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Russia Finance System Chinese Version

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与俄罗斯能源、森工、原材料等传统市场相比,新兴的俄金融市场尚处在1998年金融危机后的重建阶段,许多经济参数与指标远远低于西方发达国家,为此,俄开始着手金融体制改革,完善相关立法法规,争取尽快与国际金融市场接轨。俄许多专家认为,目前,俄正积极与世贸组织接触,并拟早日加入该组织,而金融市场准入问题是俄入世谈判的焦点,且该市场又是俄最应保护的市场之一,因此,俄金融市场势必要面临前所未有的挑战,改革之路势在必行。现简要介绍一下俄金融市场的状况。 一、保险业 1、概况 苏联解体后,俄银行和证券业开始迅速发展,而保险业的起步却较晚,90年代后期方初露端倪。1997年俄保险业逐渐得到自主发展,当年吸收资金增长40%,1998年后开始快速发展,吸收资金增长一倍以上。尽管如此,目前俄保险市场仍处于起步阶段。2000年俄仅有40万人进行了人寿保险,约1/3的居民根本不打算进行保险,居民对本国保险公司的信任度很低。可见,俄罗斯保险业是一个新兴行业,其市场潜力巨大,极具开发前景。 目前,俄政府已逐渐认识到,保险业既是确保国家财产利益、有利国民经济稳定发展的战略行业,又是仅次于银行业的吸收资金方面的第二大行业,有序地发展保险业对俄社会经济的发展十分重要。因此,一方面俄通过法律等手段对外国公司在俄经营进行了限制,以便保护和培育本国保险市场,提高本国保险公司的竞争力;另一方面,在保护本国保险市场的同时俄积极与国际保险公司接触,借入世机会抓紧学习其先进经验,尽快开发极具潜力和发展空间的保险市场。目前,俄对外资在保险业的资本总量的参与限额为15%,对外资在某一具体保险公司的参与限额为49%。外资不得经营长期人寿保险和强制保险。迄今为止,外资在俄保险业的实际参与份额为7%。 俄保险市场是个方兴未艾、极具潜力的新兴金融市场,它既需保护,又待开发。因此,俄保险市场如何开放问题便成为俄入世谈判中的一个焦点问题。俄保险公司一定会维护自己的利益,通过各种方法对外国保险公司加以限制,以提高自己的竞争力;而外国保险公司也会不甘示弱,在具有强大吸引力和巨大潜力的俄保险市场面前,会利用俄入世谈判的契机争取占领该市场更多的份额。 2、俄保险业有关法规 1992年11月27日,《俄联邦保险业务经营法》正式颁布实施。1999年11月20日,俄联邦总统叶利钦签署法令,决定对该法进行补充和修改,以限制外国公司在俄的经营活动。 3、俄主要保险公司 截至2001年初,俄前五家大保险公司分别是俄国家国外保险公司(Ингосстрах)、卢克保险公司(Лукойл страхование)、PCK保险公司、VESTA保险公司、俄国家保险公司(Росстрах)。详见下表。 目前,俄共有1100多家保险公司,总注册资本达4亿多美元,其中,50家大保险公司的总资产为2100多亿美元。截至2001年4月,在俄保险公司注册资本总额中外资占3.96%,主要是美国的AIG公司、德国的ALLIANZ AG、ERGO INSURANSCIAL SERVICES 公司、瑞士的ZURICH FINANCIAL SERVICES、SWISS RE公司、法国的AXA公司等。 二、银行业 1、概况 俄罗斯银行业发展较早,一直是俄金融领域的领头羊。但1998年金融危机后,俄经济陷入了低谷,银行业遭到重创,导致卢布迅速贬值,通胀率急剧攀升。此后,俄马上进行了金融体制改革,撤销了一系列资信不高的银行。在央行和商业银行的共同努力下,经历三年多时间的发展,今日的俄银行业已基本克服了金融危机带来的不良后果,完全恢复到危机前的水平,银行发展状况已成为决定国家经济增长的重要因素之一。近来,俄银行系统资本增长,对实际生产领域投资增加。目前,俄运营的1300多家银行中有90%经营良好,居民对银行信任度得以恢复。 据俄央行(Банк России)资料,截至2002年4月1日,俄银行业总资产较危机前(下同)增长6%,占国内生产总值(下同)的35.3%;总资本增长14%,占5%;贷款增长47%,占13.5%。迄今为止,俄银行吸引居民存款总额占国内生产总值的7.4%,投入到俄经现实部门的资金占国内生产总值的7.6%,其中,投往国外的资金占2.2%。俄银行发放贷款总额达440亿美元,其中,在俄外国银行发放170亿美元,贷款期限为一年以上,且大部分贷款投入到出口企业,43%的贷款发放给能源和有色金属企业。

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