...Even though our home state of Georgia may not experience harsh and infamous winters, icy and slippery roads are still a pressing issue throughout other parts the country. More than one hundred thousand Americans are injured and over one thousand and five hundred are killed on snowy, slushy or icy pavement every winter. Snow plows cannot always solve this issue, and rarely do, which is where chemistry comes in. In order to melt ice quickly and efficiently, the melting point of the ice must be lowered so the temperature of the air is not low enough to keep the ice in a solid state. Salt has the capability to do just that. Although Sodium chloride and Magnesium chloride each have their own benefits and have classically been used as defrosting...
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...Solubility of Potassium Chloride in Water Research question How does temperature affect the solubility of potassium chloride in water? Hypothesis As the temperature of water increases, the particles of solid Potassium chloride, KCl, which are absorbing energy from its surrounding, start moving more easily between the solution and its solid state because. According to the second law of thermodynamics, the particles will shift to the more disordered, more highly dispersed solution state. I predict that as the temperature of a KCl and water mixture increases, then the solubility of the KCl will also increase. Variables Dependant variable The dependant variable will be the solubility of Potassium chloride in water that will be calculated at different temperatures. The solubility will change as temperature increases. Independent variable The control variables need to be constant in order to get valid and accurate results. The temperature of the solutions. Controlled variables The volume of distilled water used to dissolve Potassium chloride in each beaker The amount of Potassium chloride deposited into each beaker. The volume of the solution extracted by the syringe. Weight of each 50ml beaker Materials 6 Syringes 1 Heating plate 6 distinctly labeled 50ml Beakers 1 Electric Balance 6 Stirring Rods Distilled Water 6 distinctly labeled 100ml Beaker Controlling the variables The mass of Potassium chloride and the volume of distilled...
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...In this experiment, I measured if there would be a decrease in the volume of one drop of water at different salt concentrations. After doing background research, I came to the conclusion that since hydration shells surround all the table salt crystal ions when salt and water are mixed, this allows the water molecules to come close to each other, thus reducing the overall volume of the solution and the volume of a drop of water. The 2% concentration solution, which had the largest amount of sodium chloride in this experiment, had the largest decrease in the volume of a drop of water. Thus, the data I collected matched this information since there was a decrease in the volume of a drop of water as the amount of sodium chloride dissolved in the...
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...Dehydration is when the body does not have enough water and/or fluids as it should have. Dehydration can be caused by a number of things such as losing fluid, not drinking enough water or liquids daily, or a combination of both. Vomiting and diarrhea can also lead to dehydration. If the body loses too much water or fluids it can lead to severe dehydration and can be life threatening. The symptoms of dehydration range from dry or sticky mouth, urine decreases, eyes become dry and irritated, sunken eyes, and in severe cases of dehydration one may become lethargic or comatose. The best way to overcome being dehydrated is to consume water or fluids in small amounts. If a large amount of water is consumed it may result in vomiting, which is not helping to hydrate the body. If worse case scenarios, to get hydrated, a person could be put in the hospital with IV’s to hydrate the body. It is always important to drink plenty of water and fluids whether a person is healthy or ill. Water is essential to health maintenance because it makes up over 60% of our body weight. In children water makes up around 70% (p. 282). Water is found in three areas according to chapter nine of this week’s reading. Intracellular fluid is inside cells. Extracellular fluid is opposite of intracellular as it is located outside of the cells. It can be found in blood, lymph’s, spinal column, eyes & joints. Interstitial fluid is located between the cells and tissues. The comment “I’m dying of thirst” may be a true...
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...Minerals and water are two very important of the body. There are many things that can affect them which cause the body to suffer. This essay will discuss the functions and sources of minerals as well as the function of water and the general effect of dehydration on the body. There are seven minerals that play a large part in the body and how it functions. The seven minerals are sodium, chloride, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and sulfur. All of these minerals have a certain function and its own source. Sodium is needed to balance fluid and help muscle contractions. Good sources of sodium include table salt and soy sauce. There are also large amounts of sodium in processed foods along with small amounts in things like milk and bread. Chloride, like sodium, is needed for fluid balance but also makes stomach acid. Chloride is also found in products like table salt and soy sauce. It is also the same as sodium when it comes to the amount that is in certain foods like more in processed foods and less in products like meat, milk, and breads. Potassium is similar to both sodium and chloride. It is needed for fluid balance and muscle contraction, but also plays a part in nerve transmission. Good sources of potassium are meats, milk, fresh fruits, vegetables, whole grains and legumes. Calcium is a very important mineral. Calcium is needed for healthy bones and teeth; it helps with the relaxation and contraction of muscles, is important in nerve functioning as well as blood...
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...Dehydration Denise Crago Sci 241 October 3, 2010 Matthew Badtke Dehydration Dehydration is defined as a loss or insufficient levels of water and important blood salts like potassium and sodium in your body. Important organs like the kidneys, brain, and heart can not function properly without water and salt. Dehydration is most common in underdeveloped countries, were diseases like cholera and dysentery kill millions every year. Unfortunately infants and small children are the most likely victims. Still, if the right conditions are present like severe vomiting or diarrhea even those in modern countries like the U.S. can become dangerously dehydrated. Water is the single most important element in the world. It is the very basis for all life on Earth. As babies, water accounts 70 to 80% of our body mass. The older we get the more this percentage decreases, eventually balancing at approximately 60 to 65% for men and 50 to 60% for women. The most important organ in the body, our brain, consists of 80% water. The amount of adipose tissue in our bodies determines the natural percentage of this element. Women tend to have more of this fatty tissue thus decreasing the amount of water present. The chemical make up water, hydrogen and oxygen, are crucial to sustaining life because of the weak chemical bonds made with other molecules. This allows water to act as the primary solvent for many bodily functions like digestion. Water is also an incredibly efficient conductor of...
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...molecule of magnesium sulphate and to ultimately find the formula of the hydrated salt. Introduction Within crystals of certain salts, there are a fixed number of water molecules, combined chemically in a fixed proportion. When a salt crystallises from a solution, it forms hydrated salts which contain water molecules that are loosely bonded together. The name for this is the water of crystallisation or water of hydration. Magnesium sulphate contains seven molecules of water (H2O) for each formula unit of MgSO4 and can be written like this: - MgSO4.7H2O The dot shows the weak salt/chemical bond in the formula. To determine the formula of a hydrated salt, it must be heated so that the water of crystallisation evaporates. When magnesium sulphate has been heated, the water is removed to form an anhydrous salt. This can be reversed by adding water to the anhydrous salt to make it hydrated which will cause the water to reattach itself to the salt. Other substances that act similarly to hydrates, but have distinct individual characteristics are:- * Hygroscopic – substances that are able to absorb moisture or water molecules from the air. These include ethanol, methanol and sulfuric acid. * Deliquescent – substances that melt or dissolve by absorbing moisture from the atmosphere. This can be seen in calcined calcium chloride which is used in settling road dust and soluble salts. * Efflorescent – hydrates that lose water when exposed to the atmosphere....
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...meat from the hind leg of a pig - divided transversely from the remainder of the side at a point not further anteriorly than the end of the hip bone. All bones and detached cartilage, tendons and ligaments shall be removed. Skin and fat may or may not be removed. The meat shall be cured and may be smoked, spiced and/or flavoured. The heat treatment to which the product has been subjected and the type of cure and packaging shall be sufficient to ensure that the product presents no public health hazard and remains wholesome under the conditions of storage, transport and sale as indicated in Sub-sections 6.4 and 6.5. 3. 3.1 ESSENTIAL COMPOSITION AND QUALITY FACTORS Essential Ingredients 3.2 Uncured ham; Brine consisting of water and food-grade salt and sodium or potassium nitrite. Optional Ingredients Sucrose, invert sugar, dextrose (glucose), lactose, maltose, glucose syrup (including corn syrup), honey; Spices, seasonings and condiments; Water soluble, aromatic hydrolyzed protein; Food grade gelatine. 3.3 Essential Quality Factors 3.3.1 Raw material - The ingredients from which the product is prepared shall be of a quality suitable for human consumption and free from objectionable odours and flavours. 3.3.2 Final product - The...
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...difficulty in their separation. The qualitative analysis of cations depends on the solubility products of the ions. The cations get precipitated on the optimum needed concentration and easily detected. 1st group of cations The group (I) cations form the insoluble chlorides. The dilute hydrochloric acid (generally 1-2 M concentration) is used as the group reagent. The Concentrated HCl is not used because it forms a soluble complex ion ([PbCl4]2-) with Pb2+ and would not be detected. The most important cations of 1st group are Ag+, Hg22+, and Pb2+. Color detection test is not suitable for their chlorides because all are white solid compounds. The analyzing of group is done by adding the respective salt into water and follow it with dilute HCl. This results in a white precipitate in which NH4OH is added. The insoluble precipitate shows the presence of Plumbous (Pb2+) and if precipitate is soluble, then it shows the presence of Argentous (Ag+).If the white precipitate turns black, it shows the presence of Hg22+. The obtained filtrate after first group analysis is used for the test of second group. Usually Pb2+ is also included in the 2nd analytical group because the solubility of PbCl2 is more than the chlorides of other two ions. Confirmation Test For lead Pb2+ + 2KI → PbI2 + 2 K+ Pb2+ + K2CrO4 → PbCrO4 + 2K+ For Silver Ag+ + KI → AgI + K+ 2Ag+ + K2CrO4 → Ag2CrO4 + 2K+ For mercury ion Hg22++ 2KI → Hg2I2 + 2K+ 2Hg22+ + 2NaOH → 2Hg2O + 2Na+ + H2O ...
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...“The Project” An Unknown Ionic Compound in the Landfill Introduction Upon discovery of an unknown solid ionic compound in a landfill by the Chemistry 1146 laboratory group, precautions were immediately taken and rigorous experimentations were begun to determine the identity of the compound. Determining the identity of this compound was very crucial for the safety of the community. The chemical and physical properties of the compound could then be identified and environmental hazards addressed. Questions that needed to be answered in relation to this unknown compound included: Is it a risk to people living nearby? What if it gets in the water supply? Does it contaminate the air? Is it reactive? Over a three week time-span the chemists experimented with the unknown compound to report the findings back to the community. After the unknown compound was identified, the chemists studied its properties and confirmed the identity by synthesizing the compound in the lab and comparing it to the unknown. Experimental Week 1 After a sample of the unknown compound (#21) was retrieved, various experiments were carried out to determine the chemical formula. An anion analysis was first performed on the unknown compound. A solution of the unknown compound was prepared by taking a small amount of the solid on the end of a scoopula and dissolving it in 2 mL of distilled water (DI water) in a test tube. The compound was then tested for the sulfate ion by placing 1 mL of the solution in a test...
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...Acids, bases and salts yl:chemistry FRANCINE TAYLOR-CAMPBELL Contributor YOU SHOULD BE ABLE TO: f Define acid, acid anhydride, base, alkali, salt, acidic, basic, amphoteric and neutral oxides f Relate acidity and alkalinity to the pH scale f Discuss the strengths of acids and alkalis on the basis of their completeness of ionisation f Investigate the reactions of non-oxidising acids with metals, carbonates, hydrogen carbonates, bases f Investigate the reaction of bases with ammonium salts f Identify an appropriate method of salt preparation based on the solubility of the salt f Distinguish between acid salts and normal salts POINTS TO NOTE f Non-metals form acidic oxides, while metals form basic oxides. f Amphoteric oxides show both basic and acidic properties, while neutral oxides show neither. f Non-metallic oxides dissolve in water to form acids. f Metallic oxides are basic oxides and dissolve in water to form alkalis. f Acids combine with bases to form salt and water only. f Salts can be formed from the reaction of acids with carbonates, hydrogen-carbonates, alkalis and metals. f The pH of a substance indicates how acidic or basic (alkaline) its aqueous solution is. The pH scale goes from 0 - 14 with a pH less than 7 described as acidic and a pH greater than 7 described as basic or alkaline. One can use pH paper (litmus) or indicator solutions, such as methyl orange and phenolphthalein, to determine whether substances are alkaline...
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...Emma Wellington Period 8 10/22/12 (No Partner) Lab #3 Separating the Components of a Mixture I. Purpose: The purpose of this lab was to separate the sodium chloride-silicon dioxide mixture using filtration and evaporation II. Equipment and Materials: Refer to the College Preparatory Lab manual, Page 28-30 III. Procedure: Refer to the College Preparatory Lab manual, page 28-30 IV. A. Measurements; Measurements and Data for Separating the Components of a Mixture Object | Test Tube | Test Tube+ Mixture | Filter Paper | Filter Paper+ Silicon dioxide | Evaporating dish | Evaporating dish+ Sodium Chloride w/ watch glass | Filtrate | Aliquot | Watch Glass | | Mass (g) | 19.32 | 24.89 | 1.01 | 5.22 | 47.30 | 90.07 | X | X | 42.49 | | Volume (mL) | X | X | X | X | X | X | 40.0 | 10.0 | X | | IV B. Calculations: 1. Mass of Mixture Determination of the mass of the mixture: Mass= (Mass of Test tube and Mixture) – (Mass of Test Tube) Mass= 24.89g – 19.32g Mass= 5.57g 2. Mass of Silicon Dioxide Determination of the mass of Silicon Dioxide Mass= (Filter paper with sand) – (Mass of Filter paper) Mass= 5.22g – 1.01g Mass= 4.21g 3. Percentage of Silicon Dioxide Determination of the percentage of Silicon Dioxide % Composition= Part/Whole x...
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...Magic Salt, Melting Snow. On this experiment, it’ shows how will acquire some basic and some practical information on the chemistry and physics of water, it’s melting a freezing points and how various differing chemical compounds are utilized to promote a change of state. For example, just plain salt can be used to raise the melting point of water or lower the freezing point. Salt lowers the temperature at which water freezes. Salt absorbs moisture and forms ions when dissolved in water. In the case of snow or ice, when salt lowers the melting or freezing point of water, it serves as a freezing point depressor. Other substances that dissolve in water also lower the freezing point of the solution. The amount by which the freezing point is lowered depends only on the number of molecules dissolved, not on their chemical nature. This so called freezing point depression is described as a colligative property of water. This property is one that depends on the number of ions that a substance produces when placed in solution. The more ions a substance produces when in solution in water, the more effective it is in lowering the freezing point of water. Salts such as sodium chloride and calcium chloride which ionize are useful in de-icing. However there are other variables to be considered such as the effects of these salts on grass, pavements, cars, concrete and living animals in the area. As for the methodology of this project, this science fair experiment also serves to acquaint...
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...OBSERVATION: During the winter, you spread salt daily on your driveway to melt the snow. In the springtime, when the lawn begins to grow, you notice that there is no grass growing for about three inches from the driveway. Furthermore, the grass seems to be growing more slowly up to about one foot from the driveway. QUESTION: I wonder if the grass growth is inhibited by salt? INTRODUCTION: Salt is a chemical compound (NaCl), or Sodium Chloride. Sodium Chloride has many uses in everyday life, such as in our bodies, in our food, and on our road ways. Having two elements, Sodium and Chloride, each have a number of jobs to do in our bodies. Salt is found in many of our foods naturally, from fish to vegetables, as well as being used for cooking and at the table. Also salt is used all over the world when it snows to prevent slip and falls and car accidents by it being sprinkled on sidewalks and road ways to melt the ice. When salt hits water or ice it lowers the freezing point in an effect known as freezing point depression and melting it in the process. According to (greenergreengrass.com) salt can also affect the pH of soil and can create an unsuitable environment for grass and plants to grow. HYPOTHESIS: The grass that gets exposed to more salt will not grow as much as the grass that gets exposed to little or no salt. PREDICTION: If the grass is exposed to salt then it will not grow as fast as the grass that is not exposed to salt at all. CONTROLLED EXPERIMENTAL METHOD: ...
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...Effect of Molecular Weight on the Rate of Diffusion Olive Kristianne C. Quicoy Group 4 Sec. Y-5L October 7, 2015 ------------------------------------------------- A scientific paper submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements in General Biology 1 laboratory under Ma’am Joan Christine O. Adajar, 1st sem., 2015-2016 ABSTRACT The relationship of molecular weight and rate of diffusion was determined using three colored substances with different molecular weights, namely Potassium permanganate, Potassium dichromate and Methylene Blue. A water-agar gel in a petri dish was used to be able to observe the movement of the particles of each substance. Potassium dichromate had the fastest rate of diffusion among the three substances. Thus, the smaller the molecular weight, the faster the rate of diffusion. INTRODUCTION The movement of molecules from the area of higher concentration to the area of lower concentration is called diffusion (Mader & Windelspecht, 2013). Diffusion is observed when cooking pasta, a helium balloon deflates, drinking hot tea, and in many other situations in our daily lives, thus understanding it is important. A lot of factors affect the diffusion of particles, such as time and molecular weight. Molecules of smaller mass diffuse faster than those with larger mass (Robinson and Hotzclaw, 1988). If this is so, then the smaller the molecular weight, the faster the rate of diffusion. To observe how time and molecular weight affects the rate of diffusion...
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