |
| |Export Promotion Council by the Ministry of Trade and Industry (1985) |
| |Malaysian Business Council (1991) |
| |INTAN-sponsored business courses. |
|Strategy | Foster and improve understanding on Incorporation Policy |
| |Set up Malaysia Incorporation Negotiation Panel in respect of departments based on the Government’s Chief Secretary|
| |Circular Order No 2/84 |
| |Expose and train workers in the private and public sector |
| |Facilitate cooperation between the private and public sector |
| |Provision of various facilities by the government such as infrastructure facilities, town and rural planning and |
| |industrial structure plan |
| |Private sector to balance and distribute opportunities and facilities to benefit all parties. |
| |Explanation of policy to employees in the private and public sectors |
| |Understand and practice the guidelines on the implementation of the Malaysia Incorporation Policy based on Public |
| |Administration Development Circulation No.9, 1991. |
|Objective |To reduce the financial and administrative burden of the government. |
| |To improve efficiency, productivity and competitiveness. |
| |To speed up economic growth particularly through commercial programmes. |
| |To reduce the size and involvement of the public sector in the economy. |
| |To widen corporate sector prospects. |
|Programme |Communication (such as telecommunication and television), port, road construction, air and shipping. |
| |Services like postal, electricity, hospital and others. The sale of government equities through the transfer of |
| |management responsibility, asset and employees. |
| |Lease – to transfer assets for a definite period. |
| |Management contract – the use of private sector management expertise to manage government entities. |
| |Concessions especially public facilities like water supply and roads. |
|Strategy | Ensure assurance of priority to worker’s welfare. |
| |Protect workers so that they are not oppressed or dismissed without proper reason. |
| |The government to evaluate continuously the privatization policy in the private sector. |
| |Understand and practice the Guidelines on Privatisation for Private Sector Use dated 21 January 1985. |
| |Understand and practice General Circular No 2/85: Guidelines on Privatisation For Government agencies dated 21 |
| |January 1985. |
| |The Privatisation Master Plan (PMP) to foster understanding in the public and private sectors. |
|Objective |National development to strengthen social, economic and political stability. |
| |To achieve the status of an advanced nation in terms of social justice, moral and ethical values, quality og life, |
| |efficiency in administration and economic excellence. |
|Programme |Development of state economy and between urban and rural areas. |
| |Performance of human resources. |
| |Create competitive activities in the international market. |
| |Quality achievement. |
| |Opening of new land and aid to small farmers. |
| |FELDA |
| |Training for rural youths. |
| |Privatisation to improve bumiputra participation. |
| |Private sector programmes in education, health, rural roads, transportation, housing, electricity and water supply.|
| |National Share Trust (Amanah Saham Nasional [ASN]) and National Capitalisation Company (Permodalan Nasional Berhad |
| |[PNB]) used to reinforce Bumiputra savings. |
|Strategy |Housing electricity and water supply. |
| |Balancing development in the main economic sectors to improve the capacity to compete and to complement between |
| |sectors. |
| |Create high quality of life besides maintaining positive social and spiritual values especially a feeling of pride |
| |and love for the country, the people and religion. |
| |Create human resources that are disciplined and productive through and excellent and comprehensive culture. |
| |Apply the use of science and technology as an essential core in socio-economic planning and development to attain |
| |modern industrialization. |
| |Encourage the practice of protecting the environment and ecology for the future. |
|National Industrialisation Policy |
|Objective |To intensify industrial growth through manufacturing. |
| |To optimise the use of the country’s natural resources. |
| |To upgrade local research and development of local technology. |
|Programme |Industrial Master Plan (MIP) (3rd February 1986) |
| |Develop 12 industrial sectors. 7 of them based on local resources including rubber, oil palm, timber, food, |
| |chemistry and minerals. The other 5 are industries not based on natural resources – electricity, electronics, |
| |transportation equipment, machines and engineering, ferrous, metals, textile and clothing. |
| |Develop industries in selected areas especially on the east coast of the Peninsula and in towns like Kota Kinabalu,|
| |Sandakan, Kuching, and Bintulu. |
|Strategy |Make the manufacturing sector the catalyst for increasing the income from goods and manufacturing. |
| |Encourage fully the use of the country’s natural resources. |
| |Increase the level of research and development (R&D). |
| |Determine an industrial policy with a universal concept. |
| |Exportation of manufactured goods in large quantities to be more competitive. |
| |Diversity and improve on non-resource based industries for export. |
| |Develop selected heavy industries. |
| |Develop an effective system of information technology. |
| |Develop manpower. |
| |Reduce expenditure in the construction of infrastructure. |
| |Restructure and modernise the industrial sector by enhancing the performance of small industries. |
| |Increase employment opportunities. |
| |Increase opportunities for technical training and skills. |
|Objective |To foster unity among races to create a society that is united and harmonious. |
|Programme |National Education Policy based on the Razak Report (1956) and the Rahman Talib Report (1960). |
| |New Economic Policy. |
| |Rukun Tetangga. |
| |Nurseries for Unity and the like. |
| |Nationhood Programmes in educational institutions like schools and universities. |
| |The Committee to Study Polarisation in Schools Report, Ministry of Education Malaysia (1984) states the need for |
| |programmes on citizenship. |
| |Create a Malaysian society that is cooperative and understands common needs. |
| |Programmes to promote unity at the Ministry of education level to develop pupils to think in terms of creating a |
| |united and integrated society. |
| |Citizenship programmes presented by the Ministry of Education Curriculum Development Centre for implementation in |
| |schools. |
|Strategy |Eliminate racial polarisation attitude. Foster integration among Malaysians. |
| |Create national integration through the National Unity Department that comes under the Prime Minister’s Department.|
| |Promote various activities for rural and urban society. |
| |Track the climate of social relations in general public using the Social Relations Tracking System in the National |
| |Unity Department. |
| |Show the importance of the study of History, Culture and Development to inculcate elements of love, awareness, |
| |consciousness, feelings of respect, appreciation, acceptance, confidence and pride in the society and nation. |
|Objective |To strengthen unity of race and country |
| |To nurture and protect a strong Malaysian identity based on a spirit of love for religion, race and homeland. |
| |Improve the quality of life that is balanced physically, spiritually and in terms of socio-economic development. |
|Programme |Development of arts and culture. |
| |Continuous art presentations by the National Cultural Complex. |
| |Cultural programmes through the mass media especially Radio and Television Malaysia at various festive seasons like|
| |Hari Raya Aidilfitri, Chinese New Year, Gawai, Deepavali, Wesak Day and Christmas. |
| |Cultural programmes sponsored by the Ministry of Culture, Arts and Tourism, State Cultural Councils, cultural |
| |departments in local universities. |
|Strategy |Place Islam as an important element in the national culture because Islam is the religion of the country, recorded |
| |and accepted by the Constitution. |
| |Restore and protect the cultural foundations to nurture cultural elements that have been inherited by various |
| |communities and adjusted according to universal characteristics or values. |
| |The attitude and image of Malaysians are being projected in international society. |
| |Sharing of values that can be commonly shared such as culture and values of life that create points of similarity |
| |in social living. |
| |Stress the history and the cultural life of the Malay world. |
| |Adapt the culture of others races and integrate it through various processes like assimilation, diffusion, |
| |evolution and acculturation that exist as a result of the frequency of contact between cultures of different |
| |countries. |
| |Raise the standard and quality of regional art. |
|Objective |To create a proud Malaysian society that has a strong identity and respected by other societies. |
| |Establish a “happy nation”. |
| |Eliminate negative attitudes when carrying out duties or responsibilities. |
| |To produce good quality service. |
|Programme |The Young Comrades Programme (Rakan Muda). |
| |A caring society. |
| |Government general orders |
| |Code of ethics for the business and professional groups. |
|Strategy |Stress on moral and ethics based on Islam. |
| |Nurture the practice of positive value and work ethics such as discipline, economy, honesty and respect for others.|
| |Polite especially to senior citizens or the elderly. |
| |Inculcate the value of family, parenthood, neighbourliness and correct group behavior. |
| |Foster feelings of pride of heritage, success and the spirit of one nation guided by pure values. |
| |Encourage clean effective administrative reformation. |
|Objective |Guarantee equal sharing between men and women in the possession of opportunities, resources, information and |
| |national development benefit. |
| |Involve women in sectors of national development to enhance the quality of life, eradicate poverty and to eliminate|
| |ignorance. |
|Programme |Improve the work force or manpower in various sectors such as industry, professions, administration, clerical |
| |employment, agriculture and production. |
| |Education. |
| |Health. |
| |Law. |
| |National Advisory Council on Integration of Women in Development (NACIWID) in the Prime Minister’s Department |
| |(1976). |
| |Secretariat for Women’s Affairs (HAWA) [1983]. |
| |Social Development Department (KEMAS). |
| |Federal Land Development Authority. |
| |(FELDA), Rubber Industry Smallholders Development Authority (RISDA). |
| |Amanah Ikhtiar Malaysia (AIM) |
| |National Council for Women’s Organisations (NCWO). |
| |Women’s Institutes (WI). |
| |Muslim Women’s Action Organisation (PERTIWI). |
| |Muslim Women’s Aid Organisation. |
| |Welfare Board for Muslim. |
|Strategy |Of planning, implementation and supervision of programmes for women. |
| |Enhance women’s issues in education and training. |
| |Eliminate discrimination against women. |
| |Implement actions according to sectors for example, health, law, employment, politics, media, religion and culture.|
Table 4.2: Summary of Important National Economic and Social Policies
3. ERA OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
4.3.1 National Science and Technology
|Objective |Programme |Strategy |
|Develop efficiency using science and |Diversity local production that has the ability to |Transfer of technology capable of enhancing |
|technology |compete in quality, cost and price. |production in the country. |
|Create a society that is innovative |Enlarge domestic and foreign industrial network. |Encourage Science and Technology programmes using |
|and farsighted. |Increase agricultural production through programmes |effective mechanisms |
|Able to adjust, innovate and raise |in research and development implemented by PORIM, |Increase the number of scientific or skilled local|
|technological investment |PRIM and UPM. |workers according to adequate ratios |
|Create a dynamic and diversified |Development, security and social prosperity. |Define priorities and control the transfer of |
|manufacture-base industrial sector |Research in agricultural, medical and applied science|technology effectively and economically |
|Develop local technological capacity |and technology. |Integrate Science and Technology programmes with |
|in selection and consultation |Industrial Master Plan Investigation implemented |national economic development programmes |
| |jointly with the Ministry of Trade and Industry to |Information centre for collection of scientific |
| |define ways on how to improve production quality. |and technological data and resources to facilitate|
| |Integration of development plans like the National |specialization, planning, coordination and |
| |Development Policy and the National Agricultural |supervision |
| |Policy. |Establish a Science and Technology Infrastructure |
| |National Science Coordination and Progress Council. |Support Centre such as an institution for design |
| |Intensification of Research in Priority Areas (IRPA) |technical consultation and information |
| |Programmes |Upgrade computer usage skills based on education, |
| |Action Plan on Industrial technology Development |industry and research |
| |(1987) |Define the effectiveness of centers of excellence |
| |National Research Consortium |in science and technology |
| | |Action plan to define strategy |
Table 4.3: Summary of the National Policy on Science and Technology
4. EDUCATION REFORMS : AIMS AND PROCESSES
1. National Education Policy
|Policy |Objective |Programme |Strategy |
|National Education|Set up a system of education that can fulfill |Improve the quality of education. |Side to provide quality and world |
|Policy |the nation’s need and encourage cultural, |Increase educational opportunities for|standard education. The national language|
| |social, economic and political development |all levels and ages. |as the main medium of instruction. |
| |(Education Act, 1961). |Extend educational opportunities |Have the same Malaysia orientated |
| |Integrate the multiracial schoolchildren and |through private institutions. |curriculum for all types of schools. |
| |prepare a work force for the needs of the |New Curriculum for Primary schools |Have the same examination system for all.|
| |economy (Razak Report, 1956). |(KBSR) (1983) |Streamline the education management |
| |Fulfill the country’s manpower needs in the |New Curriculum for Secondary Schools |procedure. |
| |short and long run as well as produce a |(KBSM) (1989) |Improve the standard of education so that|
| |society that is united, disciplined and |Restructure Vocational and Technical |it is comprehensive, balanced and |
| |trained. (Cabinet Committee Report, 1979). |Education (1978) |integrated. |
| |Achieve the objective of the National |Establish divisions and committees in |Create the opportunity for nine years of |
| |Education Philosophy to produce human beings |the Ministry of Education such as the |basic education. |
| |with knowledge and character, balanced and |Division for Planning and Research in |Democratise education so that it is fair |
| |harmonious for peace and prosperity. |Education Policy. |and give special attention to the less |
| | |The School Division and Department of |fortunate groups especially the rural |
| | |Private Education. |society. |
| | | |Diversity and multiply educational |
| | | |facilities at the tertiary level |
| | | |especially in applied science and arts. |
| | | |Enhance spiritual education, moral and |
| | | |discipline. |
| | | |Make it compulsory for the Malay and |
| | | |English language to be taught in schools.|
| | | |Give opportunities for the learning of |
| | | |other language like Chinese and Tamil. |
| | | |Expand trained teaching manpower. |
| | | |Build more schools for the increasing |
| | | |number of children. |
|Educational |Improve the conditions and quality of the |Manpower development Science and |Change education in a planned and |
|Reforms |educational system. |technology programmes (including |directed manner. |
| |Create an updated system of education that is |information technology). |Improve the theory and practice of |
| |universal standard. |Modernisation. |education in various organizations. |
| |Fix a system of education that is “flexible” |Cultural. |Surmount weakness in terms of attitudes, |
| |to current development. |Application of virtuous values. |giving priority to academics results, |
| |Improve the performance of education following|The environment. |learning contents, comfort of the |
| |set objectives. |Sharing of expertise between |learning environment, time and the |
| | |organizations in and outside the |integration of knowledge. |
| | |country. |Inculcate and stress on noble values to |
| | |Extend the use of the Malay language. |create a society that is harmonious and |
| | | |places importance on academic excellence,|
| | | |social concerns and nationhood. |
| | | |International integration. |
| | | |Use the Malay language as a tool to think|
| | | |and write. |
|Smart School |Produce students to be thinking citizens with |Smart learning. |Inculcate and stress on noble values to |
| |religious beliefs. |Smart curriculum. |create a society that is harmonious, |
| |Create an atmosphere of teaching and learning |Smart assessment. |giving priority to academic excellence, |
| |that is in line with the latest development in|Smart teaching. |social concerns and nationhood. |
| |education. |Smart management. |International integration. |
| | | |Use the Malay language as a tool to think|
| | | |and to write. |
| | | |Inculcate the ability to think based on |
| | | |comprehensive and integrated knowledge |
| | | |and technology. |
| | | |Flexible curriculum following changes, |
| | | |adaptations, teaching and learning |
| | | |situations and intelligence. |
| | | |Nurture emotional intelligence that can |
| | | |be made used to improve one’s tenacity. |
| | | |Democratising education. |
| | | |Explore and expose the use of science and|
| | | |technology |
| | | |Efficient and far-sighted management. |
Table 4.4: Summary of National Educational Policies
5. MALAYSIA AND REGIONAL RELATIONS
4.5.1 ASEAN
1. The Organisation of South East Asian Countries.
2. Was set up following the Bangkok Declaration of 8 August, 1967.
3. Five Foreign Ministers of the member countries were signed the declaration;
a. Tun Adam Malik from Indonesia.
b. Tun Thanat Khoman from Thailand.
c. S.Rajaratnam from Singapore.
d. Narcisco Ramos from Philippines.
e. Tun Abdul Razak from Malaysia.
4. On 7 January 1984, Brunei Darussalam joined ASEAN.
5. In March 1999, Cambodia, Vietnam, Myanmar (Burma) and Laos joined ASEAN.
Reasons of Setting Up ASEAN
1. The failure to build up a comprehensive, sustained, unified regional and international strength through the South Asia Organisation(ASA) that was established on 31 July 1961.
2. The failure of MAPHILINDO, established in August 1963.
|Objective |Programme |Strategies |
|Speed up economic growth, social and cultural |Political cooperation on boundaries. |Regional cooperation. |
|progress. Nurture and protect regional peace |Elimination of smuggling activities and |Shared boundaries. |
|and stability founded on justice and the laws |communist threat. |Consultation and joint patrol. |
|based on the Charter of the United Nations. |Kuala Lumpur Declaration-27 November,1971 |South East Asia as a zone peace, neutrality, |
| |ZOPFAN |and freedom from foreign interference and on |
| |Conference of Heads of ASEAN Countries-1976 in |good terms wit the Western and Communist blocs.|
| |Bali, 1977 in Kuala Lumpur. |Maintains relations with the People’s Republic |
| |Agreement of Cooperation. |of China. |
| |Agreement of Friendship. |Diplomatic relations with Vietnam. |
| |International Conference on Drug Abuse and |Cooperation in industry, agriculture, forestry,|
| |Heroin Trafficking. |transportation, mining, energy, tourism, |
| |United Nations Conference on Refugees in |banking and finance. |
| |Geneva. |Problems of refugees, encroachment, drug. |
| |Exclusive Economic Zone specifically on |Supply and Purchase of basic commodities. |
| |maritime boundaries held in Vienna in 1987. |Freedom from nuclear arms or South East Asia |
| |Industrial Cooperation. |Nuclear Free Zone (SAENFZ). |
| |ASEAN Industrial Joint Ventures. |Consultations between ASEAN and European |
| |Brand To Brand Complementation Scheme. |Economic Union, United States and Canada. |
| |ASEAN Industrial Project. |Fight Against Drug in the Golden Triangle in |
| |Indonesia-Malaysia-Thailand Growth Triangle. |northern Thailand and Vietnam. |
| |Brunei |Sharing of expertise with Australia, Canada, |
| |Darussalam-Indonesia-Malaysia-Philippines East |Japan, United States, New Zealand and the |
| |ASEAN Growth Area (BIMP-EAGA). |European Economic Union. |
| |East Asia Economic Consultations. |Increase in industry, infrastructure, tourism, |
| |Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) |agriculture, telecommunications and energy. |
| |ASEAN Economic Ministers Conference (EAEC). |Cooperation among countries in the Mekong |
| | |Valley. |
Table 4.5: Summary of ASEAN’s Objective
6. MALAYSIA AND WORLDS AFFAIRS
|No. |Policy |Objective |Programme |Strategy |
|1 |Commonwealth Organisation |To provide facilities and |Cooperation in trade, research and |Conference among ministers of |
| | |benefit to member countries. |economic and social aid. |different portfolios, members of |
| | |To have diplomatic relations |Commonwealth Speaker-Speaker |parliament and speakers of |
| | |between member and non-member |Conference – 1987. |parliament. |
| | |countries. |Conference with Heads of Commonwealth|Colombo Plan was implemented to: |
| | | |States – 1989, Kuala Lumpur. |Supply training and research experts.|
| | | |Colombo Plan. |Prepare places of training in |
| | | |Commonwealth Scholarship and |universities for those that need |
| | | |Fellowship Plan. |them. |
| | | |Commonwealth Fund. |Prepare equipment for research and |
| | | |Technical cooperation. |help. |
| | | |Issue of Antarctica as “Common World |Finance physical development projects|
| | | |Heritage” |Aid in health, agriculture and |
| | | | |marketing. |
| | | | |Opposition against “apartheid”. |
| | | | |Make Antarctica an agenda for the |
| | | | |United Nations Organisation. |
|2 |South-South Cooperation |To have effective cooperation |Dialogue to form a New International |Handling diverse problems including |
| | |among the countries of the |Economic Order. |the rate of imbalance in terms of |
| | |south to face the present |Commission Fund. |trade, the problem of national loans,|
| | |economic system. |Group of 15 (G-15) and Malaysia as |trade policies encountered, high |
| | |To restructure the economy |pioneer in programmes for investment |rates of interest, the problem of |
| | |involving all the countries of|data exchange, and South-South Trade |trade imbalance resulting in constant|
| | |the world. |and Technology. |deficit and the uncertainty in the |
| | |To determine the mandate and |Meeting of Expert Groups. |rate of foreign currency exchange. |
| | |objective of the South |Bilateral Payments Arrangement to |Exchange of information between |
| | |Commission. |encourage trade among South-South |governments, organizations, corporate|
| | | |countries. |sectors and individuals. |
| | | |Malaysian technical cooperation in |Increase banking relations. |
| | | |the Carribean, Cambodia, Laos, |Joints projects in Danang, Vietnam, |
| | | |Myanmar, Vietnam, Argentina, Chile, |Cambodia, Uzbekistan and Namibia. |
| | | |Peru and Venezuela, Kazakhstan, |Offer scholarships to enhance |
| | | |Kyrgystan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, |education performance particularly in|
| | | |Uzbekistan, Albania, Bosnia, |engineering, agriculture, law, |
| | | |Herzegovinia, Croatia and Mongolia. |economic planning and development |
| | | |Study tours, sending of experts, |administration. |
| | | |implementation of socio-economic | |
| | | |development and supplies. | |
|3 |Organization of Islamic |Forge closer unity and |Islamic Unity Fund set up after the |Financing education, welfare, |
| |Countries (OIC) |cooperation among member |Islamic Summit Conference (1974) |publication and sports. |
| | |countries economically, |Studies of the History of Islamic |Financing construction of buildings, |
| | |socially, culturally and in |civilization and the Arabic language.|supply reading materials and |
| | |the field of science. |International Islamic University of |education tools and establishing |
| | |Firm up cooperative efforts to|Malaya. |fellowship. |
| | |protect honour, independence |Islamic University of Nigeria. |Help to Islamic countries facing |
| | |and national rights. |International seminar or symposium: |hardship including Chad, Gambia, |
| | |Solve problem of dispute |Application of Islamic Syariah |Guinea, Mali, Mauritania, Nigeria, |
| | |involving Islamic nations. |(Islamabad-1979), Islam and Social |Senegal, and Upper Volta. |
| | |Eliminate any oppression and |Policies in the Context of the New |Cooperation in preparing and sending |
| | |colonialism to bring about |International Economic Order |doctors and voluntary medical |
| | |universal peace. |(Geneva-1980), Islam and Jerusalem |workers. |
| | | |(Paris-1981), World Islamic Congress |Focus on spiritual and welfare |
| | | |(Colombo-1982) |development specifically Islamic |
| | | | |youths at the international level. |
| | | | |Support Islamic Development Bank |
| | | | |activities (IDB) and set up IDB in |
| | | | |Malaysia in 1995. |
| | | | |Unite to support the struggle of the |
| | | | |Palestinian people. |
|4 |Fighting Drug Abuse |Create peace and security from|Strict international legislation. |Mandatory death sentence on locals, |
| |Internationally |drug abuse activities. |International Conference on Drug |and foreigners. |
| | |Destroy all negative (drug |Abuse and Illegal Trafficking in |Cooperation of the UN to fight drugs |
| | |abuse) activities. |Vienna, Austria-1987. |at the international level. |
| | | |United Nations Fund for Drug Abuse |Overcome the problem of youths all |
| | | |Control. |over the world in handling drug |
| | | | |abuse. |
|5 |United Nations |Create a common peace with |General Assembly. |Conference of member countries |
| |Organisation Cooperation |member countries. |Security to determine and decide on |representations to solve problems of |
| | |Improve the quality of life of|security issues through the power to |dispute involving member countries. |
| | |member countries. |veto. |Solve any world issue or |
| | |Protect and improve the |United Nations Economic and Social |disagreement. |
| | |people’s standard of health in|Council to improve the quality of |Arbitrate in any international |
| | |member countries. |life. |dispute. |
| | |Help backward countries in the|Emergency aid to war victims, in |Organize United Nations programmes |
| | |areas of diet and formal and |particular, children. |through agencies including the World |
| | |informal education. |International Red Cross Organisation.|Health Organisation (WHO), United |
| | | | |Nations High Commission For Refugees |
| | | | |(UNHCR), United Nations Development |
| | | | |Programme (UNDP) and United Nations |
| | | | |Children’s Fund (UNICEF) Refugee |
| | | | |camps as settlements for refugees, |
| | | | |set up to shelter and to obtain food,|
| | | | |clothes and medicine. |
| | | | |Help Vietnamese and Cambodian |
| | | | |refugees and set up temporary |
| | | | |settlements. |
|6 |Through the United Nations|Develop knowledge particularly|International seminars and |Overcome the socio-economic problems |
| |Educational, Scientific |science. |conferences. |of member nations. |
| |and Cultural Organisation |Have close cooperation to |Publication of Courier using various |Focus on development in Africa. |
| |(UNESCO) |eliminate illiteracy. |languages. | |
| | |Improve the level of |Financial aid amounting to US $49.8 | |
| | |cooperation in education and |million from the United States to | |
| | |culture to create world unity |UNESCO between 1981-1983. | |
| | |and welfare. | | |
Table 4.6: Summary of Information on International Organisations
7. DEVELOPMENT AND THE ENVIRONMENT
4.7.1 Care and Conservation of Quality of Environment
4.7.2 The Principle of Environmental Protection and Conservation
The government has outlined several principles like the following;
|Objective |
| |
|The government takes important steps to protect and rehabilitate the environment: |
|To ensure the quality of the environment is protected in the long run in line with the efforts to enhance national development. |
|To increase governmental involvement in an integrated manner to protect and rehabilitate the environment nationally and internationally. |
|Programmes |Strategy |
|Air qualtity | |
|Enforcement by the Department for the Environment, The police and |Reduce the release of black smoke by diesel engine vehicles. |
|Transport Department. |Set the smoke release standard at ’50 Hartridge Smoke Units’. |
| |Enforce laws related to offences such as open burning of waste, release|
| |of effluents. |
| |Control the illegal disposal of toxic and dangerous wastes and sea |
| |pollution. |
| |Checking of smoke releasing by vehicles. |
| |Reduce congestions and pollution especially in the Klang Valley and |
| |Kuala Lumpur and improve the development of light rail public |
| |transportation. |
| |Reduce the content of lead in the air. |
|River quality | |
|Joint activities by the Department for the Environment with the |Assess the quality of river water according to Biochemical Oxygen |
|Ministry of Health, the air Unit in the Police, the Department for |Requirements, the need for Chemical Oxygen, Ammonic nitrogen, solid mix|
|Employment safety and Health. |and level of hydrogen. |
|Federal Government Administration Center in Putrajaya. |Effective evaluation of high land development activities and the |
|Oil Filter Company (1990). |opening of new land that results is suspended solids and changes in the|
|Supervision of Air Quality Index. |form and appearance of the river. |
|Evaluation and examination of high development land and the opening of|Diversions and chanelling. |
|land. | |
|Supervision of domestic waste water. | |
|10 years restoration of the Klang River. | |
|Love Our Rivers Campaign. | |
|Dangerous substances and wastes | |
|Enforcement, provision of regulations for the practice and development|Reduce the amount of industrial waste discharge. |
|of safe toxic chemicals for the destruction of dangerous wastes at |Supervise the effects of exploitation of underground water. |
|Bukit Nanas, Negeri Sembilan. |Increase cooperation between bodies and departments even at the |
|Nuclear Technology Research Institute Malaysia. |international level. |
|Training in determining the negative effects of poison on plants under| |
|the Pesticide Act (1974). | |
|Technical Committee on Illegal and Prohibited chemicals. | |
|Food and Agricultural Organisation. | |
|Sharing of information and expertise at the international level | |
|through the London Guidelines for the Exchange of Information on | |
|chemicals Products that are Illegal and Prohibited in International | |
|Trade, member of the Basle Convention on The Movement of Dangerous | |
|Chemicals Across Borders And Their Destruction (1994). | |
|Custom Orders (1988) on Prohibition Regarding Imports. | |
|Custom orders (Prohibition Regarding Exports)-(1988). | |
|Energy and the Environment | |
| | |
|Improve the efficiency in the utilization of energy. |Minimize the effects of pollution and encourage environment friendly |
| |processes and technologies in industries and commerce. |
|Oil Spills | |
|National Oil Spills Contingency Plans in coordination with the private|Control over oil spills in Malaysian waters. |
|sector like the Petroleum Industry Malaysia Joint aid Group. |Control oil spills by ships that sail the Straits of Malacca and the |
|Regional cooperation with Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia and Singapore |Johore Straits. |
|through the Standard Operations Procedure. | |
Table 4.7: Environmental Protection and Conservation Management
|Objective |
|Maintain biological and ecological stability enhance the country’s socio-economy |
|Control and manage the utilization of natural resources |
|Ensure that the management and development of resources are in line with and suited to the country’s current development |
|Extend effective and integrated cooperation with agencies within and outside the country |
|Programme |Strategy |
|Land Resources |Improve the standard in the planning of land utilization |
|Urban and Rural Planning Act (1976,1994) |Reduce negative effects in land utilization such as erosion and land |
|State Level Development Plan |slips |
|State Planning Committee to coordinate and manage natural resources |Land management advisory service at the level of the State and Federal|
|and man-made products |government and local authorities |
|Structural and Local Plan |Mange the development of public parks and landscape projects |
|Water resources |Strategy |
|Management and control of water catchment areas and river water |Control of development of highland areas, water catchment areas and |
|Guidelines on water utilization |water supply |
|Forest Resources |Strategy |
|Increase in forest reserve amounting to 14.06 million hectares |Improve the effectiveness of enforcing reforestation |
|Reforestation projects and establishing forest estates |Protect the forest and biological diversity especially involving |
|National Forestry Act (1984) |logging |
|Malaysian Peer System and Selection |Method of logging that reduces the negative effects to the environment|
|Replanting of forest trees |Provision of log supply |
|Management System |Improve the forest product industry |
|Forest cultivation to improve the economy of the local people |Third national forest inventory in West Malaysia |
|Forest control using the Geographical Information System (GIS) |Improve research and development programmes especially the management |
| |of forest uses, census and control of resources, silviculture, |
| |reforestation and rehabilitation, Studies of the environment and |
| |forest-based industry. |
|Biological diversity |Enforcement of laws |
|Maintain Malaysia as a ‘megadiversity’ territory, rich in marine parks|Protect and manage national biological distribution of biological |
|and national parks, wild life sanctuaries and reserve |resources and technology |
|National Biological Diversity Committee (1994) | |
|National Action Plan | |
|Participate in the RAMSAR Convention on Wetlands of International | |
|Importance | |
|Protection of the Habitat of Water Birds and Tasek Bera | |
|The National Park at Batang Ai, Loagam Bnut and Tanjong Dutu in | |
|Sarawak | |
|Somporna Island Park and the wildlife Sanctuary in Kinabatangan in | |
|Sabah | |
|Land |To minimize land erosion |
|Review ad update the approach and integrate the practice of land |Control land development for agriculture, tourism, road construction, |
|rehabilitation at all levels of implementation |development sites preparation work |
|Roads, Drains and Buildings Act (1974) |Extend the use of GIS for high land development as in Cameron |
|Land Erosion Model |Highlands, Fraser’s Hill, Genting Highlands and the Putrajaya |
|National Remote Sensing Center and the Department of Environment to |Administration Center. |
|produce a map of erosion risk areas | |
|Mineral and Energy Resources |Develop hydro-electric power to optimize the generation of electricity|
|Sustained management of fossilized fuels such as petroleum, gas, coal,|and to minimize the negative effects on the environment |
|hydroelectricity, solar energy and biomass |Develop environment friendly solar energy projects |
|National Mineral Policy (1992) |Standardize the procedure to protect the environment |
|Mineral Development Act particularly for the development of |Restore former mining lands for fish rearing and recreation purposes |
|exploration and mining (1994) | |
|State Mineral Enactment Model that includes a better procedure as | |
|regards the environment | |
|Coastal and marine resources |Develop and identify locations for effective coastal development so |
|Rehabilitate coastal areas for fish rearing |that protection is implemented on the wetlands, fishing and water |
|38 islands have been gazette as marine parks and 6 areas where fishing|catchment areas to avoid flash floods. |
|is prohibited | |
|Marine Parks | |
Table 4.8: Management of Natural Resources Protection and Conservation
8. HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
4.8.1 Special Governmental Human Development Programmes
|No. |Programme |Strategy |
|1 |Prime agenda to enforce youth |To mobilize efforts to create a younger generation that is: Dynamic, Creative, |
| |development |With vision, entrepreneurship and culture founded upon knowledge, skills, technology and up-to-date |
| | |information system. |
| | |Highlight youth activities through informal training that emphasizes awareness of lifelong education|
| | |in line with Malaysian and eastern religious and moral norms, |
| | |To sustain efforts in creating a frontline of dynamic and capable leaders, |
| | |To reinforce integrated cooperation between government, private and non-government organizations, |
| | |Promote a culture of peace through thoughts and activities that have as roots, the esteemed local |
| | |culture. |
|2 |Core Programmes |Prime Leadership Programmes |
| | |-Leadership training for a total of 200,000 youths |
| | |-Skill development programmes: |
| | |-Vocational training in the National Institute of Skills for Youth |
| | |-Center for Industrial Training, MARA and industrial parties. |
| | |Programmes for the development of entrepreneurs |
| | |-Motivation and entrepreneurial management training |
| | |-Increase the number of entrepreneurs. |
| | |Programme for developing personality |
| | |-Studies on potential in various areas |
| | |-Physical development projects through the Institute of Skills for Youth, Computer Centers and Youth|
| | |Activities at the district and national level. |
| | |Implement the Young Comrades (Rakan Muda) Programme: |
| | |-Application of new approaches through the Young Comrades Code of Practice. |
| | |-Focusing on youths who need attention including drug cases. |
|4 |Malaysian Youth Council (MYC) |MYC can be summarized as the agent for reformation and socialization because of: |
| |Action Plan |- Recognition of various levels of youth movement especially in terms of permission, support and |
| | |encouragement. |
| | |-Mobilize efforts to activate youth organizations to attract more youths to take part. |
| | |-Networking integrated programmes that involve different parties. |
| | |Reaffirm the role and functions of youth movements especially among school leavers. |
| | |Stress on aspects such as: |
| | |-spirit building, |
| | |-values of community development. |
| | |Foster joint unity movements with the government through Prime Leadership programmes. |
| | |Diversity youth movement activities especially information technology to enhance the status of the |
| | |nation and that of the people. |
| | |Ensure effectiveness in planning, implementation and evaluation. |
| | |Upgrade the quality of youth leadership so that they play the role of decision-makers, counselors, |
| | |“parents”, peers and so on. |
| | |Draw up youth policies according to current needs. |
| | |Emphasize the solving of moral problems especially to handle teenage social ills. |
| | |Prepare infrastructure and physical facilities for young people to interact, such as Young Comrades |
| | |Centers (Rakan Muda). |
| | |Improve the ability of youths to handle the influence of cultures and outside forms of entertainment|
| | |that are not in line with local values. |
| | |Encourage and develop healthy culture as a sustainable socialization tool. |
| | |Encourage the discussion of theories or views that are in line with local culture. |
Table 4.9: Human Development through Prime Agenda, Core Programmes and Ministry of Youth and Sports’ National Social Services
|No. |Programme |Strategy |
|1 |(Ministry of Unity and Social |Foster unity among the races. |
| |Development) |Reduce the economic development imbalance between states and urban and rural areas. |
| |National Integration. |Inculcate values and the spirit of cooperation and responsibility to overcome problems through |
| |Social and Community Development. |community projects such as rehabilitation centers, welfare homes and Prime Welfare Brigade. |
| |Natural Disaster Aid. |Inculcate the spirit of mutual help for unfortunate and poor families. |
| |Moral Reform Centers (especially for |Give help and moral support to adolescents faced with social problems so that they will change |
| |adolescents) |for the better and can contribute to national development. |
| |Tunas Bakti (“Young Potentials”) |Strengthen the institution of the family to produce responsible citizens. |
| |schools. |Promote and determine methods or techniques to create strong families. |
| |Reform Homes. | |
| |Development. | |
|2 |(Ministry of Human Resources) |Development of human resources. |
| | |Create a work force that is disciplined and productive. |
| | |Improve the skills needed to manage future challenges including industrial development. |
Table 4.10: Social Development through National Integration and Development of Human Resources
|No. |Programme |Strategy |
|1 |Philosophy of National Education |Integrated and overall development of the potential of an individual. |
| | |Create human beings who are balanced and harmonious intellectually, spiritually, |
| | |emotionally and physically, guide by their belief in and obedience to God. |
| | |Produce Malaysian citizens who are: |
| | |Knowledgeable, |
| | |Resourceful, |
| | |Noble in character, |
| | |Responsible, |
| | |Capable of achieving personal well-being, |
| | |Contribute towards social and national harmony and prosperity. |
|2 |Islamic Education (specifically for Muslim |Build up the potential of the self for forming good morals, behavior and attitudes |
| |students) |following God’s teachings. |
| | |Inculcate behavior as underlined in the Qur’an and the Sunnah. |
| | |Develop human beings who can lead society to a peaceful and happy life. |
| | |Encourage and form quality knowledge to strive for excellence in life. |
|3 |Integrated Secondary School Curriculum |Integrated, overall development of the potential of an individual through learning, |
| | |practice and edification. |
| | |Physical, spiritual, motional and intellectual development of harmonious values |
| | |through language and skills. |
| | |Provide opportunity to students to look for and explore knowledge. |
| | |Produce students with noble characters and capable of achieving well-being for |
| | |himself, society and country. |
| | |Build a generation of caring young people. |
|4 |School Counselling Service (in Kindergarten,|Inculcate academic excellence, career, psychosocial, peace of mind and parenthood. |
| |primary and secondary school) |Develop students with positive personality and an interest towards neighbors, |
| | |teachers, parents, friends, school, society and country. |
| | |Inculcate values of a happy family life. |
| | |Implement family counseling programmes through activities. |
| | |Understand the family culture including interaction, family structure, and role. |
| | |Disseminate information on family through activities, advice, stories, discussions, |
| | |seminars and conferences. |
| | |Make the counselor a leader so that |
| | |Schools and families can interact effectively to solve educational problems. |
| | |Information sharing takes place between the students and the school and families. |
| | |The student understands what is wholesome behavior. |
Table 4.11: Ministry of Education Programme for Human Development
4.8.2 Competitiveness And Self-Control
A competitive citizen is one who is always carrying out activities directed at quality development and who is respected, applauded and looked upon as a role model by other countries.
|No. |Factor |Strategy |
|1 |Stability in life |Improve the standard of living to world standard for a stable life. |
|2 |Economic development for well-being |Strengthen the economy as a whole for the well-being and welfare of the people. |
|3 |Overcome social ills |Build up a strong socio-economic foundation to overcome social problems. |
|4 |Productivity |Increase productivity to enhance national income. |
|5 |Political stability |Build up a strong political system to create an environment of peace in the country. |
|6 |Agreement and integrated unity |Develop a high level of agreement and unity among all races in and outside the country. |
|7 |Change according to needs and time |Determine and implement appropriate changes accordingly to develop the country in various|
| | |fields such as information technology. |
|8 |Knowledge Culture |Develop skills and advancement based on integrated knowledge. |
|9 |Quality Culture |Priority to quality when producing a product or service to the people. |
|10 |Health Culture |Priority to a continuous high standard of health for the people. |
Table 4.12: Factors to Strengthen Moral for Developing Competitiveness and Self-Control
4.8.3 Continuous Peace and Harmony
Malaysians brought up with high morals and ethics view a peaceful and harmonious life as the pivot for a lasting civilization.
|No. |Factor |Objective |
|1 |Balanced basic qualities |To build intellectual quality or lifelong knowledge. |
|2 |Strong character |Have perseverance and be firm in the face of challenges. |
|3 |Expert |Produce a generation that is strong in language and knowledge to translate |
| | |various fields. |
|4 |Understand history |Produce a generation that understands and practices the wholesome values of |
| | |Malaysian history for continuous peace and prosperity in the country. |
|5 |Generation that is stouthearted and determined |Create a generation with firm endurance and determination to face challenges. |
Table 4.13: Factors for building Social Well-Being
4.8.4 High Self Respect
Respect needs to be protected and improved to achieve excellence. Honour can prevent a person or a country from being subjugated.
Some of the behavioural values that can build up high self-respect are:
a) Not easily disappointed
b) Always proactive and looking for opportunities to pursue ambition
c) Brave
d) Fair
e) Confidence
f) Honest
g) Always improving work standards
h) Protect and value local traditional culture
i) Dynamic and changes according to the passage of time
j) Staunch in religious teaching
k) Masters and puts into practice in an integrated manner various areas of knowledge
4.9 WHOLESOME VALUES IN THE CONTEXT OF GLOBALIZATION
4.9.1 Development of World Standard Knowledge
Information technology is an important resource for developing the country. IT can be made use of to develop the people in various aspects of life, for example, religion, culture, economy, and politics.
The Multimedia Corridor is an international arena that can exalt Malaysia’s image.
|Aim |
|To know and to identify all advantages and disadvantages of the universal explosion of information technology. |
|To develop the endurance to prepare oneself for constructing the best mechanism to choose and to adapt information obtained from within and|
|outside the country to the way of life of the people. |
|Make use of a smart city that is Putrajaya, as the launching pad for world standard IT development. |
|Programme |Strategy |
|Electronic government |Government administration center that uses the concept of sophisticated|
| |multimedia. |
| |Computerised information network that links with various organizations |
| |through the electronic method such as video conferencing meetings and |
| |sharing of database, line for sharing information with businessmen and |
| |the public, within and outside the country. |
|Smart School |Schools obtain and share information through the Internet. |
|Telemedicine |Long distance medical education, diagnosis and treatment through |
| |information network. |
| |Making Malaysia a smart telemedicine center. |
|Research and Development Complex (R&D) |Develop R&D centers in corporate bodies and universities within and |
| |outside the country. |
|National card for diverse uses (I-Card) |Become a base for the study of the world’s first national |
| |multi-applications card. The card can be used for miscellaneous items, |
| |as a credit card, telephone card, and club-membership card for dealings|
| |with the government sector. |
|Borderless marketing center |Create the best electronic services for clients in the Asia Pacific |
| |market. |
| |Functions as the best platform for electronic commerce (EC) and |
| |technical support services. |
|Web |Create a regional center for control purposes and to offer a regional |
| |network for management support specifically in terms of designing, |
| |manufacturing and distribution center. |
| |Provide daily 24 hours and 365 days operations throughout the world by |
| |using information network and logistics at a very reasonable price. |
Table 4.14: MSC-Universal Standard IT
4.10 INTEGRATION OF UNIVERSAL KNOWLEDGE
Living principles Developing skills
guided by pure and expertise
religious for universal
values. progress
Practice of traditional Valuing positive
art as a symbol of culture that develops
national civilization. a balanced society
Figure 4.3: Integration and Universality of Knowledge from the Islamic Perspective
4.11 TO FIGHT AGAINST DRUG ABUSE AND CONTROL THE SPREAD OF HIV/AIDS
4.11.1 Fighting Drug Abuse
1. Drug abuse and HIV/AIDS constitute factors that can be obstacles to progress, threaten human development and national defence.
2. 18 August 1985 – The First Drug Conference organized by the Ministry of Health.
3. 1994 – The First International Drug Conference organized by the Ministry of Health reported 8049 cases of HIV/AIDS positive victims.
4. 1998 – 24,236 Malaysians were infected with HIV/AIDS and 1,160 died.
4.11.2 Control of Drug Abuse
1. Factors that give rise to drug abuse activities are:
a) The desire to know about drugs and to try it.
b) Ignorance of the true danger of each type of drug
c) Peer influence
d) Belief that drug will help the desire to forget a problem or difficulty encountered.
e) Not using free time on matters that are beneficial
f) No control of desires and feelings of the heart
g) Broken homes
h) Desire for a more affluent life style
i) Having plenty of pocket money or money to spend
j) Protesting and anti-social behaviour
k) Wanting attention
l) Unable to adapt to the surroundings
|Information |Education |Socialization |
|Provide information on the danger of drugs. |Planned teaching and knowledge on drug |To encourage youth organizations and activities, |
|Explain the effects of drugs that can |abuse across curriculum. |media, voluntary organizations, unions, welfare |
|threaten the peace and economics, social and |Guides on drugs in the curriculum. |agencies, religious associations. |
|politically stability of a country. |Health education. |Research. |
|Explain and encourage wholesome suitable |Development of the individual. |Determine the coordinating machinery to handle |
|behaviour especially among students. |Courses on drug abuse. |activities to fight against drug abuse. |
|Talk about the involvement and concern of the|Studies and research; socialization |Mobilize activities to give guidance and advice at|
|police, social welfare officers, custom |projects. |the ounselling centers. |
|officers and others to create shelter and | |Eradicate drug abuse and create a society free |
|safety services. | |from drugs by the year 2003 through the National |
|Legal implication of drugs. | |Drug Agency, in the Ministry of Home Affairs. |
Table 4.15: Fighting Drug Abuse through programmes
|No. |Action/Programme |Objective |
|1 |Financial allocation |Total sum of RM218 million allocated under the new policy (1992). |
|2 |Educational and health programmes in various |Develop understanding of the danger of HIV/AIDS among the people especially the |
| |sectors/organizations |younger generation to keep away from random or free sex, homosexual, bisexual and|
| | |intravenous injections. |
| | |Counseling and feedback |
| | |Examination of prisoners, tourists or foreign visitors, prostitutes. |
| | |Intensify involvement of non-governmental bodies. |
| | |Approaches through different sectors especially religious and educational |
| | |institutions to foster moral and ethics. |
| | |Publicize and provide understanding through the mass media. |
|3 |Local shelter and control |Develop understanding on the dangerous HIV/AIDS illness among patients through |
| |Joint shelter and control by district and state|shelter in one place such as drug rehabilitation centers, rehabilitation homes |
| |centers |and prisons. |
| | |Control the spread of the illness through the cooperation of the Institution of |
| | |Medical Research which is responsible to the State Health Director and the |
| | |District Health Officers as the National AIDS Reference Laboratory |
| | |Implement programmes through the Malaysian AIDs Council. |
| | |Plan and implement awareness, support, help, shelter, abolish suspicion and |
| | |prejudice against patients. |
|4 |Improve behaviour and practice through PROSTAR |Foster awareness and understanding of the danger of HIV/AIDS illness through the |
| |(Program sihat tanpa AIDS) (Health without AIDS|activities of “Peer Counselors” whose role is to be friends to adolescents |
| |programmes) for adolescents- 1996 |related to HIV?AIDS so that they will practice a healthy life style. |
|5 |Sharing of information with international |Obtain information on the latest development, suggestions, practices carried out |
| |bodies like WHO (World Health Organization) |regionally or universally, policies and legislation compatible with the people’s |
| | |life style in the respective countries. |
Table 4.16: Government HIV/AIDS Control Programmes
4.11.3 Family
|No. |Programme |Strategy |
|1 |Family health |Encourage healthy families. |
| |Parenthood |Disseminate widely family health. information especially on the |
| |Emotional and intellectual development for confidence, |prevention of disease, family planning, diet and child |
| |responsibility, dedication and industry |development. |
| |Advice from experts from the Federal Land Development |Awareness of HIV/AIDS. |
| |Board (FELDA), KEMAS and FELCRA especially in the rural |Have parent interaction programmes through information technology.|
| |areas. | |
|2 |Child Protection Act (1991) |Provide protection for the safety and health of children through |
| |Counseling services |the legal system |
| |National Action Plan for the life, protection and |Formation of children’s teams at the state and district level |
| |development of children (1994) |Plan for welfare, education and health development |
| |Tax exemption on medical expenses for children who look |Concern and love for parents and senior citizens |
| |after aged parents (1995) |Protection and welfare for senior citizens |
| |House for Senior Citizens in Perlis |Non-governmental bodies have built 132 senior citizen homes. |
| |National Senior Citizens Policy. | |
|3 |Construction of residential places for the poor. |Construction of low cost houses handled by the State Government. |
Table 4.17: The Government’s Concern in Family Development Programmes
4.12 CHALLENGES TO ADOLESCENTS IN THE CURRENT OF DEVELOPMENT
Vision 2020 can be considered as the starting point for young people to develop themselves and society for excellence compatible to world standards, because certain programmes for developing the young are aligned to the challenges of Vision 2020.
|No. |Challenges |
|1 |To form a government that is united and to appreciate a future that is commonly shared through the following values: |
| |Prosperity |
| |Territorial integration |
| |Ethnic unity |
| |Justice |
| |Undivided loyalty to the country |
|2 |Produce a society that is free, firm and caring, based on the following wholesome qualities: |
| |Confidence |
| |Pride |
| |Quick to face all sorts of hardship |
| |Strive for excellence |
| |Careful in facing possibilities |
| |Open-minded |
| |Respected by all races |
|3 |Build a society that is characterized by strong morals and ethics with elements of, |
| |Religion |
| |Sound spirituality and supported by noble character |
|4 |To form a mature society with the following qualities, |
| |Tolerance |
| |Freedom of worship without the fear of segregations |
|5 |To develop a scientific society that is progressive, creative and farsighted while using today’s technology to contribute to |
| |future advancement. |
| |Determined to glean knowledge based on IT |
| |Through a reading culture continue to update knowledge |
|6 |Create a society that is economically just by a fair distribution of the country’s wealth so that everybody gets to enjoy it |
| |To enjoy together the wealth of the country and to be grateful for it |
| |Concern for and help the less fortunate |
| |Practice the principles of the Rukun Negara. |
Table4.18: Vision 2020 Challenges for Youths of the Future
4.13 DEVELOPMENT PLAN AND VISION
|Strategy |Provide socio-economic infrastructure facilities by establishing institutions, departments and ministries with specific roles: 1951-RIDA |
| |(economic development); 1959-Ministry of Rural development (infrastructure development); 1966-(agriculture development); 1960-Adult Education|
| |Division (mind development); 1962-JKK (community development); 1961-Animal Dept.(advice and supply services); 1966-MARA (credit and technical|
| |assistance). |
| | |
| |Create a planning and observation system by introducing the Red Book Plan and Operation Rooms at all levels – federal, state, district and |
| |village. |
| | |
| | |
|Main |Develop rural area to improve the standard of living; reduce illiteracy; enhance the standard of health; eradicate poverty. |
|Objective | |
| | |
| |Diversity the country’s and the people’s sources of income; reduce unemployment; improve the standard of living for the lower income groups |
| |(all with the aim to create unity among communities). |
|Focus |Rural development and extension of agricultural area. |
| | |
| |Improve further the system of services – education, health, water and electricity supply. Improve agricultural development. |
| | |
| |Increase efforts to eradicate the economic imbalance between sectors and territories especially after 13 May; extend the socio-economic |
| |development plans to include Sabah and Sarawak. |
|Plan Name | |
|Malaysia Plan|FMP |
| |[1956-1960] |
| | |
| | |
| |SMP |
| |[1961-1965] |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| |MPI |
| |[1966-1970] |
|Strategy |Establish agriculture and farming family support agencies with specific roles: 1965- FAMA (agricultural marketing); 1967- FIDA (industrial |
| |development); 1969-MARDI (agricultural research); 1969-Agricultural Bank (credit assistance and advisory services). |
| | |
| |To ensure citizen involvement in governmental development efforts and also to promote community development movement as a rural development |
| |strategy, such as Renewal Movement and Progress Movement. |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|Main | |
|Objective | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|Focus | |
|Plan Name | |
|Malaysia Plan| |
|Strategy |Increase manufacturing capacity and income of the poor through ‘in-situ’ development plans by modernizing rural sectors as well as more |
| |adequate social facilities. |
| | |
| |Provide more employment opportunities for all communities by encouraging to be involved in high potential sectors such as industrial and|
| |trade, supported by the establishment of specific agencies: 1971-UDA (business development); 1969-PERNAS (human resource and business |
| |development) followed by extending plans to open up more land and land grouping plans under FELDA, FELCRA and SALCRA (for SARAWAK), |
| |introduce and extend the plans for territorial and agricultural development, together with the Green Book Plan. |
| | |
|Main |Two main aims outlined by the NEP are: |
|Objective |Eradication of poverty. |
| |Restructuring Malaysian society so that community identification according to economic sectors does nit exist. |
| | |
| |The purpose of this is to eradicate poverty between sectors, rural and urban, and also within sectors to narrow down the poverty gap. |
|Focus |New Economic Policy (NEP) – main focus or theme is to create communal unity among all Malaysian citizans. |
| | |
| |This can be achieved through economic development especially in sectors and communities that are lagging behind, without neglecting the |
| |developing sectors and communities. The NEP was drafted for the purpose of comprehensive development in terms of communal and economic |
| |sectors involvement. |
| | |
| |The period fixed by the government for realizing the plan is 20 years, encompassing four Five Year Malaysia Plans. |
| | |
|Plan Name |Outline Perspective Plan 1 (OPP1) |
|Malaysia Plan| MP 2 |
| |[1971-1975] |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| |MP 3 |
| |[1976-1980] |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| |MP 4 |
| |[1981-1985] |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| |MP 5 |
| |[1986-1990] |
|Strategy |Modernize (system) and further activate agricultural production through rubber and oil palm replanting and planting of double cropping |
| |padi through irrigation schemes (Sungai MAnik in Perak, Kemubu in Kelantan and Muda in Kedah) and off-shore fishing. |
| | |
| |The above activities are complete with the establishment of support agencies such as: 1971-LPN, 1972-RISDA, 1973-LPP (small-scale farming|
| |and agriculture marketing development); 1971-MAJUIKAN (marketing development); 1979-PORIM (agricultural research development). |
| | |
| |Introduce District Development Guide Book-1987 (RED BOOK II), more or less similar to the Red Book in the 60s – used to improve the |
| |effectiveness of planning, implementation, administration and coordination machinery at every stage. |
|;Main | |
|Objective | |
|Focus | |
|Plan Name | |
|Malaysia Plan| |
|Strategy |Further stabilize the potential of agricultural development activities implemented in OPPI so that it is more economic, competitive |
| |and progressive. |
| | |
| |Give support to non-governmental bodies involved in efforts to eradicate poverty. |
| | |
| |Strengthen national unity. |
| | |
| |Implement macro economic management. |
| | |
| |Encourage investments to increase productivity. |
| | |
| |Increase international competitiveness to face competition. |
| | |
| |Encourage manufacturing for world market. |
| | |
| |Develop strong human resource for long term economic growth. |
| | |
| |Increase efficiency through IT. |
| | |
| |Overcome social problems. |
|Main |National development. |
|Objective | |
| |Ensure economic transformation by improving the efficiency of labour and capital. |
| | |
| |Expedite the shift to value added activities through capital and technology. |
| | |
| |Encourage large-scale industrial activities. |
| | |
| |Develop modern services sector. |
|Focus |Give new life to the expired NEP. |
| | |
| |Prepare and give birth to on an industrial society. |
| | |
| |Expand and develop the socio-economic and harmonious life of the people. |
|Plan Name |Outline Perspective Plan 2 (OPP2) |
|Malaysia Plan|MP 6 |
| |[1991-1995] |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| |MP 7 |
| |[1996-2000] |
|Strategy |Sustain macro economy stability. |
| | |
| |Eradicate poverty and restructure society. |
| | |
| |Increase growth through productivity. |
| | |
| |Increase competitiveness in the primary economic sectors. |
| | |
| |Extend the usage of ICT. |
| | |
| |Strengthen human resource development. |
| | |
| |Carry out a comprehensive and integrated approach in natural resources and environment issues. |
| | |
| |Upgrade the quality of life. |
| | |
| |Strengthen positive values and attitude. |
|Main |Change growth strategy from input-driven to knowledge-driven. |
|Objective | |
| |Expedite structural changes in the economic sector. |
| | |
| |Strengthen socio-economic stability. |
|Focus |Develop a strong and sustainable economy. |
|Plan Name |Outline Perspective Plan 3 (OPP3) |
|Malaysia Plan|MP 8 |
| |[2001-2005] |
4.13.1 Outline Perspective Plan 1 (Opp1)-The New Economic Policy
Strategies to eradicate poverty.
Strategies to restructure society.
2. Outline Perspective Plan 2 (Opp2)-National Development
Eleven National Development Policy Challenges
[pic]
3. Outline Perspective Plan 3 (Opp3)-A National Vision Policy
Basic Principles of NVP
[pic]
4.14 VISION 2020
Nine Challenges of Vision 2020
[pic]
EXERCISE 1. The objective of Rukun Negara covers the economic, social and political aspects. All the statements below are TRUE except for A. Enhance the unity of the people B. To develop a liberal attitude for the creation of a national culture from the rich cultural heritage C. To create a fair society that will enjoy together the country’s prosperity in an equitable manner D. To protect a democratic way of life and to build a progressive society
2. Which of the following statements is most correct about the National Privatisation Policy? A. Sharing or joint ventures to handle projects in the government sector B. Transfer of functions and activities in the government to the private sector C. Fully controlled projects to encourages savings in government expenditure D. The private sector plans and decides on government projects that need to be incorporated
3. The Colombo Plan plays the role of: A. Controlling the entry of drug to the South East Asia region. B. The Antarctica issue is the main focus in programmes of economic development. C. Financing physical development projects, provide experts of training and research D. Involve the Group 15 countries (G15) in the Asian socio-economic agreement.
4. Explain clearly how the May 13 tragedy led to the birth of the Rukun Negara. 5. How far is the contribution of the people in achieving the objectives of the main national policies? Explain. 6. The United Nations Organisation can be the agent for international peace. Discuss. 7. In your opinion what is the most effective way to encourage awareness and understanding of the need for people to contribute to efforts to enhance the quality of the environment?
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CHAPTER 4
IDEOLOGY AND MALAYSIA’S POLICY
OBJECTIVE
At the end of this chapter, the students should be able to: 1. Explain the important of ideology in legislating national policy.
2. Describe the link between ideology, policy and society.
3. Identify country's main policies.
4. Know the character and structure of Malaysia citizen.
5. Identify the image of Malaysia citizen in developing country’s economy and politic.
6. Explain the important of ethics and moral value in developing 21 century Malaysia citizen.
7. Understand the Vision 2020 in bringing Malaysia to achieve status of advanced country.
RUKUN NEGARA
Belief in God
Loyalty to King and Country
Upholding the Constitution
Rule of Law
Decorum and Morality
Peoples Reaction (Input)
IDEOLOGY
Societies Government
IDEOLOGY
Policies (output)
The Policy of the Country (Environment)
To encourage a way of life and a pattern in utilization and production that is aligned to the principle of sustained development
To have a clean, safe, healthy and productive environment for the present and future generations
To protect and conserve natural resources and the country’s unique cultural heritage through the effective involvement of everyone
1) Protection of the environment
2) Conservation of soil fertility and environmental quality
3) Sustained improvement in standard and quality of health and safety
4) Stress on the integration of various aspects to create environmental quality
5) Commitment and accountability towards quality of environment
6) Determine the suitability and effectiveness of using natural resources
