...The Process of Line balancing: * Line balancing is essential for an effective product layout. * It is difficult to achieve equal work content to all stages in a process so therefore this will result in an imbalance hence a balancing loss. In the case of a line imbalance, extra resources need to be allocated to ensure the process is brought back to an efficient level of activity. With as high as possible the level of effectiveness for each stage in the process. * If a line is not properly balanced and therefore there is an imbalance the effectiveness of this is known as a balancing loss. The measure of a balancing loss is where the problem occurs of unequal allocation of work as part of the overall time needed to produce a product or service. * Perfect balancing would mean that work content is evenly allocated to each stage of the process. * The effectiveness of the balancing activity is measured by the balancing loss. * The longest stage in the process is called a bottleneck; it governs the flow of items through the whole process. Balancing Technique: * Various numbers of techniques available, must decide which is the best for the goal you are aiming for. Precedence Technique: * “This technique is a representation of the ordering of the elements which compose the total work content of the product or service” (Topic four product layout page 197) Worked Example: * Is the technique who the number of stages equal the total work content...
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...بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم Name: -------------------------------- Group:---- Level:------- Major:------------- |المملكة العربية السعودية |[pic] |KINGDOM OF SAUDI ARABIA | |وزارة التعليم العالي | |Ministry of Higher Education | |جامعة الإمام محمد بن سعود الإسلامية | |Al-Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University | |كلية علوم الحاسب والمعلومات | |College of Computer & Information Sciences | CS231: Operating Systems 1st Mid-Term Exam 2nd semester of 1430/1431 Exam Duration: 1:30H Marks: out of 20 I. Multiple choices [6 Marks, 1 for each]: 1. Which of the following is not shared by different threads of the same process? a. Global variables b. Program counter c. Open files d. None of the above 2. Which of the following process state transitions is NOT correct? a. RUNNIG to READY b. READY to RUNNIG c. WAITING to RUNNING d. WAITING to READY 3. Which of the following programming examples, multithreading provides better performance than a single-threaded solution? a. A web server that responds clients service requests b. A web browser that can process...
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...An executing instance of a program is called a process. Some operating systems use the term ‘task‘ to refer to a program that is being executed. A process is always stored in the main memory also termed as the primary memory or random access memory. Therefore, a process is termed as an active entity. It disappears if the machine is rebooted. Several process may be associated with a same program. On a multiprocessor system, multiple processes can be executed in parallel. On a uni-processor system, though true parallelism is not achieved, a process scheduling algorithm is applied and the processor is scheduled to execute each process one at a time yielding an illusion of concurrency. Example: Executing multiple instances of the ‘Calculator’ program. Each of the instances are termed as a process. Thread: A thread is a subset of the process. It is termed as a ‘lightweight process’, since it is similar to a real process but executes within the context of a process and shares the same resources allotted to the process by the kernel. Usually, a process has only one thread of control – one set of machine instructions executing at a time. A process may also be made up of multiple threads of execution that execute instructions concurrently. Multiple threads of control can exploit the true parallelism possible on multiprocessor systems. On a uni-processor system, a thread scheduling algorithm is applied and the processor is scheduled to run each thread one at a time. All...
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...| CSC 302- Principles of Operating Systems | Assignment on Multithreading | | | Stephen Nyabuti – 12S01ABT023 | Feb 2013 | 1. How multithreading works in a server Multithreading occurs when a process executing an application, is divided into threads that can run concurrently. Multithreading is useful for applications that perform a number of essentially independent tasks that do not need to be serialized. When a multithreaded application is active in a server, the events that occur take place in three phases: i. Start-up phase- requests come in and are handed to a thread for processing. ii. Work phase- in this phase multiple client requests are handled concurrently in multiple contexts. The system allocates a separate thread for each request. In response to clients’ requests for a service, the server dispatcher creates multiple threads in one server that can be assigned to various client requests simultaneously. Each thread is associated with a separate context or request to the server. This feature is useful in both conversational and RPC servers which otherwise may stay idle waiting for the client side of a conversation. iii. Completion phase- When the application is shut down or stopped, the server performs any termination processing that is necessary such as closing a resource manager. 2. Advantages and Disadvantages of implementing multithreading As user space threads * Switching threads is faster when thread management is done...
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...during their formative years. Willowbrook School Information Systems Business Case Executive Summary In response to the rapidly increasing workload generated by both the addition of the Grade 4-6 program and an unexpected jump in application requests, the Board of Directors has authorized a project to research and develop an information system capable of supporting the school’s expansion. Of immediate concern is the substantial increase in administrative and accounting activity, which is currently being administered by one full time employee with assistance from faculty as their schedules permit. The proposed system will increase productivity and allow the current organizational structure to efficiently accomplish daily operations and activities until the school is in a position to increase the administrative staff and fund the remaining system requirements. The new system will automate current processes by eliminating the paper and manual processes, which are both inefficient and time-consuming. Furthermore, the proposed database will allow staff to quickly retrieve compiled data in order to make informed decisions regarding enrollment, bookkeeping, scheduling and student status. Recommendation Initially, the new system must track and process scheduling, after care hours and attendance, tuition payments and invoicing. As the program expands and funding permits, the system will incorporate scheduling, full spreadsheet functionality and report generation. Phase I of...
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...Scheduling (when to do the job) is the process by which all resources needed for specific jobs are allocated, coordinated, and synchronized at the proper time and place, with necessary access, so that work can be executed with minimal delay and completed by the agreed upon date, within budget estimates. The schedule establishes when jobs will be done and what resources can best be applied to their performance. Resources include manpower, materials, tools and special equipment. Access refers to when the equipment will be prepared and accessible so that it can be worked on in safe (locked out/tagged out) condition, with necessary precautions taken, permits obtained, and any specialized documentation, drawings, or information in hand. Proper time relates to job start, duration of execution, and completion within the time frame agreed upon with the internal customer during the weekly coordination meeting. The Weekly Expectation Scheduling is the locus from which all maintenance activity is executed. Scheduling should be viewed as the “point” function and “marketing arm” of the system because it yields the earliest tangible results (often within weeks of start up). All individuals and groups perform better and accomplish more with clearly established, communicated and published expectations. When the maintenance function is managed without a weekly schedule, there are no specific expectations as to what is to be accomplished with the resources for which payroll checks will be...
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...|To: |Positrol Workholding | |From: | | |CC: | | |Date: | | |Re: |Job Process Scheduling | | | | Introduction The difference in the job process scheduling will be measured based on table 1 that was given. We are comparing the differences between First Come, First Served (FCFS), Shortest Operating Time (SOT) and Earliest Due Date (EDD) to find which sequencing rule may work the best. Highlights Lateness: The findings (SOT) had the best average of lateness (-3.8), but would still have 3 jobs come up short. On the other hand (EDD) had a slightly lower average at (-2.1), but had no jobs arrive late. With that being said both of these alternative had better averages than the (FCFS) method that positrol workholding is currently using. Jobs: To have the best efficiency and make sure the customers are happy, most jobs should be completed on time which is not the case for the methods (FCFS) and (SOT). They both would have 3 late jobs, whereas (EDD) method would have 0 late jobs, meaning they would all be completed on time. Flow Time: The last...
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...Gulati, and Gupta. Various factors such as Educational Qualification, Work Experience, Socializing and many other factors have been taken into consideration. I hope the analysis I have done satisfies your concerns. Regards. Committee Member 2 Executive Summary : Mr. Ashok, who is in charge of the General Shift at Sparkling Glass Limited , is going to retire after few months. He has been responsible not only to do the basic routine work but also manage the Production Planning, Scheduling and Costing work. Therefore, the company needs to appoint someone on his behalf. Four people have taken into consideration for the post :1. 2. 3. 4. Khanna. Panjabi. Gupta. Gulati. The analysis talks about which persons fits best for the job on analyzing on Educational Qualification, Experience, Knowledge on Planning & Management , and Social Quality and Unions. After analyzing, Mr. Gupta seems fit to be promoted because he is qualified as a Glass technologist, manages the Production Planning, Costing and Scheduling work, had maintained a relationship with the workers which was adequate enough 3 TABLE OF CONTENT Sl. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Content Situation Analysis Problem Statement Options Available Criteria For Evaluation Evaluation of Options Recommendation Action Plan Page 5 6 6 6 7-8 8 8 4 1. Situation Analysis : The committee has examined all the four candidates resume. While evaluating them the members...
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...CPU SCHEDULINGCPU scheduling in UNIX is designed to benefit interactive processes. Processes are given small CPU time slices by a priority algorithm that reduces to round-robin scheduling for CPU-bound jobs.The scheduler on UNIX system belongs to the general class of operating system schedulers known as round robin with multilevel feedback which means that the kernel allocates the CPU time to a process for small time slice, preempts a process that exceeds its time slice and feed it back into one of several priority queues. A process may need much iteration through the "feedback loop" before it finishes. When kernel does a context switch and restores the context of a process. The process resumes execution from the point where it had been suspended.Each process table entry contains a priority field. There is a process table for each process which contains a priority field for process scheduling. The priority of a process is lower if they have recently used the CPU and vice versa.The more CPU time a process accumulates, the lower (more positive) its priority becomes, and vice versa, so there is negative feedback in CPU scheduling and it is difficult for a single process to take all the CPU time. Process aging is employed to prevent starvation.Older UNIX systems used a 1-second quantum for the round- robin scheduling. 4.33SD reschedules processes every 0.1 second and recomputed priorities every second. The round-robin scheduling is accomplished by the -time-out mechanism, which tells...
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...Job Satisfaction I tend to agree with a lot of the statements in this article. I especially like the part where the one nurse wrote, “Please take the busyness of patients into account when scheduling.” This finding corresponds with Oermann and Moffitt-Wolf’s (1997) observation that new graduates experienced stress during orientation due to lack of experience, lack of organizational skills, and new situations. (Halfer & Graf, 2006) The inability to handle the intense working environment, advanced technology, and high patient acuity results in new graduate nurse turnover rates of 35% to 60%. All of this occurs within the first year of employment. Turnover has an inverse relationship to job satisfaction. As job satisfaction increases turnover decreases. Many factors influence the satisfaction of new graduates. (Halfer & Graf, 2006) New graduate nurses are leaving their current positions at an alarmingly higher rate than experienced nurses (Patterson, 2009) I do believe things can be done to change these issues. I feel it is important, though it is not always practical to involve the new staff in the scheduling process and, as the article states, include as a “Team scheduling” process, rather than a “self scheduling”. This may make more people feel involved, and although it may not solve all of the issues, such as weekends or holidays, it may be a small change that will improve job satisfaction. I wish they had something like this on the unit I work on. We...
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...both the applications delivered as services over the internet and the hardware and system software in the data centers that provide those services [2]. OR type of parallel and distributed system consisting of a collection of interconnected and virtualized computers that are dynamically provisioned and presented as one or more unified computing resources [3].Cloud computing purely relies on the fact that sharing computing resources rather to have applications on local servers or devices if resources are not equally distributed then this will result in resource wastage. The cloud computing platform guarantees subscribers that it sticks to the service level agreement (SLA) by providing resources as service and by needs based on the broker policy[4]. So in order to get maximum benefit from cloud computing there is need to dynamically balance the load among servers and improve utilization of resources. There are still some areas that are needed to be focused on in cloud computing. Resource Management Task Scheduling The task scheduling goals of Cloud computing is provide optimal tasks scheduling for users, and provide the entire cloud system throughput and QoS at the same time. Scheduling is the process of allocating tasks to available resources on the basis of tasks need [5].The main purpose for scheduling is to maximize the utilization of resources. Following are the needs of job scheduling in cloud computing: CPU utilization – keep the CPU as busy as possible (from 0%...
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...Flow 7 Opening Statement 9 Step-by-Step Walkthrough 10 Segment #1: Scaling-Up Windows Azure Applications using a Single Instance 10 Segment #2: Scaling-Out Windows Azure Applications using Multiple instances 17 Summary 24 * Overview This demo highlights how to scale-up Web Applications on Windows Azure, using the .NET Task Parallel Library (TPL) classes from .NET Framework 4.0. This library efficiently utilizes multiple processors within Windows Azure roles, where the size of the Virtual Machine instance is greater than Small (i.e. where there are multiple processors available). Additionally, the demo shows how to scale-out applications taking advantage of Technical Computing across multiple role instances, using a Job scheduling algorithm. The work is distributed to all the available instances, maximizing the CPU processing of each. Travelling Salesman demo is using a “genetic” algorithm to quickly solve the problem that would ordinarily require very many conventional interactions to solve. The problem and its real–life applications are widely documented (for example, see http://www.tsp.gatech.edu/index.html). The algorithm used in this demo was taken from http://www.heatonresearch.com/online/introduction–neural–networks–cs–edition–2/chapter–6 which explains that the number of steps to solve a problem with N cities is N! (N factorial) (N * (N–1) * (N–2) *… * 2 * 1): Number of Cities | Number of Steps | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 6 | 4 | 24 | 5 | 120 | ...
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...US006785889B1 (12) United States Patent Williams (10) Patent N0.: US 6 9 785 9 889 B1 (45) Date of Patent: Aug. 31, 2004 (54) SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR SCHEDULING BANDWIDTH RESOURCES USINGA KALMAN ESTIMATOR WITH ACTIVE FEEDBACK 6,003,062 A * 12/1999 Greenberg et a1. ........ .. 709/104 6,105,053 A * 6,189,022 B1 * 6,263,358 B1 * 8/2000 Kimmel et a1. ..... .. 2/2001 Binns ............. .. 7/2001 Lee et a1. .... .. 709/105 709/100 .. 709/100 Inventor: Peter Williams, * Cited examiner (73) Assignee: Aurema, Inc., Cupertino, CA (US) _ _ _ _ Primary Examiner—Jack B. Harvey ( * ) Notice: SubJect to any disclaimer,~ the term of this Patent 15 extended or adlusted under 35 U'S'C' 154(k)) by 816 days‘ Assistant Examiner_Hai V_ Nguyen (74) Attorney, Agent, or Firm—Michael Hetherington; Nick Ulman; Woodside IP Group (21) Appl. N0.: 09/596,026 (22) Filed: (51) Int C17 (52) U ' ' (57) G06F 9/00 709040 ’ ’ 718/106’ ABSTRACT Jun. 15, 2000 A community of collaborative software agents Works together in a domain to provide functionality such as pro vision of communications services or control of a chemical process. A scheduler is built into each collaborative agent Ci """""""""""" ' """"""""""" " (58) (56) Field of Search """"""""" ’ 709/104 229 718/104; 106’ ’ Which schedules tasks allocated to that particular agent and tasks sub-allocated by the agent. The scheduler has a mecha nism for over-booking...
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...CPU burst will end will a system request to terminate the execution. * The CPU burst durations vary from process to process and computer to computer. * An I/O bound program has many very short CPU bursts. * A CPU bound program might have a few very long CPU bursts. Histogram of CPU-burst Times Types of Scheduling * The key to the multiprogramming is scheduling. There are four types of scheduling that an OS has to perform. These are: * Long Term scheduling * The long term scheduling determines which programs are admitted to the system for processing. Thus, it controls the level of multiprogramming. * Once admitted, a job or a user program becomes a process and is added to the queue for the short term scheduling (in some cases added to a queue for medium term scheduling). * Long term scheduling is performed when a new process is created. * The criteria used for long-term scheduling may include first-come-first serve, priority, expected execution time, and I/O requirements. * Medium-Term Scheduling * The medium-term scheduling is a part of swapping function. This is a decision to add a process to those that are at least partially in main memory and therefore available for execution. * The swapping-in decision is made on the need to manage the degree of multiprogramming and the memory requirements of the swapped-out process. * Short-Term Scheduling * A decision of...
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...Homework #2 43. Measurements of a certain system have shown that the average process runs for a time T before blocking on I/O. A process switch requires a time S, which is effectively wasted (overhead). For round-robin scheduling with quantum Q, give a formula for the CPU efficiency for each of the following: a. Q=∞ Answer: No involuntary context switches will occur. Each process will pay 1 context switch per CPU burst. Efficiency=TT+S b. Q>T Answer: As long as the quantum Q is larger than T, then no involuntary context switches will occur. Efficiency=TT+S c. S<Q<T Answer: Efficiency=QQ+S d. Q=S Answer: Efficiency=QQ+S=Q=50% e. Q nearly 0 Answer: Efficiency=0% 44. Five jobs are waiting to be run. Their expected run times are 9, 6, 3, 5, and X. In what order should they be run to minimize average response time? (Your answer will depend on X.) Answer: For X, 3, 5, 6, 9 order: 0<X≤3 For 3, X, 5, 6, 9 order: 3<X≤5 For 3, 5, X, 6, 9 order: 5<X≤6 For 3, 5, 6, X, 9 order: 6<X≤9 For 3, 5, 6, 9, X order: 9<X 45. Five batch jobs. A through E, arrive at a computer center at almost the same time. They have estimated running times of 10, 6, 2, 4, and 8 minutes. Their (externally determined) priorities are 3, 5, 2, 1, and 4, respectively, with 5 being the highest priority. For each of the following scheduling algorithms, determine the mean process turnaround time. Ignore process switching overhead...
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