...INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY A Model Theory for Generic Schema Management Models Kinan M Al Haffar UM4699SIT10550D 07/08/2007 Abstract The core of a model theory for generic schema management is developed. This theory has two distinctive features: it applies to a variety of categories of schemas, and it applies to transformations of both the schema structure and its integrity constraints. A subtle problem of schema integration is considered in its general form, not bound to any particular category of schemas. The proposed solution, as well as the overall theory, is based entirely on schema morphisms that carry both structural and semantic properties. Duality results that apply to the two levels (i.e., the schema and the data levels) are established. These results lead to the main contribution of this paper: a formal schema and data management framework for generic schema management. Implications of this theory are established that apply to integrity problems in schema integration. The theory is illustrated by a particular category of schemas with object-oriented features along with typical database integrity constraints. 1 Introduction This paper presents the core results of a model theory for generic schema management, by which we mean schema and database transformation capabilities that are independent of a particular data model. Such transformations require major database programming tasks, such as integrating source schemas when building a data warehouse or...
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...Gender Schema theory – Martin and HalversonOutline (AO1) 8 marks Gender Schema theory (GST) suggests that children learn about gender appropriate behaviour before gender consistency is achieved. The theory assumes that once a child has reached the gender identity stage at the age of 2-3 years. They start to accumulate knowledge about the sexes and order this information in the gender schema. Gender schemas are organised clusters of information about gender appropriate behaviours, attitudes and society’s explanations of each gender. This information is sorted so that it is relevant to their own gender, (the in group) and which is relevant for opposite gender (the out group). The children develop gender schemas by interacting with people and thus learning what toys, clothes and behaviour that are appropriate for each gender. Gender schema theory also suggests that children evaluate their own group positively and the out group negatively. This motivates them to be more like their own group and avoid behaviours of the other group. Children then start to imitate and display behaviours appropriate for their own sex. The theory assumes, once a child has developed a gender schema, they will show preference for the same sex play mates, gender stereotypes activities and actively ignore the other gender. GST also suggests that children ignore information that is inconsistent with their gender schema and therefore holds fixed attitudes about gender. Outline (AO1) 8 marks Gender Schema...
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...When hearing the word schema people would not be able to explain what it means, and not realize that they use it in their everyday life. However it’s simple, schema is a concept that helps organize and interpret information. Schemas can be useful, because they allow us to take shortcuts in understanding a large amount of information. However, the concept can also cause us to reject relevant information in favor of information that confirms our pre-existing beliefs and ideas. Schemas can contribute to stereotypes and make it difficult to recall new information. So in order to understand schemas and the effects it has on a person’s life I formed a small case study. To start with, when starting the project, I first asked 10 participants who are in my family as well as my friends to help me in a project for psychology. Secondly I told the participants “I’m going to recite 12 words to you and show you those words at the same time.” The words were: Rest, Tired, Awake, Dream, Snore, Bed, Eat, Slumber, Sound, Comfort, Wake, and Night. After reciting the words I asked each participants what their name, age, and occupation was and when I went back to the list of words it seemed as all the words I recited to them didn’t matter, since they were more focused on the series of questions I asked 30 seconds after reciting the words. Next, I had asked the participants to write all the words they could remember within two minutes, but almost all ten participants had given up within a minute, since...
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...CLA IA HL Psychology Does Schema Theory effect memory encoding? Introduction: Memory can be defined as the process of reproducing and recalling information from something that has been learned before. (W. Matlin) There are two main types of memory storages, short term storage and long term memory storage. Short term memory is usually described as the recollection of information that happened recently, while long term memory is something that can retain and stay in your brain for long periods of times. (Zimmermann, 2014) Schemas are mental saving devices, they are plans for action and frameworks for thinking. Schemas originally are used and serve as a window through which we perceive the way the world is. They are hierarchies of knowledge and provide us with all sort of different information. They allow us to navigate ourselves in a complex world through this pre-existing rules and guides for action and thought. (Bryan). A study conducted by (Bartlett, 1932) “War of the Ghosts” was aimed to investigate the effects of schemas on human memory. In the method the participants were asked to read a story about an American tale where people were hunting seals in Canoes. The participants’ memory was tested and investigated by repeated reproduction and serial reproduction. In serial reproduction, the first participant would read the original story and then rewrite what they remember about it. The first participant’s reproduction would then be read by the second participant...
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...Adams' two-stage theory and Schmidt's schema theory are different and similar in several ways including the following: • Both require two states of memory however the two types required are different. For example, apply Adam's-two stage theory to baseball in that pitching is the task. In Adams'-two stage theory the brain has all of the information needed to pitch the ball therefore it tells the pitcher to pitch the ball. However, in Schmidt's schema theory that same action is sent with several factors added such as conditions. In Schmidt's schema theory that same action would need to take into account (all at once) is it raining or windy, is the batter left or right handed. In addition, Schmidt's schema theory takes into consideration...
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...locations about there interpretation of self, you would get several different answers. Yes there may be multiple answers, however, it does not mean that any of the answers are incorrect. As a matter of fact, each person will come up with their own self based of their own train of thought. This concept leads to another inquiry, which is of “how many self's” exist. Automatically, your instinct confirms that there is more than one; considering we all view the interpersonal self, body self, the societal self, and inner self. The way that others see you doesn't necessarily mean this is the way you may consider yourself in the same way, this is what can be referred to as self-recognized self identity. There are several terms that follow this theory. One example would be the spotlight effect. This is the state of mind that places ones mind at the center of the universe. This cause people to assume that others see themselves in the same light. Illusion of transparency is another example. Illusion of transparency states that we view our ideas in the same light as everyone around us. As a result, people tend to overestimate the extent to which their internal sensations leak out and are apparent to others. This is refereed to as the illusion of transparency (Gilovich, Savitsky, &...
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...Describe and evaluate the gender schema theory of gender development. Martin and Halverson believe that gender identity is gained around the age two-three. They also stated that when children realise that they are either a boy or girl they split themselves into two groups, their gender group being the ‘in-group’ and the opposite sex group is the ‘out-group’. The children then actively seek out how members of their group should behave (toys, games, activities) and ignore those that do not relate to their group, for example a young boy would completely ignore a girl’s toy and may avoid anything perceived to be ‘girly’. This leads them to form schemas and their environment, peers and parents helps them to develop these which become more complex over time. Gender schemas help us to understand why children’s beliefs and attitudes about sex roles are so rigid, for example children may ignore behaviours which go against gender schemas e.g. female fire fighters or male nurses. Studies that support this have shown that when young children watch films which depict contradicting gender role behaviours, they tune them out. A study that goes against Martin and Halverson’s theory of gender development is Campbell’s study (2000). Although Martin and Halverson believe that gender identity is gained earlier than what Kohlberg thought, Campbell has proof that children develop gender schemas even earlier than ages 2-3. His study was with children of three months, nine months and eighteen...
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...which is a reflection of a person and their different roles interactions with others. A person’s personality, characteristics, appearances, and social qualities is what makes you, it creates a difficult person of knowing and understanding the real you is not so easy. Finally, this image was created in many ways; however, it is influenced by our interactions with significant people in our lives (Cherry, 2013). Each person self consists of characteristic and personality traits distinguish us from other people. The relational of self is having personal relationships with your husband, wife, mother, father, sister, and brother. Self-concept represents the person I am or the person I have become. Self-concept is also made up as one self schema, which works together with self-esteem, self knowledge and the social self from the self as a whole. This includes the past, present, and future self. It represents each person principles of what they might become, what they would like to become, or why they are afraid of trying. As we go through life things are going to change or getting ready to change. There are some changes that are beyond our control,...
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...Course - Business Objects XI R2/R3 | Session - 1 1. Introduction to Data ware house concepts like 2. Data Mart 3. Star Schema 4. Snow Flake Schema 5. Data Stages 6. Introduction to Business Objects Modules 7. Architecture 8. Introduction to Administrator Module - CMC (part I) 9. Creating Groups 10. Creating Users 11. Discussing about different kinds of Users 12. Setting up the Security setting for users 13. Importing and exporting the Groups and Users 14. Moving, Deleting and Removing users 15. Enabling and Disabling the resources and users 16. Resetting the password Session 2 1. Introduction to Designer Module (part I) 2. Creating connections 3. Discussing about different kinds of connections 4. Inserting a table 5. Joining the tables 6. Creating Classes 7. Creating simple Objects and complex objects with condition, filter, prompts 8. Discussing about different kinds of objects 9. Detecting cardinalities and loops 10. Removing and arranging tables 11. Deleting and modifying joins 12. Modifying classes and objects 13. Modifying the parameters 14. Saving the universe Session 3 1. Introduction to Designer Module (part II) 2. Modifying LOV files 3. Solving loops 4. Creating alias and context 5. Creating Hierarchical objects 6. Creating and using Aggregate awareness Objects 7. Linking Universes 8. Exporting and importing the universes 9. Saving universe for all users 10. Migrating universe Session 4...
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...An Extended Entity-Relationship Model for Geographic Applications * Thanasis Hadzilacos Computer Technology Institute, University of Patras Box 1122, GR-26110, Patras, Greece thh@cti.gr Nectaria Tryfona National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis Univ. of Maine, Orono, ME 04469-5711, U.S.A nectaria@spatial.maine.edu Abstract. A special-purpose extension of the EntityRelationship model for the needs of conceptual modeling of geographic applications, called the Geo-ER Model, is presented. Handling properties associated to objects not because of the objects’ nature but because of the objects’ position, calls for dealing -at the semantic modeling levelwith space, location and dimensionality of objects, spatial relationships, space-depending attributes, and scale and generalization of representations. In order to accomplish this in the framework of ER and its derivatives, we introduce special entity sets, relationships, and add new constructs. The rationale as well as examples of usage of the Geo-ER model from actual projects are presented. 1. Introduction Is everybody special or are we all alike? Should we develop applications according to a special methodology for each class of applications, such as medical, business process and geographic, or should we use a single blanket approach for all? Personal preferences and philosophical discussions aside, it does seem that the general purpose side has won most battles in computer science, from hardware to programming languages...
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...SCHEMATA A schema (pl. schemata or schemas), is a mental structure that represents some aspect of the world. People use schemata to organize current knowledge and provide a framework for future understanding. Schemata influence our attention, as we are more likely to notice things that fit into our schema. If something contradicts our schema, it may be encoded or interpreted as an exception or as unique. Thus, schemata are prone to distortion. They influence what we look for in a situation. They have a tendency to remain unchanged, even in the face of contradictory information. We are inclined to place people who do not fit our schema in a "special" or "different" category, rather than to consider the possibility that our schema may be faulty. As a result of schemata, we might act in such a way that actually causes our expectations to come true. Schemata can influence and hamper the uptake of new information (proactive interference), such as when existing stereotypes, giving rise to limited or biased discourses and expectations (prejudices), may lead an individual to "see" or "remember" something that has not happened because it is more believable in terms of his/her schema. For example, if a well-dressed businessman draws a knife on a vagrant, the schemata of onlookers may (and often do) lead them to "remember" the vagrant pulling the knife. Such distortion of memory has been demonstrated. A schema for oneself is called a "self schema". Schemata for other people are called...
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...Practices Know Where to Go for More Information QlikView is not SQL (SQL Schemas) SQL take a large schema and queries a subset of tables. Each query creates a temporary “Schema” of only a few tables. Query result sets are independent of each other. Query 1 Query 2 QlikView is not SQL (QV Schemas) QlikView builds a smaller and more reporting friendly schema from the transactional database. This schema is persistent and reacts as a whole to user “queries”. A selection affects the entire schema. QlikView is not SQL (Aggregation and Granularity) Store Table Store A B SqrFootage 1000 800 Sales Table Store A A A B B Prod 1 2 3 1 2 Price $1.25 $0.75 $2.50 $1.25 $0.75 Date 1/1/2006 1/2/2006 1/3/2006 1/4/2006 1/5/2006 Select * From Store, Sales Where Store.Store = Sales.Store will return: SqrFootage 1000 1000 1000 800 800 Store A A A B B Prod 1 2 3 1 2 Price $1.25 $0.75 $2.50 $1.25 $0.75 Date 1/1/2006 1/1/2006 1/1/2006 1/1/2006 1/1/2006 Sum(SqrFootage) will return: 4600 If you want the accurate Sum of SqrFootage in SQL you can not join on the Sales table in the same Query! QlikView is not SQL (Benefits) • QlikView allows you to see the results of a selection across the entire schema not just a limited subset of tables. QlikView is not SQL (Benefits) • QlikView allows you to see the results of a selection across the entire schema not just a limited subset of tables. QlikView will aggregate at the lowest level...
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...Dealing with Missing Information in a Data Warehouse Today businesses are investing many resources in building data warehouses and data marts to obtain timely and actionable information that will give them better business insight. This will enable them to achieve, among other things, sustainable competitive advantage, increased revenues and a better bottom line. In the early '90s, data warehousing applications were either strategic or tactical in nature. Trending and detecting patterns was the typical focus of many solutions. Now, companies are implementing data warehouses or operational data stores which meet both strategic and operational needs. The business need for these solutions usually comes from the desire to make near real-time actions in a constantly changing environment while receiving information from both internal as well as external source systems. Dealing with missing or unknown data is critical in these types of environments. Unknowns skew metrics and results to produce incorrect decisions. Knowledge of the unknown allows at least for further examination of any conclusions drawn from incomplete data. Furthermore, in a well-designed business intelligence environment, these unknowns are often resolved later as data that is more complete is entered into the operational systems. Irrespective of the nature of the applications, missing information has always been a problem for data warehouses. As business intelligence environments become more mature, real time and...
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...RYERSON UNIVERSITY Ted Rogers School of Information Technology Management And G. Raymond Chang School of Continuing Education COURSE OF STUDY 2013-2014 (C)ITM 500 – Data and Information Management 1.0 PREREQUISITE The prerequisite for this course is [(C)ITM100 and (C)ITM207] or (C)ITM 305. Students who do not have the prerequisite will be dropped from the course. 2.0 INSTRUCTOR INFORMATION • • • • • Name: Office Phone Number: E-mail address: Faculty/course web site(s): https://my.ryerson.ca Office Location & Consultation hours: • Your instructor is available for personal consultation during scheduled consultation hours which are posted on their office door or on the course Blackboard site. However, you are advised to make an appointment by e-mail or by telephone before coming to ensure that the professor is not unavoidably absent. • E-mail Usage & Limits: Students are expected to monitor and retrieve messages and information issued to them by the University via Ryerson online systems on a frequent and consistent basis. Ryerson requires that any official or formal electronic communications from students be sent from their official Ryerson Email account. As such emails from other addresses may not be responded to. 3.0 CALENDAR COURSE DESCRIPTION This course provides the students with an introduction to the core concepts in data and information management. It is centered around conceptual data modeling techniques, converting the conceptual data models into relational...
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...The Importance of Data Warehousing Brenda L Bach The Digital Firm and Business Communications/BU 204-8A November 15, 2014 Ron Rosalik Kenneth and Jane Laudon state that a data warehouse is a database that stores current and historical data that can be of potential interest to decision makers throughout the corporation (Laudon, 2011. p.225). They go on to explain that the data can originate from many core operational transaction systems and could include data from Web site transactions (Laudon, 2011 p.225). Data warehouse extract current along with historical data from all operational systems within an organization. The data warehouse makes the data it collects and stores available to anyone and can be accessed and viewed as needed but cannot be altered in any manner. These data warehouses also provide a large range of ad hoc as well as analytical tools and graphical reports that represent the data. Companies often build enterprise data warehouses and either uses a central data warehouse or a smaller decentralized warehouse called a data mart to preserve the data they collect through its many sources. A data mart is a subset of a data warehouse that summarizes on a highly focused portion of the organization’s data and is placed within a separate data based for a very specific population of users. For example, a car dealer that deals with car sales as well as service may use a data mart to develop marketing and sales data that are specifically focused on the data of the...
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