...Persian Gulf Crisis Persian Gulf Crisis, 1990-1991: How Saddam Hussein's Greed and Totalitarian Quest for Power Led to the Invasion of Kuwait, World Conflicts and the Degredation of Iraq Joseph Stalin. Fidel Castro. Adolf Hitler. Saddam Hussein. These names are all those of leaders who have used a totalitarian approach to leading a nation. Stalin and Hitler ruled in the early to mid-nineteen hundreds. Like Fidel Castro, Saddam Hussein is now. Saddam Hussein belongs to the Baath Party of Iraq. This party adopts many techniques similar to those used by Stalin and Hitler. Saddam Hussein conceived a plan to invade Kuwait. It was, perhaps, one of the worst mistakes he could have made for his own reputation and for his country. The invasion of Kuwait as well as the world's response to it, the environmental disaster it caused, and the degradation of Iraq were completely the fault one man and his government: Saddam Hussein and his Baath Government. One of Hussein's weaknesses is negotiating. Negotiating in his terms is to fight it out with as much carnage as possible until his side comes out "victoriously". Repeatedly, Saddam and his government break international convention laws. During his war fought with Iran, the Iraqi army used chemical weapons on the Iranian troops and even on their own Iraqi population. This was seemingly overlooked by the rest of the world because most nations didn't want to see the Ayatollah's Islamic revolution rise. Iraq...
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...Introduction In March 20, 2003, President George W. Bush gave his military forces to invade Iraq and overthrow the Saddam Hussein and his government. These attacks resulted in an operation named “shock and awe”, which tumbled the nation’s government swiftly and allowed U.S. troops to create a sense of mission command within the overthrown country of Iraq. During the initial invasion Major General David Petraeus commander of the US Army’s 101st Airborne Division was given the critical task of creating mission command (ADRP 5-0, p.1-1) of the city of Mosul, Iraq (capital of Nineveh province). This paper will focus on Major General Petraeus understanding of his mission command in Mosul, based on his understanding of the following: the initial...
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...1941: IRAQ AND THE ILLUMINATI The growing guerrilla war in Iraq has shown Saddam Hussein's Baath Party to be far more resilient than anyone realized. To understand their resilience and grass-roots strength, one must look at the party's mystical origins. Columnist Maureen Dowd says the Arabic word Baath stands for resurrection. But Baath is not a word that translates well into English. A better synonym would be the Italian word Risorgimento. Actually, the party had its origin in the little town of Asadabad in western Iran. Here, in 1839, was born Sayyid Jamal ad-Din, a Muslim mystic sometimes known as al-Afghani (Arabic for the Afghan--J.T.) and "the Sage of the East." Jamal ad-Din was raised as a Shiite Muslim and, in 1845, his family enrolled him in a madrassa (Islamic school) in the holy city of Najaf in what is now Iraq. Here Jamal was initiated into "the mysteries" by "followers of Sheik Ahmad Asai (1753-1826). He also may have had some family connections with the Babis, followers of Siyyid Ali Mohammed al-Bab," an imam keenly interested in politics. "After years studying Shia theology at the holy city of Najaf, Iraq, he spent several years in India, the Caucasus and Central Asia before surfacing in Afghanistan as the senior advisor to the pro-Russian ruler." (Editor's Comment: Strange that a supposedly devout Muslim would head for India instead of making the traditional haj or pilgrimage to Mecca. It appears that Jamal ad-Din was one of the few Illuminati to...
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...similarities; though much of the philosophy has been debated, there are points of value to both countries. This essay intends to study some of their most painful discover in their political philosophy. Vietnam Political The North and the South were divided politically in 1954 because of different economic ideologies. Communist was in the North and capitalist in the South. Ho Chi Minh was a Vietnamese revolutionary leader, who established the communist governed Democratic Republic of Vietnam in 1945. Ho Chi Minh became president of Democratic Republic of Vietnam from 1945 to 1969. He died in 1969. After the fall of Saigon in 1975, the Communist Party renamed Ho Chi Minh City in his honor. In 1975, the Communist Party unified the North and South as one. The country’s communist leaders had adopted Marxist – and Leninist theories. The Communist Party then reestablished national sovereignty, initiated agrarian reform, and had gradually transformed the nation into a modern industrialized nation. These gains have come...
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...Iraq Monica Brown History January 23, 2012 Mr. Fitzsimmons Fact sheet National name: Al Jumhuriyah al Iraqiyah Current government officials Languages: Arabic (official), Kurdish (official in Kurdish regions), Assyrian, Armenian Ethnicity/race: Arab 75%–80%, Kurdish 15%–20%, Turkoman, Assyrian, or other 5% Religions: Islam 97% (Shiite 60%–65%, Sunni 32%–37%), Christian or other 3% National Holiday: Revolution Day, July 17 Literacy rate: 74% (2003 est.) Economic summary: GDP/PPP (2009 est.): $112 billion; per capita $3,600. Real growth rate: 4.3%. Inflation: 6.8%. Unemployment: 15.2%. Arable land: 13%. Agriculture: wheat, barley, rice, vegetables, dates, cotton; cattle, sheep, poultry. Labor force: 7.4 million; agriculture n.a., industry n.a., services n.a. Industries: petroleum, chemicals, textiles, leather, construction materials, food processing, fertilizer, metal fabrication/processing. Natural resources: petroleum, natural gas, phosphates, sulfur. Exports: $38 billion (2009): crude oil (83.9%), crude materials excluding fuels (8.0%), food and live animals (5.0%). Imports: $55.4 billion (2009): food, medicine, manufactures. Major trading partners: U.S., Spain, Italy, Canada, Syria, Turkey, Jordan (2006). Communications: Telephones: main lines in use: 1.547 million (2005); mobile cellular: 10.9 million (2007). Radio broadcast stations: after 17 months of unregulated media growth, there are approximately 80 radio stations on the air inside...
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...Treaties and Tribunals Judges and authorized persons investigate and make decisions on a certain affairs given to them using the same standards (Tribunals). A good example of this is when special international criminal tribunals that were established in Yugoslavia and Rwanda by the United Nations to prosecute the ones responsible for the atrocities which happen at war and genocide time. Another example to see what tribunal means is the trials of Saddam Hussein and the other Baath Party officials (Tribunals). Tribunals which are important part in the justice system make contributions in peoples’ lives. They deal with more than 500,000 cases a year. Some of the vulnerable cases are victims of crime, discrimination, treated unfair, persecution, and disputes about tax, employment, and benefit entitlement and they are managed by tribunals. Tribunals help the people recuperate the confidence that they can achieve justice when dealing with the federal, state and international levels. They need institutions that can empower them to work out their disagreements fairly, proportionately, and quickly. Tribunals help problems to be more manageable for the people. Tribunals are also important because two countries are so far away from each other and it helps make the relationship between two countries stronger because they are the checks and balances in the relationship between the two countries. Tribunals are also important to two are more countries because will hold people accountable...
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...The Iraq War: An Avoidable Situation Introduction Iraq has generally never been a nation at peace, but that did not stop the United States from exacerbating those problems. Following the attacks of September 11 and the invasion of Iraq in 2003 the United States’ actions and counter terrorism strategy created an insurgency that set them up for a long and arduous war. Through what appeared to be a rushed planning process the United States entered Iraq and acted as if they wanted to worsen their situation. This paper will look at how the ordinances passed during the first year in Iraq, due to Paul Bremer’s lack of knowledge concerning counter-insurgency, made the United States government reconsider their strategy in Iraq. These actions combined with a growing resentment towards United States occupancy and Shi’a and Sunni insurgencies caused the United States to change its course of action towards counter-insurgency. The civil war that was beginning only added to the problem. Quickly, they wrote two new field manuals on counter-insurgency and with successful campaigns, led by General Petraeus, regained some stability in the war-torn nation. Background A decade before the War on Terror and the subsequent invasion of Iraq under the Bush regime, there was the Gulf War. Following the Iraqi defeat at the hands of a USA led, United Nations backed force there were strict sanctions placed on weapons, the military, and oil reserves in Iraq. Also, following this conflict, a wealthy...
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...Treaties and Tribunals Unit 5 IP Cassandra Waller AIU Online November 5, 2011 Treaties and Tribunals Judges and authorized persons investigate and make decisions on a certain affairs given to them using the same standards (Tribunals). A good example of this is when special international criminal tribunals that were established in Yugoslavia and Rwanda by the United Nations to prosecute the ones responsible for the atrocities which happen at war and genocide time. Another example to see what tribunal means is the trials of Saddam Hussein and the other Baath Party officials (Tribunals). Tribunals which are important part in the justice system make contributions in peoples’ lives. They deal with more than 500,000 cases a year. Some of the vulnerable cases are victims of crime, discrimination, treated unfair, persecution, and disputes about tax, employment, and benefit entitlement and they are managed by tribunals. Tribunals help the people recuperate the confidence that they can achieve justice when dealing with the federal, state and international levels. They need institutions that can empower them to work out their disagreements fairly, proportionately, and quickly. Tribunals help problems to be more manageable for the people. Tribunals are also important because two countries are so far away from each other and it helps make the relationship between two countries stronger because they are the checks and balances in the relationship between the two countries....
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...exacerbated tensions when closures of religious schools eliminated the sole remaining educational institutions available to Kurds. Kurdish revolts led by emerging Kurdish nationalist groups in 1925 and 1930 were brutally suppressed and followed, a decade later, by aerial bombardment and the use of poison gas and artillery shelling aimed at quashing any Kurdish opposition. In 1984, the largely unknown Kurdish Worker's Party launched what would become a decade of attacks on Turkish forces, with frequent retaliatory purges and evacuations of Kurdish villages by Turkish soldiers. Proquest (Manning, 1996) But with Kurdish dreams of independence crushed, once-unified Kurdish political groups began fighting each other, until the U.S. brokered a cease fire in 1994. The division caused the rival groups to seek outside aid. One groupthe Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK)-turned to neighboring Iran. In response, the other group, the KDP, asked its former arch enemy, Iraq, to join forces to oust its Kurdish rivals from northern Iraq. Although the U.S. missile attacks prompted Saddam Hussein to remove his troops from northern Kurdistan, the pro-Iraqi KDP remains firmly in control. And...
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...Chapter 13 Breaking Up is Hard to Do: Nations, States, and Nation-States A. Logistics Students’ Time Requirements Activity 1: The Rise of Nationalism and the Fall of Yugoslavia Readings 60-90 minutes Fill in the blanks 75-90 minutes Activity 2: Iraqaphobia Readings 60-90 minutes Fill in the blanks 75-90 minutes The fill-in-the-blanks activity works very well as an in-class group project. It helps for students to be able to discuss the questions and readings with other students. If so, it is absolutely essential that students read the assigned articles in advance of the discussion. They will need to consult the readings to find pertinent passages, but if they are reading it for the first time during group work, they will either not finish or not contribute. I remind my students of this fact several times in the days leading up to the project. If students don’t finish during class, they can finish at home. If done in groups in class, you may wish to suggest that a different student act as recorder for each block of questions. Also, assign a different student to be the discussion leader/gatekeeper to keep the discussion on track and prevent any single individual from dominating the discussion. A third student could function as timekeeper. See Chapter 11 and 14 role-playing activities for further discussion of these tasks. Remind students that Balkan and Middle East politics are always changing and can get...
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...physical environment. Key elements of the physical environment include weather, terrain, visibility, and the placement of key weapon systems. Lastly, the time variable influences when and how commanders conduct missions and how to combat counterinsurgency. Linda Robinson summarizes, ?Petraeus knew . . . that the real endgame for the Iraq war was a political solution? (Knowlton, 2010 p. 22). At the time, Mosul had three major narrow-minded groups consisting of the Sunni, Shiites, and Kurds. MG Petraeus had the foresight to understand the time variable was just as important as the political variable. On May 1, he held a meeting with tribal leaders, Iraqi Generals, and politicians and on May 5, he held Mosul?s first election since Saddam Hussein?s rule (Lundberg, 2006 p. 9). MG Petraeus understood the operational variables and constantly made decisions towards the strategic end state even with the ever-changing operational environments. Mission Variables Commanders at all echelons examine the outcomes of the operational variables and incorporate them into the mission variables. According to ADRP 5-0, ?mission variables describe characteristics of the area of operations, focusing on how they might affect a mission? (DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY, 2012). Mission variables is commonly referred to METT-TC that means mission, enemy, terrain and weather, troops and support available, time available, and civil considerations. The mission element is the task, purpose, and actions...
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...Robert Montgomery ENGL 1120 Amelia Lewis 4/25/13 The United States and the Middle East For the past few decades, United States foreign policy has revolved around the situation in the Middle East. This is due mostly to the fact that tensions between the United States and the Islamic countries of the Middle East are always high. Also with the United States’ most valuable resource, oil, found in highest supply in the Middle East, America has a vested economic interest into the political stability of the region. However, after a costly war in Iraq that tarnished our image not only in the Middle East but around the world and a situation in Israel that hasn’t shown any lasting progress for decades, it’s time for the United States to take another look at its political strategy for achieving lasting peace in the region. With the events of early 2011 in the Middle East, otherwise known as Arab Spring, the region has become highly unstable and vulnerable to the influences of terrorism. This is a critical time for the United States to reestablish healthy diplomatic relations in the region in order to decrease the spread terrorism and harsh anti-American sentiment as well as bring about a lasting peace. In order for America to improve its foreign affairs in the Middle East it needs to finish strong in Iraq and Afghanistan, reach a peace agreement in Israel, push for more diplomacy with Iran, and support the rebels in Syria fighting injustice. By involving the rest of the world...
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...been a pawn or the prize of other powers seeking regional hegemony. Until the beginning of twentieth century, most conflicts in the region were imperialistic in nature and involved Iraq because of its strategic important position. However, the discovery of vast oil deposits in the region in 1907 added another element to the equation, and conflicts, since have sprung from imperialistic motives as well as from a desire to protect or control sources of much of the world’s most important strategic resource. 2. Iran-Iraq war and the misadventure in Kuwait bear testimony to the misuse of power by Saddam Hussein. Saddam had always been labeled by the West as a producer of weapons of mass destruction. Ultimately a stage had reached where US and UK convinced themselves that Saddam was stockpiling these weapons. They demanded a change of regime and when threats were not taken seriously by Saddam, they launched Operation Iraqi Freedom or Gulf War II, despite all the opposition the world over, to attack and liberate Iraq. 3. Operation Iraqi Freedom consisted of the largest special operations forces since the Vietnam War. Just like the Gulf War I, the Operation brought forth many firsts in the history of modern warfare and makes a unique case study in Asymmetric Warfare. AIM 4. To study and analyse the causes leading to Gulf War II and the planning and conduct of operations with a view to draw...
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...Conflict and war are inevitable and sometime necessary Of the many wondrous and beneficial qualities we as a society possess, our inclination toward war and conflict is not one of them. In fact it is one of our most destructive and damaging activities humans do. As horrifying, catastrophic and fatal as war may be, it is a necessary element for the survival for humans as a species. Before we talk about why war might be necessary, let us first discuss some of the major causes of war. The most dominant reason for war in human history is ideology, or most specifically religious ideology. From the crusades that begun with Pope Urban II speech at the Church Council at Clermont in 1095 and ended with the expulsion of the Hospital of St John from Malta by Napoleon in 1798 to the current conflict in Israel religion has been a cause for conflict. “…Hubristic identities are a possible cause of war …He defines the term ‘hubristic identities’ as ‘the aspiration for recognition’ of one’s superiority, which is not recognized by other major international actors’… Fascist and communist regime from this hypothesis, and further integrate the notion of ‘image’ – for example, monumental works in the capital city – emphasised by the leaders of such regime. Logically, such ‘hubristic identities’ require some kind of proof for both the domestic and foreign audience to strengthen their claim of their superiority. In such a scenario, winning the war is perhaps the most viable and most credible...
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...To Baghdad 1917 to 2003 – Why is knowledge of the British Empire particularly relevant to the study of US relations and American Imperialism especially in the last twenty years? Emy Ibrahim Washington D.C. Public Policy Seminar-Research Paper April 17th, 2007 Our armies do not come into your cities and lands as conquerors or enemies, but as liberators. ... It is [not] the wish of [our] government to impose upon you alien institutions. ... [It is our wish] that you should prosper even as in the past, when your lands were fertile, when your ancestors gave to the world literature, science, and art, and when Baghdad city was one of the wonders of the world. ... It is [our] hope that the aspirations of your philosophers and writers shall be realized and that once again the people of Baghdad shall flourish, enjoying their wealth and substance under institutions which are in consonance with their sacred laws and their racial ideals.[1] The government of Iraq, and the future of your country, will soon belong to you. ... We will end a brutal regime ... so that Iraqis can live in security. We will respect your great religious traditions, whose principles of equality and compassion are essential to Iraq's future. We will help you build a peaceful and representative government that protects the rights of all citizens. And then our military forces will leave. Iraq will go forward as a unified, independent, and sovereign nation that has regained a respected place in the world. You...
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