...Body Art and Ornamentation across Cultures Sheryl Strickland ANT 101 Dr. Cynthia Livingston 08/05/2013 Body Art and Ornamentation across Cultures The skin has been a canvas for human expression for centuries. As a result, body art and ornamentation have been a source of interest among anthropologists beginning as early as the 1900’s, and gaining a strong foothold during the 1970’s. “Inscribed skin highlights an issue that has been central to anthropology since its inception: the question of boundaries between the individual and society, between societies, and between representations and experiences” (Schildkrout, 2004). Through anthropological research, we have learned that many cultures worldwide use forms of body art and ornamentation such as scarification, tattooing (permanent and nonpermanent), and piercings for a variety of reasons, ranging from ceremonial religious rituals to tribal identification purposes. The process of body art and ornamentation signifies a figurative death and rebirth that typically involves a painful experience as a means to encourage an individual’s self-discovery, as well as establishing his/her place in society. For the purpose of this paper, I will explore the various aspects of body art and ornamentation across three specific cultures- the Yoruba’s of West Africa, the Samoan’s of the Pacific Islands, and the Hindu’s of India. Throughout the history of African culture, anthropologists have noted a wide variety of body markings among African...
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...For a long time now body art and decoration has been a custom in many cultural groups. Through research we have learned about the different types of body art and ornamentation such as permanent and nonpermanent tattooing, scarification, and piercings. These forms of body art and ornamentation are done for a variety of reasons, ranging from identification purposes to religious rituals. “Skin, as a visible way of defining individual identity and cultural difference, is not only a highly elaborated preoccupation in many cultures; it is also the subject of wide-ranging and evolving scholarly discourse in the humanities and social sciences” (Schildkrout, 2004). The process of ornamentation and body art is usually a painful experience, but it is a way to signify a person’s self-discovery and their place in society. In this paper, I will explore the different aspects of body art and ornamentation in two different cultures; the Maori people of New Zealand and the Yoruba’s of West Africa and explain the cultural importance of their art. Throughout West Africa it is not uncommon to come across people that have scar stripe patterns on their cheeks. The facial stripes that they wear are not produced by paint or tattoos, like many other cultures, but only by scarification. However, in his article, Orie explains that not all of the Yoruba people have the facial stripes. Okola is a term used for describing someone whose face is scarred, it means ‘the one with facial stripes’. People that...
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...Les Demoiselles d’Avignon Artist – Pablo Picasso To compliment this discussion, background of this artist is essential. This artists’ indoctrination into the world of African masks, the Dan Tribe specifically, would revolutionize the art world at the time and has had an impact on artists and viewers to this day. The artist is Pablo Picasso. In June of 1907, Picasso visited the West African masks exhibition at the Trocadero Museum in Paris, France. As he viewed the African mask exhibition, he exclaimed: “The masks, they were not sculptures like the others. Not at all. They were magical things, intercessors… against everything, against unknown, menacing spirits”. (Walker) The influence of African masks can be noticed in a large number of Picasso’s art following this visit to the museum. Picasso’s oil painting, Les Demoiselles d’Avignon also known as The Maids of Avignon, was painted one year after his museum visit in 1907. This was the first piece of art by Picasso and validated by art critics where incorporation of the essence of an African mask was noticed. From 1907 through 1909, Picasso’s art exhibited a strong African influence. His art became more abstract and he is hailed as having begun Cubism and abstract art era by the art world. If one was to view his three self-portraits the progression of this African influence can be readily noticed. The last self-portrait was painted before his death in 1972 and resembles a Dan Tribe African Death Mask. Although...
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...Art theory 1 & History of Art and Design 1 Introduction to African Art Africa is a vast continent, with many cultures distinct from one another, so that various different styles can be identified. Sculpture While paintings and engravings are most frequently found in savanna areas, sculpture is most prevalent in the forests of West Africa, in particular the Congo Basin. Tradition is one manner in which a culture may be preserved. This is visible in a great deal of traditional African art. The preservation of one’s specific culture is a strong motivating force behind the production of African sculptures that are described as “tribal”. Because the art is meant to communicate the identity of a specific society, to promote the strength and longevity, such sculptures do not change their style very frequently. Therefore, artists work within a certain canon. This canon is determined by tradition, providing the artist with guidelines for the creation. It would, for example determine the proportions of the figure, its posture, etc. Such traditional sculptures therefore have developed a certain language: the viewer knows that certain parts mean certain things – e.g. lines on the face (scarification marks or tattoos) and the stylized hairstyle that specific society, etc. This specific language has been created over the decades, and allows the artist to communicate coherently. This coherent communication is vital, as art is intended primarily to fulfill a social function. It becomes a...
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...African art constitutes one of the most diverse legacies on earth. Though many casual observers tend to generalize African art, the continent is full of peoples, societies, and civilizations, each with a unique visual special culture. The definition also includes the art of the African Americans. Despite this diversity, there are some unifying artistic themes when considering the totality of the visual culture from the continent of Africa. The origins of African art lie long before recorded history. African art has a long and surprisingly controversial history. Up until recently, the designation African was usually only bestowed on the arts of black Africa, the peoples living in Sub-Saharan Africa. The non-black peoples of North Africa, the people of the Horn of Africa, as well as the art of ancient Egypt, generally were not included under the rubric of African art. Recently, however, there has been a movement among African art historians and other scholars to include the visual culture of these areas, since all the cultures that produced them, in fact, are located within the geographic boundaries of the African continent. The notion is that by including all African cultures and their visual culture in African art, laypersons will gain a greater understanding of the continent's cultural diversity. Since there was often a confluence of traditional African, Islamic and Mediterranean cultures, scholars have found that drawing distinct divisions between Muslim areas, ancient Egypt...
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...CLASSIFICATION, TAXONOMY, PROPAGATION, GENETIC RESERVIOUR, MANAGEMENT AND IMPORTANCE. (a) Albizia lebbeck L.(Woman’s –tongue- tree) Classification:Underexploited Fodder Plants Taxonomy. Kingdom- Plantae Subkingdom- Tracheobionta Superdivision- Spermatophyta Division- Magnoliophyta Class- Magnoliopsida Subclass -Rosidae Order- Fabales Family- Fabaceae Genus- Albizias Species -Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth. – Woman’s tongue Common names: * Swahili: Mkingu, mkungu * English: East Indian walnut, frywood, Indian siris, siristree, woman's-tongue-tree, Propagation * It is best established using potted seedlings, although bare-rooted seedlings, direct seeding and stump cuttings have all been used successfully. * Seed pretreatment involves scarification and immersion in boiling hot water then cooling and soaking for 24 hours, or acid treatment to break seed-coat dormancy. * Germination improves after storage for 2-4 years, but satisfactory germination (50-60%) has been obtained from fresh seeds. * Freshly collected seed has about 70% germination capacity after 1-2 months. * About 880 pods weigh 1 kg and will yield about 300 g of seed. Genetic Reservoir * Albizia lebbeck is indigenous to the Indian subcontinent and those areas of south East Asia with a marked dry season (e.g. northeast Thailand, the eastern islands of Indonesia) and the monsoon areas of Australia. * It has been identified widely...
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...CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Female circumcision is a traditional practice performed on girl children as part of initiation rituals into adulthood. This inquiry seeks to demystify the secretiveness surrounding this practice, seeking to establish the reasons why female circumcision remains a taboo subject. In doing so, the researcher will attempt to establish the local community’s perception of female circumcision and elucidate some of the reasons practitioners cite as benefits of female circumcision. The research focuses on Mabvuku and Tafara suburbs because there are people of different ethnic groups with varying customs and values that shape their behaviour and way of life. Mabvuku and Tafara have an unusually high concentration of people of Malawian, Mozambican and Zambian origin who migrated to seek work mostly before the Zimbabwean independence. Due to this diversity, women and girls who have undergone female circumcision were interviewed. Mabvuku is a high-density suburb some seventeen kilometres east of Harare. It is classified as a suburb or township of Harare, with the Harare City Council constituting local government. This inquiry is exploratory, descriptive and qualitative in nature, based on interviews with women who had undergone the practice in Mabvuku-Tafara. The inquiry can be termed therefore, a qualitative research done through a case study design. This research method is preferred because the researcher is exploring a subjective understanding of social reality...
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...ISSUES FOR IIM INTERVIEW PROCESS © EssaysforIIM.com 2014-15 Issues for IIM PI Process http://www.essaysforIIM.com Contents US‐CHINA ENVIRONMENT DEAL 8 OIL PRICE 9 PAYMENT BANKS 11 SHADOW BANKING 13 NBFCs 14 NEW DEFINITION OF FDI 16 REFORMS IN POWER DISTRIBUTION 16 SECURITIES LAWS (AMENDMENT) BILL 2014 18 JUVENILE JUSTICE BILL, 2014 18 HUMAN DEVELOPMENT: INTERNATIONAL COMPARISON 19 INEQUALITY 20 SOCIO‐ECONOMIC PROFILE OF STATES AND INTER‐STATE COMPARISONS 21 ASER 2013: Main Findings 23 SKILL DEVELOPMENT 24 HOW INDIA NEEDS TO FACE CLIMATE CHANGE 24 AGENDA FOR ECONOMIC REFORMS 28 INFRASTRUCTURE 30 WHY LONG‐RUN MATTERS 30 FIVE PRONGED STRATEGY TO CONTROL INFLATION 31 URJIT PATEL COMMITTEE 32 Some Major Issues in India's Merchandise Trade Sector 32 MAKE IN INDIA OPPORTUNITY 34 Make for India or Make in India – The debate begins! 37 VULNERABILITY COMPARISON OF INDIAN ECONOMY 38 PM JAN DHAN YOJANA 39 COOPERATIVE FEDERALISM 40 ZERO DEFECT, ZERO EFFECT 41 DIGITAL INDIA 42 TWO FACTOR IDENTIFICATION ISSUE 43 MINSK AGREEMENT 44 WILFUL DEFAULT 44 © EssaysforIIM.com 2014‐15 Page 1 Issues for IIM PI Process http://www.essaysforIIM.com ‘MAKE IN INDIA’ ...
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...Copyright Salman Rushdie, 1988 All rights reserved VIKING Published by the Penguin Group Viking Penguin Inc., 40 West 23rd Street, New York, New York 10010, U.S.A. Penguin Books Ltd, 27 Wrights Lane, London W8 5TZ, England Penguin Books Australia Ltd. Ringwood, Victoria, Australia Penguin Books Canada Ltd, 2801 John Street, Markham, Ontario, Canada L3R 1B4 Penguin Books (N.Z.) Ltd, 182-190, Wairau Road, Auckland ro, New Zealand Penguin Books Ltd, Registered Offices: Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England Published in 1989 by Viking Penguin Inc. For Marianne Contents I The Angel Gibreel II Mahound III Ellowen Deeowen IV Ayesha V A City Visible but Unseen VI Return to Jahilia VII The Angel Azraeel VIII The Parting of the Arabian Seas IX A Wonderful Lamp Satan, being thus confined to a vagabond, wandering, unsettled condition, is without any certain abode; for though he has, in consequence of his angelic nature, a kind of empire in the liquid waste or air, yet this is certainly part of his punishment, that he is . . . without any fixed place, or space, allowed him to rest the sole of his foot upon. Daniel Defoe, _The History of the Devil_ I The Angel Gibreel "To be born again," sang Gibreel Farishta tumbling from the heavens, "first you have to die. Hoji! Hoji! To land upon the bosomy earth, first one needs to fly. Tat-taa! Taka-thun! How to ever smile again, if first you won't cry? How to win the darling's love, mister, without a sigh? Baba, if you want to get born again...
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...1575 ESSAYS by Michel de Montaigne translated by Charles Cotton I. OF CUSTOM, AND THAT WE SHOULD NOT EASILY CHANGE A LAW RECEIVED. HE seems to have had a right and true apprehension of the power of custom, who first invented the story of a countrywoman who, having accustomed herself to play with and carry, a young calf in her arms, and daily continuing to do so as it grew up, obtained this by custom, that, when grown to be a great ox, she was still able to bear it. For, in truth, custom is a violent and treacherous schoolmistress. She, by little and little, slily and unperceived, slips in the foot of her authority, but having by this gentle and humble beginning, with the benefit of time, fixed and established it, she then unmasks a furious and tyrannic countenance, against which we have no more the courage or the power so much as to lift up our eyes. We see her, at every turn, forcing and violating the rules of nature: "Usus efficacissimus rerum omnium magister." I refer to her Plato's cave in his Republic, and the physicians, who so often submit the reasons of their art to her authority; as the story of that king, who by custom brought his stomach to that pass, as to live by poison, and the maid that Albertus reports to have lived upon spiders. In that new world of the Indies, there...
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...62118 0/nm 1/n1 2/nm 3/nm 4/nm 5/nm 6/nm 7/nm 8/nm 9/nm 1990s 0th/pt 1st/p 1th/tc 2nd/p 2th/tc 3rd/p 3th/tc 4th/pt 5th/pt 6th/pt 7th/pt 8th/pt 9th/pt 0s/pt a A AA AAA Aachen/M aardvark/SM Aaren/M Aarhus/M Aarika/M Aaron/M AB aback abacus/SM abaft Abagael/M Abagail/M abalone/SM abandoner/M abandon/LGDRS abandonment/SM abase/LGDSR abasement/S abaser/M abashed/UY abashment/MS abash/SDLG abate/DSRLG abated/U abatement/MS abater/M abattoir/SM Abba/M Abbe/M abbé/S abbess/SM Abbey/M abbey/MS Abbie/M Abbi/M Abbot/M abbot/MS Abbott/M abbr abbrev abbreviated/UA abbreviates/A abbreviate/XDSNG abbreviating/A abbreviation/M Abbye/M Abby/M ABC/M Abdel/M abdicate/NGDSX abdication/M abdomen/SM abdominal/YS abduct/DGS abduction/SM abductor/SM Abdul/M ab/DY abeam Abelard/M Abel/M Abelson/M Abe/M Aberdeen/M Abernathy/M aberrant/YS aberrational aberration/SM abet/S abetted abetting abettor/SM Abeu/M abeyance/MS abeyant Abey/M abhorred abhorrence/MS abhorrent/Y abhorrer/M abhorring abhor/S abidance/MS abide/JGSR abider/M abiding/Y Abidjan/M Abie/M Abigael/M Abigail/M Abigale/M Abilene/M ability/IMES abjection/MS abjectness/SM abject/SGPDY abjuration/SM abjuratory abjurer/M abjure/ZGSRD ablate/VGNSDX ablation/M ablative/SY ablaze abler/E ables/E ablest able/U abloom ablution/MS Ab/M ABM/S abnegate/NGSDX abnegation/M Abner/M abnormality/SM abnormal/SY aboard ...
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