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...sampling Cluster sampling is a sampling technique where the entire population is divided into groups, or clusters and a random sample of these clusters are selected. All observations in the selected clusters are included in the sample. Cluster sampling is typically used when the researcher cannot get a complete list of the members of a population they wish to study but can get a complete list of groups or 'clusters' of the population. It is also used when a random sample would produce a list of subjects so widely scattered that surveying them would prove to be far too expensive, for example, people who live in different counties in the Country. Advantages One advantage of cluster sampling is that it is cheap, quick, and easy. Instead of sampling the entire country when using simple random sampling, the research can instead allocate resources to the few randomly selected clusters when using cluster sampling. A second advantage to cluster sampling is that the researcher can have a larger sample size than if he or she was using simple random sampling. Because the researcher will only have to take the sample from a number of clusters, he or she can select more subjects since they are more accessible. Disadvantages One main disadvantage of cluster sampling is that is the least representative of the population out of all the types of probability samples. It is common for individuals within a cluster to have similar characteristics, so when a researcher uses cluster sampling, there...
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...size of research population, it is not feasible to test all the individuals of the population since it will take too much time and will be expensive as well. So the researchers take few individuals from the research population ( a subset of the set of target population) using sampling techniques. These techniques helps to take out sample as per the requirements of the type of research that is to be conducted. A research population is also known as a well-defined collection of individuals or objects known to have similar characteristics. All individuals or objects within a certain population usually have a common, binding characteristic or trait. Usually, the description of the population and the common binding characteristic of its members are the same. "Government officials" is a well-defined group of individuals which can be considered as a population and all the members of this population are indeed officials of the government. There are various sources from which a sample is created. A set of all these sources is called a Sampling frame from which the sample is selected. With the help of sampling frames, researchers are able to select the sample population from the target population that will be tested for the research or survey. A sampling frame should have the following characteristics: Completeness: A frame should be complete in a sense that all the individuals of the target population should be covered in the frame. In case we are...
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...age c. education d. residence e. religion * Data Types The following question elicits _____ data. How satisfied are you with the last flight you took with American Airlines? Very Somewhat Neutral Somewhat Very Dissatisfied Dissatisfied Satisfied Satisfied 1 2 3 4 5 a. demographic b. psychographic c. attitude d. behavioristic Types of variables marketing researchers may work with include all of the following except a. nominal b. ordinal c. logistic d. ratio The variable in which numbers serve only as labels to identify or categorize objects or events is the ____. a. nominal variable b. ordinal variable c. interval variable d. ratio variable The following question will result in a ____ variable. Which is your favorite Yogurt brand? __ Yoplait __ Dannon __ Chobani __ Stonyfield __ Other () a. nominal variable b. ordinal variable c. interval variable d. ratio variable Which type of scale is the following question? Please rank the importance of the following product features in your decision to buy a laptop computer. (1=most important, 4=least important) a. Rank order b. Likert scale c. Semantic differential scale d. Constant sum e. Comparative Which...
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...(1) Assign a single number to each element in the sampling frame. – (2) Use random numbers to select elements into the sample until the desired number of cases is obtained. • The method is not very different from winning a lottery. 2. Systematic Sampling • Steps: – (1) Calculate the sampling interval as the ratio between population size and sample size, I = N/n. – (2) Arrange all elements in the population in an order. – (3) Select a case in the first interval randomly. – (4) Select every ith case from this point. 2. Systematic Sampling (continued) I I 1st element, randomly chosen I I I I – Systematic Sampling is easier and simpler than SRS – The text warns of a danger to this method. What is it? 3. Stratified Sampling • Stratified sampling is more complicated than SRS. The advantage is the guaranteed representativeness in some important characteristics. • For example, say that we want to select a sample of 100 individuals. Sex ratio in the sample is up to chance if we do SRS. We can guarantee the 50-50 split if we do stratified sampling: Stratified Sampling, Graphic Representation Population SRS SRS Sample • Stratified sampling is often used to reduce the variability of a sample. Oversampling, Graphic Representation Population SRS SRS Sample • Increasing the representation of a group in a sample. This is often done when groups are very different in size – e.g., race 4. Cluster Sampling • Cluster sampling is...
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...Assignment One: Data Sheet 1 Kimmy Givins NorthCentral University Dr. Boysen-Rotelli 08/10/2014 Date File 1 Chapter One 1) Determine whether the evaluated group is a population or a sample. a) Based on a randomly selected group of 500 patients with high cholesterol, it was found that 67% have heart disease. Is this a population or a sample; explain your answer. Sample is made up of of the raw data collected from 500 patients which is the sample and 67% is the sample statistics. Bennett, Briggis, & Triola (2009) the raw data is collected from a subnet of patient with high cholesterol (p.3). Which indicate this as a sample from the raw data and sample statistics. b) An investigation of 150 randomly selected local restaurants concluded that 42% of local...
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...unstructured and indirect manner encourages respondents to project their emotions, needs, motives, attitude and values at a sub-conscious level. Purpose of research: The research was primarily exploratory to gain insights into reasons why people make certain purchases. Mr. Campagna also wanted to get a flavour of language people use in talking about chain saw. Analysis of method: The research was conducted in states of Illionois and Wisconsin. People who were selected for TAT were screened on basis of whether they planned to purchase a chain saw in next 12 months or already owned a chain saw or had used a chain saw in past. However this was the only information collected, ideally some more information must have been collected regarding their demographics and more regions could have been considered. They restricted the sample to only two states. How should Conway and Baggins respond to Hamilton’s question? Hamilton...
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...200 workers who responded to the survey questionnaires expressed a high level of interest in the topics of corporate restructuring and redesign of benefits programs. However, a critical review of the claim and its premise cast some doubts on the validity of the argument. First, corporate restructuring and redesign of benefit programs is a small part of management issues and thus cannot be used as a basis to say workers have interest in management issues. Second, for workers to have merely indicate on a questionnaire that they have interest in the topics of corporate restructuring and design of benefit programs is not enough to conclude that they actually do it in reality. Finally, a generalization made from the result of a survey with a sample size of 1,200 workers without stating the population size is not adequate. First and foremost, the discussion will touch on the inadequacy of the premise as against the claim. With this, I state that, corporate restructuring and redesign of benefit programs is a small part of management issues and thus cannot be used as a basis to say workers have interest in management issues. Management issues encompass several measures. These are inclusive of spinning of departments into agencies to enhance efficiency, changing of product lines, merging with or acquiring of other firms and so on. Again, the emphasis of benefit programs is so obvious that workers will be concerned with since it directly affect them thereby resulting in the kind of response...
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...Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 Background “3G, short for third Generation, is the third generation of mobile telecommunications technology” (Geneva, 2002). 3G telecommunication networks support services that provide an information transfer rate of at least 200 kbit/s. Later 3G releases, often denoted 3.5G and 3.75G, also provide mobile broadband access of several Mbit/s to smart phones and mobile modems in laptop computers. “3G finds application in wireless voice telephony, mobile Internet access, fixed wireless Internet access, video calls and mobile TV. This is a set of standards used for mobile devices and mobile telecommunication use services and networks that comply with the International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 (IMT-2000) specifications by the International Telecommunication Union3G finds application in wireless voice telephony, mobile Internet access, fixed wireless Internet access, video calls and mobile TV” (Smith and Collins, 2000). 3G technology is the result of research and development work carried out by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) in the early 1980s. 3G specifications and standards were developed in fifteen years. The technical specifications were made available to the public under the name IMT-2000. “The communication spectrum between 400 MHz to 3 GHz was allocated for 3G. Both the government and communication companies approved the 3G standard” (CDG Market Trends and Facts). “The first pre-commercial...
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...Population/Sampling Method Wal-Mart is a giant retail cooperation that is not able to provide adequate pay and benefits to the current employees (“Making change at Wal-Mart, 2014). One possible solution concerning this issue is to conduct research and to properly organize a way to survey or interview employees who are being directly affected. The target group in this research project would be Wal-Mart employees that are willing to participate in the study. These employees will range from different age groups, various backgrounds and cultures. Access to these employees would be during work hours or before or after work. Employees could come in early or stay late. Interviews could also be performed on days when business is slow. There are several types of sampling methods that can be used such as: simple random sampling, stratified sampling, systematic sampling, and cluster sampling (“Choosing a Sampling Method”, 2013). Random sampling is an effective way to measure the perspective of a group of people that is too large to interview (“Basics of choosing a survey population”, 2008). In this research, the random sampling will be the method used so that favoritism or being bias does not occur. Instruments Used Often times large groups of people are broken down into smaller groups because it can be too expensive and too time consuming (“Basics of choosing a survey population”, 2008). Some examples of instruments used to collect data are : informal and formal surveys, direct and...
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...Self report activity Suggest an appropriate null hypothesis for this study. (4marks) There will be no difference male and female beliefs about their driving skills. 2) Describe and evaluate a suitable procedure for this study (10 marks) My target population will be teachers at Lagan College. My sample would be 10 males and 10 females that are drivers. I would use self selected sampling to gather my participants, this would mean only people who can drive would come forward as they know what the study consists of. An advantage of this sampling method is that it is usually quick and easy to get the subjects needed. In order to tell the teachers about the study I would hold a staff meeting about it and also place posters around the school eg: the teaches staff room. The independent variable for this study is the number of men and women chosen. The dependant variable is how they think of their driving. Are you a good driver? Yes or no How good a driver would you say you are on a scale of 1-5? (1=very good and 5=not good at all) 2. 3. 4. 5 The advantage of using an open question would be it gives the participants the opportunity to state if they think they are good drivers and also give a reason why. Feelings and emotions can also be described. Men will report on the rating scale that they think they are very good at driving. The advantage of using a rating scale is that it provides details about pps feelings but in the form of quantitative data, so that comparisons...
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...ASMA FATHIMA REG NO: 11SKCMA016 TITLE OF THE STUDY: “A STUDY ON PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM OF LIFESTYLE INTERNATIONAL PVT LTD” 1. TITLE OF THE STUDY: “A STUDY ON THE PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM OF LIFESTYLE INTERNATIONAL PVT LTD.” 1.0. INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY: Performance Management System (PMS) includes activities which ensure that goals are consistently being met in an effective and efficient manner. Performance management can focus on the performance of an organization, a department, employee, or even the processes to build a product of service, as well as many other areas. PMS is also known as a process by which organizations align their resources, systems and employees to strategic objectives and priorities. In organizational development (OD), performance can be thought of as Actual Results vs Desired Results. Any discrepancy, where Actual is less than Desired, could constitute the performance improvement zone. Performance management and improvement can be thought of as a cycle: • Performance planning where goals and objectives are established • Performance coaching where a manager intervenes to give feedback and adjust performance • Performance appraisal where individual performance is formally documented and feedback delivered It is to understand the gap between two things: A performance problem is any gap between Desired Results and Actual Results. Performance improvement is any effort targeted at closing...
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...MARK205 Introductory Marketing Research Week 8 Today Week 8 1. Background 2. Populations & Sampling Frames Sampling 3. Sampling Process 4. Sample Size Chapters 11 & 12 of Aaker et al. (2007) The Research Process Learning Objectives • Explain the key concepts in sampling • Understand the step in the sampling process • Identify & evaluate alternative sampling techniques • The fundamentals of determining a suitable sample size 1. Background Concepts 1. Background Concepts Key Terms Population X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Sample Population: X X X X X Census: X X X X X X X X The set of all objects that posses some common set of characteristics X Sample: Sampling: The process of surveying a sample of the population in order to make inferences about the whole population Dr Julie Francis Autumn 2015 1 MARK205 Introductory Marketing Research Week 8 1. Background Concepts 1. Background Concepts When Would You Take a Census? When is Sampling Appropriate? • When the population is small • When the population is large e.g., Mining companies operating in QLD or owners of private jets • Information is needed from every member of the population e.g., national population census or tweets about a natural disaster • Cost of making a wrong decision is high ...
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...methods, including questionnaires and telephone interviews in market research, or experiments and direct observations in the physical sciences, amongst others. Secondary research: Information or data that is collected from books, government or other official sources, the Internet or other similar sources. This kind of research is known as desk research. Primary research: time-consuming, expensive, a reliable source of information, specific for the company. Secondary research: quicker, less expensive and not always be completely related to the needs of a specific project. Qualitative research: Subjective research where the researcher will ask a customer for their opinion or thoughts. Quantitative research: Research that uses a large sample of people to gather statistical information. Sampling: Sampling is concerned with the selection of a subset of individuals from within a statistical population to estimate characteristics of the whole population. In business and medical research, sampling is widely used for gathering information about a population. Random sampling: In this technique, each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected as subject. The entire process of sampling is done in a single step with each subject selected independently of the other members of the population. Quota sampling: In quota sampling, a population is first segmented into mutually exclusive sub-groups. Then judgment is used to select the subjects or units from each segment...
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...are those which determine the responses of a large group (50 to 400) of consumers to a set of questions regarding preference, liking, sensory attributes, etc. The analysts use Hedonic Scale Rating Test for determining the consumer acceptability of the product sample. This method shows the degree of liking for a product sample to be evaluated and indirectly shows preference. However, it does not show the reason for acceptability. In addition, it cannot be used for quality control purposes since it does not show product development. II. Objectives: 1. To learn to conduct acceptability tests. 2. To know and understand the different types of consumer acceptability tests 3. To understand the principle involved in consumer acceptability test 4. To learn and understand how to analyze data from consumer acceptability test III. Materials: * Watermelon wine * Master sheet * Sample containers * Trays * Cups * Napkins * Graduated cylinder IV. Method: A. Determine the project objective. B. Determine test objective. C. Select/identify the appropriate test technique. D. Prepare the master sheet. 1. Fill up the date, sample, sensory test, panelist number, treatment and rep. no. 2....
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