...Gravity is a natural force of attraction created by a large object, such as the Earth, that tends to draw all material towards the center of the mass. The dangers of space are often thought to be associated with the sub zero temperatures, poisonous radiation, technological malfunctions, and this list continues. However, no one ever thinks of the threat that happens directly within the body, that is immediate bone deterioration, and muscle atrophy due to the presence of anti-gravity. Currently, NASA invests millions of dollars in research in order to figure out exactly what happens to both bones and muscles when experiencing zero gravity (Barry). The top researches in the field of life sciences have been spending the last 50 years rigorously testing both humans and animals and the effects that anti-gravity have on their bones and muscles. Very significant results have come from all of the research, and scientists are now looking for different ways to mitigate bone and muscle loss in space. A ‘cure’ for detrimental bone and muscle loss is crucial if humans wish to travel within our galaxy, for example to Mars, as these missions would involve astronauts being exposed to anti-gravity for years at a time. Currently, there are multiple solutions to bone and muscle loss, such as weight bearing exercise, and nutrient supplementation, however nothing has been perfected yet. If the human race wishes to continue to explore space within our galaxy, and hopefully one day outside of...
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...The Aging Musculosketltal system The Aging Musculosketltal system The aging musculoskeletal system of a 84-year old thin, small boned white female has many changes that it could possibly go through. There are three of the major problems that are possible for her body to go through. Osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, and muscular atrophy. Osteoporosis is a disease in which bones become fragile and are more likely to have fractures. With osteoporosis the bones become weaker and lose their density. They have less amounts of calcium and minerals in them. Osteoporosis is the most common bone disease there is. This may occur without any cause and sometimes the tendency to have bone loss and thin bones is passed down through families. The leading cause of osteoporosis is the drop in estrogen in women t the time of menopause and a drop in testosterone in men. There are no symptoms in the early stages of osteoporosis. Most people who have this disease are prone to getting fractures and not even having an injury these are called compression fractures. Other changes that may occur are the loss of height and a stooped posture or kyphosis many develop. The treatment for osteoporosis is a lifestyle change with diet an exercise , taking medication and vitamin D along with calcium. Exercises such as walking, jogging, dancing will assist with improving bone mass. This disease of the bones is able to be reversed and even cured over time the the right treatment, Osteoarthritis...
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...Uses of Hypnotherapy to treat a medical condition Introduction The purpose of this essay is to describe and explain the uses of hypnotherapy in the treatment of a medical condition. For this essay I have chosen to look at a chronic life limiting illness called Motor Neurone Disease. This is a disease that can affect many different aspects of a person’s life and is very aggressive in its symptoms. I have met quite a few people with this condition whilst working in the Neurophysiology department at the QMC, where all the nerve and muscles studies and EMG’s are performed. It not only changes the person’s life but also the lives of the people around them. I found this research both upsetting and informative. MND is a progressive degenerative disease which sadly has no known cure and sufferers will usually die within 5 years of the onset of the disease, there is no way to tell that you have this disease but there are many warning signs such as difficulty with speech, walking and dropping things due to not being able to grip correctly. MND is an unusual disease that damages nerve cells that the brain would usually use to send messages to the muscles and spinal cord where the upper and lower motor neurones are negatively affected. This then alters the muscle strength and can result in muscle loss. Theses neurons also if not working correctly will affect the messages sent to the brain giving the commands the body needs to enable walking, swallowing and any other muscle use. This...
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...The aging Musculoskeletal System LaToya Johnson ITT-Orland GE 258 April 28, 2015  Osteoporosis Osteoporosis is a bone condition that makes bones thinner and more fragile because of reduced bone density, and it puts people at risk of fractures, especially of the hip, spinal vertebrae and wrist. Bones in the spine are not broken they are compressed together, and leads up to kyphosis. Kyphosis is a deformity of the spine which is a curve shape to the upper spine. There are different causes/ risk factors that leads up to osteoporosis such as reduced sex hormones, particularly in women due to less estrogen after menopause, eating disorders, tobacco smoking, excessive alcohol intake, decrease calcium and vitamin D, inactivity or immobility. Both men and women are affected. Osteoporosis can have a profound impact on daily living, fractures can occur with little trauma. Which make ADLs harder to do and eventually need assistance. Osteoarthritis Osteoarthritis is the most common form of arthritis, when the cartilage of the bone wears down over time it commonly effect the joints of the hand, knees, hips and spine. People in the occupation with repetitive and stressful movement should find ways to reduce the trauma. . Causes / risk factors that increases or could lead up osteoarthritis is age, sex women is at more risk, obesity, joint injuries, bone deformities, certain jobs genetics. ( web MD). There is no cure that exists at this time however you could slow the...
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...Saga Magazines... How does ageing affect you? MENOPAUSE The menopause, sometimes known as “the change of life”, is where a woman’s ovaries stop producing an egg every 4 weeks, meaning she no longer has periods and is unlikely to get pregnant. Monthly periods can sometimes stop suddenly when you reach the menopause; however it is more likely that your periods will become less frequent, with longer intervals between each one, before they stop altogether. In the UK, 51 is the average age for a woman to reach the menopause, although some women experience the menopause in their 30’s or 40’s. Symptoms The menopause can cause a wide range of physical and mental symptoms. The first symptom is usually a change in the pattern of your monthly periods. This is called the premenopausal stage, during this time you may have light or heavy periods (menorrhagia). Other symptoms can include: * Hot flushes and night sweats * Loss of libido (sex drive) * Headaches * Mood changes, such as depression, anxiety or tiredness * Urinary Tract Infections (UTI’s) * Noticeable heartbeat * Vaginal discomfort, pain, itching and dryness The severity of symptoms and the overall duration of the menopause will vary depending on a number of factors including genetics, lifestyle, diet, stress, and overall health. Although if you experience the menopause suddenly, rather than gradually, your symptoms may be worse. The menopause is caused by a change in the balance of the body’s...
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...NTD 3340 Exam 1 study guide Ch 1, Overview Factors influencing food choices Contrast macro- and micronutrients How food energy is measured Define essential nutrient Describe concept of energy density of food Identify the different types of nutrition research design Describe process of peer review & why it is important Define the Dietary Reference Intake terms (AI, RDA, AMDR, etc) Explain the information conveyed through MyPlate Types of information & data gathered to complete a nutrition assessment of an individual; give examples within each (also covered in Ch 17) Qualifications/education of a registered dietitian Credible sources of nutrition information Warning signs of quacky nutrition products Ch 2 Planning Healthful diet Describe the principles of diet planning Know how to calculate nutrient density of food Describe the Exchange List Describe the Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2010 Recommendation for intake of whole-grains Definitions of the Dietary Reference Intakes Information included on a food label Nutrient fortification vs. enrichment of food Know how to calculated % total kcals from fat, carb, protein: e.g., for a 2000-kcal diet with 25% kcals from fat, how many grams fat are consumed? Types of food label health claims allowed by FDA Vegetarian diets – health benefits; nutrients of concern Ch 17 Nutrition care & assessment Calculation of BMI Major responsibilities for patient...
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...Multimorbidity is a clinical condition which is defined as a state where three or more chronic illness conditions prevail in a patient either centrally or dependant upon one or more central condition (Fortin et al., 2007). This clinical condition is characterised by overlapping pathophysiology, synergetic disease intensity and intersection of individual illnesses management (Boyd et al., 2010). Few examples of the composing illnesses include coronary heart diseases, dyspepsia, migraines, sleep disturbances, bowel imbalance and Sarcopenia ( Fortin et al., 2007) Prevalence of multi morbidity varies across different parts of the world depending upon variance of population sample, age group of the society, advancement of health care monitoring systems and ethnic conditions. In developing countries like most of the Asian countries, rates of life expectancy are reported to increase due to advances is environmental and working conditions of the population. With the increase in life expectancy rates, the prevalence of coexistence of these diseases also steeply increases and is directly proportional (Akker et al., 1998). Further more, the prevalence of this clinical condition is more in developing countries when compared to that of developed countries due to increased percentage of vulnerable groups like young children, diseased and unattended patients and poor economical conditions (Valderas et al., 2009). The government of UK launched a initiative in collaboration with the NHS...
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...Student: | Angela Hanus | Date of Care: | 06/14/16 | Clients initials: | MO | Age: | 71 | Date of admit: | 06/14 | Admitting Diagnosis: | Hepatic Encephalophy | Past Medical History: | Colonic polyps | Benign neoplasm of colon | Bunion | Hammertoe | Tibialis tendonitis | Liver failure | Severe malnutrition | Carotid artery injury | Type 2 diabetes | Hepatocellular carcinoma | Sarcopenia | Liver/Kidney transplant | Immunosuppression | Hyperglycemia | VRE | ESRD | MDRO | | | Medications: Generic Drug/Purpose | Dosage | Route/Freq | Generic Drug/Purpose | Dosage | Route/Freq | Caffeine / Somnolence | 200 mg | PO / BID | Epoetin Alfa (Procrit) / Anemia | 10,000 units | SubQ / TIW | Insulin (Humulin R) / Diabetes | Sliding Scale | QubQ / Q6 Hours | Metocloprimide (Reglan) / Nausea and Vomiting | 5 mg | IV / TID | Midodrine (Proamatine) / Orthostatic Hypotension | 5 mg | PO / BID | Ursodiol (Actigall) / Hepatitis | 300 mg | PO / TID | Lantus / Diabetes | 16 units | SubQ / QHS | Mirtazapine (Remeron) / Major Depressive Disorder | 7.5 mg | PO / QHS | Mycophenolate (Cellcept) / Renal Transplant Rejection | 260 mg | PO / BID | Pantoprazole (Protonix) / Esophagitis | 40 mg | Inj / Q12 Hours | Prednisone / Renal Transplant Rejection , Cerebral Edema | 5 mg | PO / QD with breakfast | Quetiapine (Seroquel) / Major Depressive Disorder, Bipolar | 25 mg | PO / QHS | Sodium Chloride .9% / Hyponatremia | 10 ml | IV / Q8 Hours | Tacrolimus (Prograf) / Transplant...
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...the construction, helping to prevent dislocation. The synovial membrane inside these structures produces synovial fluid into the junction (the area between the bones) providing lubrication and nutrients. Articular cartilage lines the end of the bone providing compression and absorption of force. Blood vessels also provide nutrients, and sensory nerves convey indications concerning pain and proprioception (awareness). There are seven different types of synovial joints, each fulfilling a different skill with their own degrees of motion. All comply with arthrokinematics: roll, slide/glide, or spin with the application depending on the type of joint. As with many areas in life, aging greatly influences the risk of developing pathologies. Sarcopenia and loss of proprioception are a couple of age-related factors that may contribute to, but not directly cause, the onset of DJD. There are many mechanisms to consider such as genetics, and changes inside the joint itself (including cell and matrix changes in joint tissues) (Anderson). With the onset of DJD, function of the skeletal system begins to become impaired. It may start to affect joints before any symptoms are noticed. This is a progressive disease often described in three stages: Early, Moderate, and Late. In the Early Stage, the articular cartilage on the ends of the bones first begin to thin out. The synovial fluid is still produced, though not serving its purpose as well, and friction arises allowing the cartilaginous cushioning...
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...1. Compare the incidences of diabetes within each region of the U.S. for the past year and identify which state has the highest burden of this disease. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2012), there are 25.8 million people, or 8.3% of the U.S. population, living with diabetes. 18.8 million people have been diagnosed with diabetes while 7.0 million remain undiagnosed. During a period of 1994 until 2011, (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2011) the prevalence of diagnosed diabetes has increased across the states in the United States. In 1994, twenty-five states had prevalence less than 4.5%, twenty-four states had prevalence of 4.5%–6.0%, and only one state had prevalence greater than 6.0%. In 2010, all states had prevalence greater than 6.0%, fifteen of these exceeded 9.0%. The eastern United States had a much higher prevalence than the western states. The south continues to have many more occurrences than the rest of the county. The southeastern quadrant of the United Sates appears to lead the way with morbidity issues. For example, the southeastern portion of the US is known as the Bible belt because of its socially conservative evangelical Protestantism. Sadly, it is also known as the stoke belt and is considered a part of stroke ally by public health authorities for having an unusually high incidence of stroke and other forms of cardiovascular disease. Multiple studies have shown (Jorgensen, 1994) that people with diabetes are...
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...The Ageing Process “How Our Bodies and Minds Change” Aging is a process that concerns us all. The increasing armamentarium provided by molecular biology and other techniques has allowed greater understanding of some of the processes involved. Numerous definitions of aging exist; an acceptable and commonly used definition is that aging is the total of all changes an organism undergoes from its conception to its death, including development, maturation and adulthood. There are many theories about how our bodies and minds change as we age, but no matter how much research or theories have been formed, one thing remains true is that our bodies and minds does, and will, change with age and one thing can be agree upon is that the end results in all these studies is that the body and minds does go through many changes during our life time. Since the life span varies between and within species and human longevity is partially hereditary, it is clear that genetic factors, the biology of the brain, and our culture effect the function of the brain and influence the aging process ( Johnson 1993, Schacter et al. 1993, Vijg et al. 1995). Twin studies show that genetic differences account for about a quarter of the variance in adult human lifespan. While a great deal of research has focused on diseases of aging, there are only a few informative studies on the molecular biology of the aging brain. Many molecular changes are due in part to a reduction in the size of the brain, as well as loss...
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...RA, among other rheumatic conditions, is a continually increasing health concern, as it has been the leading cause of disabilities among Americans over the last 15 years. This disease, among other forms of arthritis, is also one of the primary conditions that lead to work limitations (Helmick et al., 2008, p. 15). In addition, deaths attributable to RA comprise 22% of the total deaths caused by arthritis and other rheumatic conditions ("CDC - Arthritis - Data and Statistics - Arthritis Related Statistics," n.d.). Women are three times more susceptible to RA than their male counterparts; however, as the population ages, this difference between the genders diminishes. As per research conducted by Giles et. al., RA is also associated with sarcopenia, or “reduced lean mass” and excess body fat in women. However, same correlation is not found in men (Giles et al., 2008, p. 807). Aging significantly increases the susceptibility of individual to develop RA, and the onset of RA is prominently seen in individuals between the ages of 35 and 50 (Cush, Kavanaugh, & Stein, 2005, p. 325). Complications of RA that are associated with disabilities and with mortality are also more frequently seen in older adults. RA has been occasionally seen among children, and this form of RA is called juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA). The key difference that isolates JRA cases from RA cases is that JRA is often resolved before the children reach adulthood because they experience the arthritis in a few, select...
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...1. Write an essay on protein structure and synthesis Protein synthesis is a cellular process leading to the production of proteins. This term is also synonymous to protein translation. It begins with a sequential process of transcription of DNA into mRNA, which is then used as input for translation after exon-intron splicing. The addition of successive tRNA molecules based on the code of mRNA matched up by base-pairing through their anti-codons in the ribosomes creates the nascent protein. After the protein chain has been synthesized, post-translation modification occurs, e.g. phosphorylation, motifs added to the protein. This may happen at various levels: secondary (alpha-helix, beta-sheets, turn, random coiling), tertiary and quarternary. Protein synthesis is also the process wherein peptide bonds between two amino acids whose formation is controlled. The synthesis begun when the mRNA combines in a little subunit of ribosomes close to an AUG sequence in mRNA. Start codon which is the AUG codon is being such because it does the coding of the first amino acid to be made of protein. “The AUG codon base-pairs with the anticodon of tRNA carrying methionine. A large ribosomal subunit binds to the complex, and the reactions of protein synthesis itself can begin. The aminoacyl-tRNA to be called for next is determined by the next codon (the next three bases) on the mRNA. Each amino acid is coded for by one or more (up to six) codons” (Center for Bioenergy and Photosynthesis...
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...as quickly as it does in more youthful individuals, skeletal muscles likewise get to be less flexible. Maturing skeletal muscles create expanding measures of stringy connective tissue, a methodology called fibrosis. Fibrosis makes muscle less adaptable so that development and dissemination are restricted.tolerance for effort diminishes. A lower resistance for activity comes about halfway from the inclination to exhaustion quickly and somewhat from the diminished capacity to wipe out high temperature produced amid brawny compression. Furthermore, the capacity to recuperate from husky damage decreases.between the ages of 30 and 75, general lean body mass abatements basically because of diminished skeletal bulk. This misfortune is called sarcopenia and happens as the number and size of muscle filaments logically decrease.despite age-related decreases in muscle quality, muscle practical capacity is comparative in more seasoned and more youthful grown-ups. Typically, solid elderly persons can undoubtedly climb stairs, climb from a squatting position, stroll along a straight line, jump on either foot, and perform ordinary exercises of every day living. The Respiratory System - The effects of developing on the lungs are physiologically and anatomically like those that happen in the midst of the change of delicate emphysema. But developing impacts ventilation, gas exchange, consistence, and distinctive parameters of lung limit furthermore the insurance parts of the lungs, faultless...
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...Tobacco smoking is the practice of burning tobacco and inhaling the smoke (consisting of particle and gaseous phases). (A more broad definition may include simply taking tobacco smoke into the mouth, and then releasing it, as is done with tobacco pipes and cigars). The practice may have begun as early as 5000-3000 BC. Tobacco was introduced to Eurasia in the late 17th century where it followed common trade routes. The practice encountered criticism from its first import into the Western world onwards, but embedded itself in certain strata of a number of societies before becoming widespread upon the introduction of automated cigarette-rolling apparatus. German scientists identified a link between smoking and lung cancer in the late 1920s, leading to the first anti-smoking campaign in modern history, albeit one truncated by the collapse of the Third Reich at the end of the Second World War. In 1950, British researchers demonstrated a clear relationship between smoking and cancer. Evidence continued to mount in the 1980s, which prompted political action against the practice. Rates of consumption since 1965 in the developed world have either peaked or declined. However, they continue to climb in the developing world. Smoking is the most common method of consuming tobacco, and tobacco is the most common substance smoked. The agricultural product is often mixed with additives and then combusted. The resulting smoke is then inhaled and the active substances absorbed through the alveoli in...
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