...Monitoring sustainability with a monitoring system that is itself sustainable: addressing the cause and the symptoms IAN WATSON,1 AND PAUL NOVELLY, 2 1 Department of Agriculture and Centre for Management of Arid Environments PO Box 483 Northam, Western Australia, 6401 Ph 08 9690 2000 Fax 08 9622 1902 iwatson@agric.wa.gov.au 2 Department of Agriculture and Tropical Savannas CRC Kununurra, Western Australia ABSTRACT Throughout the 1970s and 1980s much effort was expended on a range monitoring program in Western Australia. Unfortunately, much of the system put in place is now inactive. Such a situation is not unique and the rangelands of the world are littered with monitoring sites that are no longer part of an operating system. A need has emerged for a biodiversity monitoring system in the rangelands and the discussion is currently at the point where the range management discipline was in the early 1970s. Efficiencies can be made when developing the biodiversity monitoring system by learning from the experience of the range management profession. Monitoring sustainability will only be possible if the monitoring system is itself sustainable. We suggest a number of attributes for the system that need to be in place before the system can be judged at all sustainable. These attributes are a mix of biophysical, social and institutional and highlight the view that monitoring systems of the type being suggested constitute an unusual mixture of attributes not found in...
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...and South America. In the African savanna that occupies the east of the central area of Africa * Location * Some locations of savannas include: * Africa - Kenya, Tanzania, Zimbabwe, Botswana, South Africa, and Namibia * Australia * Central America - Belize and Honduras * South America - Venezuela and Columbia * Southern Asia * Abitoic facores: -fire Fire is the most important abiotic factor to the savanna. without the constant fires a tropical savanna could turn into a tropical forest -soil it is real important to plants and the animals that eat the plants -air Without it survival would be impossible. -water During the summer or dry season there really isn't a lot of water. Trees store water during the wet season so they have water during the dry season. * Plants * Grasses -Bermuda grass is one of the most common grasses in the tropical savanna biome. With its deep root system, bermuda grass has adapted to the savanna by dying off above ground during periods of drought, while maintaining growth beneath the soil. -Elephant grass grows in clumps and, despite its razor sharp leaves, provides shelter to several types of savanna birds. * Acacia Tree -A medium-sized tree, can reach 65 feet in height with a flat, round top and thorny branches. The acacia is a valuable tree in the tropical savanna, providing shade, shelter and food for...
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...Water Resource Plan Associate Level Material American Rangelands and Forests Part 1 Choose either a rangeland or a forest of the United States and describe current federal management strategies. Explain federal efforts to manage these lands sustainably by completing the chart below. | |Rangeland or Forest Location |Brief History of | | | |Rangeland or | | | |Forest | |Research the effects that very dry |-What is the leading cause of fires? |Month 1–3 | |conditions have on the National |-Assess those causes to develop an educational program. | | |Forest. |-Meet with environmental researchers and facilitators to determine what| | | |actions are required for long term success. | | |Develop an educational program |- In combination with the aid of facilitators and environmental |Month 1–3 | | |researchers develop a presentation that protects the National Forest | ...
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...There are two types of grasslands, tropical and temperate. Tropical grasslands are warm year around and have a dry and rainy season. Temperate grasslands have an average of 10 to 30 inches of rain per year, have shorter grass, and have a growing and dormant season (Grasslands Terrain of Many Names). There are the Great Plains in the United States that cover from parts of Texas, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Colorado, Wyoming and Montana and covers all of Kansas, Nebraska, South and North Dakota, and covers all the way up into parts of Canada. In Africa there is the African Savanna, which is a tropical grassland that covers 25 territories and South Africa. The abiotic structure of grasslands includes the climate; rainfall, temperature, wind flow, and ground moisture. The bedrock has an influence on the type of soil and what can and cannot be grown in that location, slopes and elevation, floods, fires, high temperatures and freezing temperatures are also abiotic structures. The biotic structures include any living thing in that ecosystem. Grass, rabbits, moles, elk, snakes, birds, bacteria and fungi are part of the biotic structures (tutorvista.com 2014). You cannot have one with out the other in an ecosystem. The grass needs the rain as well as the animals in order to survive. The temperatures help decide which type of animals and plant life will live in that area as well. Carbon function in the ecosystem is to be used by the plants for photosynthesis and to make organic molecules...
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...Associate Level Material American Rangelands and Forests Part 1 Choose either a rangeland or a forest of the United States and describe current federal management strategies. Explain federal efforts to manage these lands sustainably by completing the chart below. | |Rangeland or Forest Location |Brief History of | | | |Rangeland or | | | |Forest | |Research and identify the effects of |Review environmental websites and journals. |Month 1–3 | |air pollution. | | | | |Document the sources of air pollution and both environmental and health| | | |effects of air pollution. | | | | | | | |Document video interviews of environmental researchers and | | | ...
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...Forest ecosystem FOREST ECOSYSTEM A forest is more than just the trees. A single forest is a complete, functioning ecosystem that supports innumerable plant and animal species as well as earth, water, and air subsystems. The subsystems provide the essence of life of the forest and are in themselves a byproduct of forest systems, all of which are reciprocal and inter dependent. A forest ecosystem is a complex of living and non-living elements which interrelate. An ecosystem can be small (like your backyard) or large (like the planet earth). It depends on the range of individual species or group of species being discussed (e.g.: a salmon stock or a forest type), geology (e.g.: a mountain range or watershed), and other issues. Different organisms exist within the forest layers. These organisms interact with each other and their surrounds. Echo organism has a role or niche in sustaining the ecosystem. Some provide food for other organisms, other provide shelter or control populations trough predation. NEEDLE LEAF Needle leaf trees fall into two categories based on how they are attached to the twig coming off the branch of the tree. On coastal redwoods and true firs, the needles will be connected directly to the twig, growing off it like leaves off the branch of a common plant. On trees like spruce trees, the individual needles will be connected to the tree via a peg-like stalk, which is also known as a needle peg. Sometimes needles on conifers are bundled together...
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...American Rangelands and Forests Jacolbi Williams October 28, 2012 SCI 275 Page 1 | Rangeland or Forest Location | Brief History of Rangeland or Forest | What are current land management problems? | What are the current federal land management strategies that address these problems? | What is one sustainable effort that should be implemented? | American Rangeland or Forest: Edwards Plateau | TEXAS | Edward’s Plateau is located in South Central Texas . This plateau is mainly a grassland covered with trees, soil more suitable for farming needs and rivers running through the south and east portion of the land ("Texas State Historical Asociation", n.d). | The rapid growth of the urban areas and endangerment of species around Edward’s Plateau. The increase of growth brings more issues in different types of developments which in turn damages the value of the land. | Texas has the Southern Edwards Plateau Habitat Conservation Plan (SEP-HCP) in place to address the problems of Edwards Plateau. | Emphasize and give notice of violations against the SEP-HCP | Part 1 Page 2 The Rangeland in Texas by the name of Edwards Plateau is at risk. The human activities have begun to limit land and endanger the different species residing on that land. Without a set sustainability plan in action, Edwards Plateau as will know it will become a thing of the past. Part 2 Action Items (in order) | Action Steps | Timeline | List sources for Edwards Plateau | Write down information...
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...American Rangelands and Forests: Tongass National Forest Name: Course: Instructor: Date: American Rangelands and Forests: Tongass National Forest Part 1: Description of the forest |Forest Location |Brief History of Forest |Current land management problems |Current federal land management strategies addressing the challenges |One sustainable effort that should be implemented | |American Rangeland or Forest: Tongass National Forest |Southeastern part of the state of Alaska, United States |The first part of the forest reserve named the Alexander Archipelago was established in 1902. In 1908, a presidential proclamation created another section of forest reserve named the Tongass. The two sections were joined in 1909 to from what is currently known as the Tongass National Forest. |-Extensive logging subjects the forest to the risk of destruction. -Lack of roads reduces efficiency of the forest officers in managing the forest and controlling overexploitation of resources. |-Formulation of laws that prohibit clear-cutting. -Construction of a road network in the forest. |-Fencing the forest and creating specified entry and exit paths can help in controlling the exploitation of natural resources in Tongass National Forest. | | Part 2: Sustainability plan 1. Action items My plan for a sustainable forest cover is to develop programs and services that will enlighten the community on the negative impacts of human activities...
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...Natural Resources and Energy Paper Robert Huitt, Rocharda Carter, Roxabel Perez Garcia, Salatethia Thomas, and Stephanie Lowe SCI 256 William Okrepkie April 13, 2015 Large open areas of grass or plants that are similar to grass are considered to be grasslands. The majority of time trees are not found in grasslands because grasslands tend to be too dry in an environment. Rainfall is the primary source of water, and the absorption occurs through the roots of the grass. The roots are extensive and yield multiple networks and modified photosynthesis. Multiplication of the grass occurs by pollen being excreted from wind or additional plants growing from the roots. During a period, grasslands accounted for over 42% of Earth. European settlers considered grasslands "prairies," which is French for "grassland." There are two main categories of grasslands which are Tropical Savannah and Temperate Grassland. These two are in areas that have hot summers and little rainfall. Africa, Australia, South America and Indonesia are where you can find Tropical Savannah Grasslands. Prairies or Steppes are other names used for Temperate Grassland. Grasslands are among the largest ecosystems in the world. Their area is estimated at fifty- two point five million. Square kilometers (Forages Information Systems, 2009). In actual practice, grassland agriculture includes the proper use of legumes as well as grasses. Grasses and legumes are used to feed livestock, support wildlife...
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...Associate Level Material American Rangelands and Forests Part 1 Choose either a rangeland or a forest of the United States and describe current federal management strategies. Explain federal efforts to manage these lands sustainably by completing the chart below. American Rangeland or Forest | Rangeland or Forest Location | Brief History of Rangeland or Forest | What are current land management problems? | What are the current federal land management strategies that address these problems? | What is one sustainable effort that should be implemented? | Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest | Southwest Oregon and Northern California | President Roosevelt established the Siskiyou Forest Reserve in 1905, then designating it the Siskiyou National Forest in 1907. The Rogue River National Forest became established in 1908 and until 1932 was known as the Crater National Forest. The forest has two individual geological regions which are the Cascade Range and the Siskiyou Mountains. | Build-up of fuels in fire-prone forests, (Forest Guild.org, 2014). | Implemented the National Fire Plan, theHealthy Forests Initiative (HFI), and the Healthy Forests Restoration Act(HFRA) to facilitate fuel reduction projects, (Forest Guild.org, 2014). | Mechanical thinning of small trees and prescribed fire. | Part 2 Take your information from Part 1 and use it to create a Sustainability Plan. Your sustainability plan should present what, when, and how something is to be sustained...
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...The common name is the African Elephant, the scientific name is Loxodonta Africana, the phylum is Vertebrata, the class is Mammalia, the order is Proboscidea, and the family is Elephantidae. The Closest Relatives to the African Elephant are: the Asian Elephant, mammoths, primitive proboscidean (mastodons), sea cows, and hyraxes. Scientists believe that the African Elephant evolved from one of its closest relatives, the Sea Cow. The geographical location and range of the African elephant covers all of central and southern Africa. In Ethiopia there are isolated populations that exist around Lake Chad in Mali and Mauritania. Also in Kenya, Rhodesia, Tanzania, Zambia, Uganda, Zaire, and in National parks located in South Africa, as well as several other countries. African Elephants, originally, were found in all of the Sub-Saharan African habitats except desert steppes. Elephants still occupy diverse habitats such as: temperate grassland, tropical savanna and grass lands, temperate forest and rainforest, tropical rainforest, tropical scrub forest, and tropical deciduous forest despite their drastic decline in numbers. However, their migratory patterns and habitat use have changed, due to the fact that they are restricted to protected areas. The elephant can exist in many types of environments but it prefers places that have many trees and bushes, which the elephant needs both for food and shade. They also like warm areas that have plenty of rainfall. This ensures...
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...Case Discussion: Rhino Capture in Kruger National Park Assignment Questions: 1. What is SANParks / Kruger National Park’s objective and vision? Is selling rhino consistent with their objective and vision? If not, then what should it be? * Kruger National Parks objective: Population control, broadening of the range for populations, spreading the risk of managing wildlife, making the populations more resilient and viable, and fund-raising for specific conservation and land-expansion programs. I think that selling is within their objective, population control, fund-raising for specific conservation and land expansion. 2. Who are the suppliers of rhino and what was the average selling price of a rhino? * The suppliers of rhino are South Africa National Parks (SANParks), the rhinos are worth between 30,000 and 35,000. 3. What is different about selling to a safari company and a hunting company? 4. How does a sale to a hunting and safari company affect the economy? 5. What are the driving forces behind poaching? Asia and India * The driving forces behind poaching include: rhinos horn, Asians believe that rhinos horns are very beneficial aphrodisiac and Indians desire rhino horn daggers. 6. How would you reduce poaching? * I would impose a jail sentence of 10-15 years in prison and fine of $500,000(US). 7. How would you reduce poaching if a rhino’s horn could be cut and re-grown in six years? * I would allow for the rhino’s horn to trade...
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...1. Give 3 examples of endemic and 3 examples of an invasive species. Endemic species invasive species Blue fin tuna snakehead fish Asian elephant stink bugs Sperm whale Zebra mussels 2. Pick one species (endemic or invasive) and discuss its role in the environment. I choose an endemic species the Asian elephant. The elephants importance is that they assist with logging forests, carry heavy material, and assist as transportation. They have the ability to walk in areas where machines are unable to go, their vital role in an ecosystem is they modify the habitat that affects all other plants and animals. They provide water for other animals by digging water holes in the dry seasons (they can easily locate water underground). They make paths in the forest by pushing brush and pulling down trees and also disperse seeds of fruits by depositing them in their dung. 3. What economic impact does it have on human society? Endangerment affecting humans is due to the destruction of habitats there’s not enough food in the small forest for the elephants so they go and look for other food sources which are crops in nearby fields. Attempts were made to locate these animals but because of change in habitats they’ve raided villages and destroyed homes and crops not only do they pose a danger to human society we also pose a danger to...
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...------------------------------------------------- NATIONAL ECONOMICS UNIVERSITY ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- “Green economy and My responsibility” ------------------------------------------------- Elephant dung paper Class: Advanced Program 51 Name: Le Dieu Linh Chi Le Minh Phuong Nguyen Thu Thao Tran Huong Tra Tran Hai Yen Hanoi, October 21, 2012 ------------------------------------------------- NATIONAL ECONOMICS UNIVERSITY A PROJECT OF ELEPHANT DUNG PAPER Presented to: The English Competition “Experience and Enjoy” – “Green economy and My responsibility” Prepared by: Lê Diệu Linh Chi Chiledieulinh@gmail.com Nguyễn Thu Thảo ngthuthao91@gmail.com Trần Hải Yến tranhaiyen152@yahoo.com Lê Minh Phương lephuong1230@yahoo.com Trần Hương Trà thtra279@gmail.com October 21th, 2012 Contents I. Introduction 1 II. Content 2 1. Current situation in Vietnam 2 2. Business project 4 a. Background 4 b. Challenges and Opportunities 4 c. Process 5 d. Product 6 3. Impact evaluation 6 a. Impact on environment and ecology: 6 b. Impact on the local economy: 7 III. Conclusion 7 Abstract Green economy is the economic model that aims at sustainable development of the economy while improving social equity and...
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...imbecile rapacity blew through it all, like a whiff from some corpse. By Jove! I’ve never seen anything so unreal in my life. And outside, the silent wilderness surrounding this cleared speck on the earth struck me as something great and invincible, like evil or truth, waiting patiently for the passing away of this fantastic invasion.”(page72) This quote offers Marlow’s first impression of the Central Station. The word “ivory” seems to be something he hears all too often now that he works for this company. To them, it is far more than just the tusk of an elephant or rhinoceros; it represents an economic freedom that companies have never seen or experienced. These companies are running amuck doing as they please with no thought of how their actions affect the people or animals of Africa they simply only care about “Ivory” and its economic value. Marlow’s reference to a decaying corpse is both literal and figurative: elephants and the African people both die as a result of the European’s pursuit for ivory and the entire enterprise of the ivory trade is just rotten at the core. This is true in the cruelties and the greed that are both part of a greater evil of how money corrupts the soul of every human, instead of thinking of each other you start to be selfish and be narcissistic to the core of your humanity. I see these companies creating an “African Holocaust” as Joseph Conrad says himself. This quote is why I see the book is titled as Heart Of Darkness, the Ivory trade is routed...
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