...Alternative Ways to Animal Testing In the world today, science has seen its better days. Scientific methods developed and invented scientists have been used to demonstrate and explain almost everything in the world. Researchers studying biological issues have produced reports informing about the issues that surround us. For example, in tests that require human spacemen have been conducted using non-human animals for biological animal testing all over the world. Research has shown that about 100 million vertebrates are used for animal tests in the world every year; it has been reported that about 20 million rats were used within the United States for testing in 2001 (Hart, Wood, & Hart 35). This is alarming as far as animal protection issues are concerned. Animal rights organizations have however differed with these reports about the same issues raising havoc in matters of biological testing (Hunnicutt 65). This contradiction raises ethical issues in the field of scientific research requiring quick reconciliation of both groups to solve the problems of slowed critical medical researches; the Last Chance for Animals (LCA) and the Foundation for Biomedical Research (FBR) are an example of such differing research bodies. The Last Chance for Animals advocates for the abolition of the practise while FBR finds the practice legitimate and significant. This paper concentrates at the differing points of view of Last Chance for Animals and The Foundation for Biomedical Research...
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... A. What is a theory? B. What are the goals of theory? II. Research Concepts, Constructs, Proposition, Variables & Hypotheses A. Research concepts & constructs B. Research proposition & hypotheses III. Understanding Theory A. Verifying theory B. Theory building Chapter 5: The Human Side of BR: Organizational & Ethical Issue I. Introduction II. Ethical issue in BR A. Ethical qs are philosophical qs B. General rights & obligation of concerned parties C. Rights & obligation of the research participant * The obligation to be truthful * Participants’ right to privacy * Active & Passive research * Deception in research designs & the right to be informed * Experiment designs * Descriptive research * Protection from harm D. Rights & obligation of the researcher * Research the isn’t research * Mixing sales or fund-raising with research * Pseudo-research * Push polis Chapter 6: Problem definition: The foundation of BR I. Introduction A. Importance of starting with a good problem definition B. Problem complexity * Situation frequency * Dramatic changes * How widespread are the symptoms? * Symptom...
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...methodologies usually measure consumer behavior, knowledge, opinions, or attitudes. Such methodologies answer questions related to how much, how often, how many, when, and who” (Cooper & Schindler, 2014), one main quantitative data collection instrument is survey which is considered a major among other ones because it throws exact measures of opinions and consumer behavior. The nature of sampling is “that by selecting some of the elements in a population, we may draw conclusions about the entire population” (Cooper & Schindler, 2014). Some examples of sampling methods available to researchers include: “Purposive sampling where Researchers choose participants arbitrarily for their unique characteristics or their experiences, attitudes, or perceptions; as conceptual or theoretical categories of participants develop during the interviewing process, researchers seek new participants to challenge emerging patterns, Snowball sampling where Participants refer researchers to others who have characteristics, experiences, or attitudes similar to or different from their own and finally Convenience sampling where Researchers select any readily available individuals as participants. Descriptive statistical methods are used to “display characteristics of the location, spread, and shape of a data array, it attempts to describe or define a subject ,often by creating a profile of a group of problems, people, or events, through the collection of data and the tabulation of the frequencies on research...
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...uminary ReviResearch Definitions and Study Guide for Luminary Comps HC3 - 2013 Ideology | Oversimplified explanations for social behavior that focus on one or a few variables to explain a social phenomenon. Ideologies are resistant to change and become entwined with moral, instead of empirical arguments. Begins and ends with facts. | Social Theory | A systematic, detailed means of explaining why a social phenomenon exists that recognizes the influences of a multitude of factors, is subject to change, and avoids moral arguments in favor of empirical arguments. Begins with a question and ends with facts. | Concepts or Constructs | Abstract terms people use to describe reality. People may share general definitions or understandings of a concept, but because they are abstract, the specific interpretation of these concepts among many people may differ. An abstraction. Cannot be measured directly. | Dimensions | A theoretical term used to describe clusters of concepts that together represent a broader, more complex concept. | Conceptual Definition | Is the working or “dictionary type” definition a researcher uses for a concept. It tends to be nonspecific | Operational Definition | Is used to define something (e.g. a variable, term, or object) in terms of a process (or set of validation tests) needed to determine its existence, duration, and quantity. | Measurement | The process of observing concepts, as indicated by their operational definitions, and assigning some...
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... . . . . Presentation schedule Assessment . Tutor marked Assignment Final examination and Grading Course marking scheme Facilitators/Tutors and Tutorials Summary . . . . INTRODUCTION Data collection methodology is a two credit unit first semester course available to first semester course available to students of Bachelor of Education (B.Ed) Library and Information science. 4 Research involves data collection, any discipline of the social sciences, education and even the sciences needs a sound knowledge of research; how to conduct research, ethics of research and generally to write a report or design a study. The use and importance of research cannot be overemphasized. All students undergoing any form of degree programme is required to write a project, thesis or dissertation. This course offers a complete guide to such write ups including statistical techniques in sampling measurements and ethics of research. What you will learn in this course The course consist of units and a course guide which informs you briefly...
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...critical behavior in research analysis will analyze an ethical issue raised in the article, The Causal Generalization Paradox: The Case of Treatment Outcome Research, written by Graham L. Staines. The article by Staines discusses the causal generalization paradox. The ethical issue at the heart of the article is the use of improper sampling procedures. With the vast amount of research taking place and random assignment techniques, less of a priority is being placed upon random sampling. According to Staines,2008 experimental research typically selects units, in part or in whole, at the convenience of the researcher. The researcher then makes no attempt, or often times only a limited attempt, to ensure that this sample is an accurate representation of some larger group or population. This form of convenience sampling is an ethical issue simply because experimental data based upon the use of “convenience samples rather than probability based samples, there is almost never a formal justification, or set of rigorous guidelines, for generalizing the study’s findings to other populations” (Staines, 2008). The generalization paradox and improper sampling procedures may often cause...
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...than a census and it is possible to obtain statistical results of a sufficiently high precision based on samples. There are two types of sampling techniques, probability and non-probability sampling. Probability Sampling A probability sampling method is any method of sampling that utilizes some form of random selection. In order to have a random selection method, you must set up some process or procedure that assures that the different units in your population have equal probabilities of being chosen. Humans have long practiced various forms of random selection, such as picking a name out of a hat, or choosing the short straw. These days, we tend to use computers as the mechanism for generating random numbers as the basis for random selection. To produce our results, we combine the responses from the sample in a way which takes account of the selection probabilities. Our aim is that, if the sampling were to be repeated many times, the expected value of the results from the repeated samples would be the same as the result we would get if we surveyed the whole population. Because we know the probability of getting each sample we select, we can also calculate a sampling error for the results. The sampling error tells us the amount of variation in the results due to the sampling alone. It gives a measure of the quality of the sample design, and of the survey results. A simple random sample is a sample in which each member of the population is equally likely to be included...
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...Module 1 The Research Process * Is a scholarly activity aimed at finding new truths about a specific discipline basically designed to find solution to a problem. * Done in various fields of studies. * May be done in natural sciences like Biology, Chemistry and Physics. And in the field of social sciences such as Sociology, Psychology, Education, Anthropology, Industry and the like. Definitions of Research * a systematic patient study and investigation in some field of knowledge undertaken to discover or establish facts or principles (Webster’s New World Dictionary, 1994) * a systematic investigation in order to establish facts and new conclusions (Oxford, 1996) Definitions of Research * a systematic and objective analysis and recording of controlled observations that may lead to the development of generalizations, principles or theories resulting in prediction and possibly ultimate control of events (Best & Kahn, 1998) * purposive, systematic and scientific process of gathering, analyzing, classifying, organizing, presenting and interpreting data for the solution of a problem, for prediction, for invention, for the discovery of truth, or for the expansion or verification of existing knowledge, all for the preservation and improvement of the quality of life (Calderon, 2000) * a process of systematically examining and explaining the observables. It seeks to generate answers to questions but it also generates further questions for study....
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...RESEARCH METHODOLOGY: In this section detailed of data ,research design in ordered to test hypothesis After literature review, identifying variables and developing hypothesis and theoretical frame work this section explain what to do and how to do. Research design offers guideline to researcher to gather and analyze data in order to answer research questions (Sekaran and Bougie, 2010). Collis and Hussey (2009) identified methodology as the “overall approach to the entire process of the research study”. Research methodology is focused around the problems to be investigated in a research study and for this reason is varied according to the problems to be investigated. Research philosophy If research reflects the philosophy of positivismthen...
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...Sampling Sampling Third Edition STEVEN K. THOMPSON Simon Fraser University A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., PUBLICATION Copyright © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey. Published simultaneously in Canada. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 750-4470, or on the web at www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008, or online at http://www.wiley.com/go/permission. Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or...
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...I believe I could use the internet on the Apple Inc., site which customers visit on a daily basis and have a survey on the electric car that the company plans to design and that why I could get positive or negative feedback on Apples plan for an electric car. I could also do random surveys with different age groups to see how popular this would be amongst different age ranges at malls or popular hangouts. Then finally I could do telephone surveys with the various range groups ranging from 18- 65 to find what their input and opinions are when it comes to driving an electric car designed by Apple Inc. since most know Apple for the design of the I phone and I pads. These different methods will give Apple Inc. feedback whether it is positive or negative and then it can be used to analysis all the data and information and decide how to use it. I believe when it comes to collecting data for Apple Inc. for the design I could use different methods of collecting and documenting it. I could use the nominal data where I would categorize all the information on a bar chart and or I could use a rank order about what was liked and disliked about the electric car. I believe I would use a line graph or a pie chart and break it down in various sections with all the data that would have been collected with this research (Cooper, D. R., & Schindler, P. S. 2014). . Then I would analyses, observe and interview various personnel with the research and data that will be collected. I could use photographs...
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...Preparing to Conduct Business Research Team B Brandie Andrews, Dayra Wright, Dustin Cornell, Kasey Otto, Lecia Kilpatrick, Mercedes London RES/351 September 22, 2012 Dr. Deborah Bacon Wal-Mart is one of America’s largest bargain stores. They are well known for their low prices that has set them apart from their competition for over 50 years. Historically, they have faced sagging growth that has pushed them to find ways to distinguish themselves from their competition. Price, depending on the economy, is a concern that can be quickly forgotten for American consumers. However, regardless of the economic climate, many consumers are willing to pay more for appearance, less overcrowded aisles, and shorter lines. To understand the causes of sagging growth, loss of market share to be able to combat it. It is important develop strong research questions and hypotheses. It is also critical to understand variables, ethical considerations, thoroughly understand the significance, scope, and feasibility of developing good business research. Asking strategic questions will help Wal-Mart develop the questions that they need to overcome market challenges. Products are changing and upgrading every day to the newest items to older ones with new features. What Wal-Mart needs to do is keep a consistent watch of the new products coming out in the grocery and retail segments so that they can provide their existing and new customers what they want. Will discounts and package deals online...
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...Car sales 27 percent up he study will have irregular students of CFAD in all levels. All of these participants were selected through random sampling. This sampling method is conducted where each member of a population has an equal opportunity to become part of the sample. As all the participants have an equal chance of becoming a research participant, this is to be the most efficient sampling procedure. In order to conduct this sampling strategy, the researcher defines the population first, lists down all the members of the population, and then selects members to make the sample. For this purpose, a self-administered survey questionnaire is given to the respondents to answer. The irregular students assessed to answer the following questionnaire. No inclusion criteria were applied for the individual applicants; hence, all were made part of the population. However, due to time and budget constraints, the researcher opted for a smaller sample size. Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations Summary A survey will be conducted to determine the main cause of being an irregular. There has always been one initial reaction regarding this topic and this research aims to give answers to the many questions that go on concerning a position that irregular student are put into. Irregular students are oftentimes stereotyped. And as a result, they begin to stereotype. As this certain situation is being explained, other people outside the group of irregular students and irregular students...
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...Surveying the thousands of fans that attend each major league game would be a nearly impossible task. Therefore, the approach of sampling a portion of the population was used to accurately identify all elements that could possibly affect the issue and then list them in a Data Set (Illustration A). The Data Set consists of thirty (30) Major League Baseball (MLB) teams and lists them by names, each team’s salary, annual attendance for each team, winning, and size capacity of each stadium. The probability sampling design in this research study allows each of the elements to be weighed and ranked to identify the team that leads in a specific area or ranks last in a specific area. This sampling size is appropriate because it uses the entire attendance population. The particular design chosen to represent the data is a proportionate stratified random sampling because each team’s characteristics can be evenly used and accurately compared among the other teams; therefore, identifying what segment contributes to the team’s successful winning record To collect accurate data Team A collected data on wins, season attendance, attendance to wins, number of home games, and season attendance to max attendance in the league. Please see below graphical formats. Primary data collection methods in this particular research would be difficult as to collect accurate data we would have to interview teams, attend games, and conduct surveys or questionnaires. Team A has relied...
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...technology (i.e., computer) for better marketing performance. And retailers are devising strategies to meet the demand of online shoppers; they are busy in studying consumer behavior in the field of online shopping, to see the consumer attitudes towards online shopping. Therefore we have also decided to study consumer’s attitudes towards online shopping and specifically studying the factors influencing consumers to shop online. The population selected for the research is Gotland, and narrowed down to Gotland University students, University cafeteria and Gotland Public library, the sample size selected for this research is 100 and we have used convenience sampling technique. Our findings indicated that among the four factors selected for this research the most attractive and influencing factor for online shoppers in Gotland is Website Design/Features, following convenience the second most influencing and thirdly time saving. Results have also showed that security is of important concern among online shoppers in Gotland. The research has also found that there are some other factors which influence online shoppers including, less price, discount, feedback from previous customers and quality of product. For the second research question i.e. who are online shoppers in term of demography: the correlation results for the age and attitudes...
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