...(BA1401) Introduction to Statistics Prepare answers for the following questions to be discussed in class: Distinguish Between a Population and a Sample 1. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question. Identify the population and the sample. a. A survey of 1378 American households found that 27% of the households own a computer. Population – responses of all American households. Sample – responses of 1378 American Households in the survey. The sample is a subset of the responses of all American Households. b. When 1094 American households were surveyed, it was found that 67% of them owned two cars. Population – responses of all American households. Sample – responses of 1094 American Households in the survey. The sample is a subset of the responses of all American Households. c. A survey of 2625 elementary school children found that 28% of the children could be classified as obese. Population – responses of all elementary school children. Sample – consists of responses of 2625 elementary school children in the survey. The sample is a subset of the responses of all elementary school children. Distinguish Between a Parameter and a Statistic 2. Determine whether the numerical value is a parameter or a statistic. Explain your reasoning. a. A recent survey by the alumni of a major university indicated that the average salary of 10,500 of its 175,000 graduates was $95,000. Sample statistic (the average salary of...
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...CHAPTER TWO DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS: TABULAR AND GRAPHICAL METHODS CHAPTER OUTLINE AND REVIEW In Chapter 1, you were introduced to the concept of statistics and in exercise *6 of that chapter you were given a frequency distribution of the ages of 180 students at a local college, but you were not told how this frequency distribution was formulated. In Chapter 2 of your text, you were informed how such frequency distributions could be formulated and were introduced to several tabular and graphical procedures for summarizing data. Furthermore, you were shown how crosstabulations and scatter diagrams can be used to summarize data for two variables simultaneously. The terms that you should have learned from this chapter include: A. Qualitative Data: Data that are measured by either nominal or ordinal scales of measurement. Each value serves as a name or label for identifying an item. B. Quantitative Data: Data that are measured by interval or ratio scales of measurement. Quantitative data are numerical values on which mathematical operations can be performed. C. Bar Graph: A graphical method of presenting qualitative data that have been summarized in a frequency distribution or a relative frequency distribution. D. Pie Chart: A graphical device for presenting qualitative data by subdividing a circle into sectors that correspond to the relative frequency of each class. 23 24 Chapter Two E. Frequency Distribution: ...
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...implied population. A recent report on the weekly news presented the findings of a study on the effectiveness of Onglyza, along with diet and exercise, for treating diabetes. Implied population is people with diabetes. 2. In the following scenario identify the type of statistical study that was conducted. A Gallop poll surveyed 1,018 adults by telephone, and 22% of them reported that they smoked cigarettes within the past week. Polls are an Observational type of study as they do not try to sway the numbers. Statistical stats are gathered to measure ‘variables of interest’. 3. In the following scenario what is the statistic and the parameter it would estimate. A recent study of 460 drivers age 70 and over by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration reported that 75% of those drivers had uncorrected vision problems. The statistic is the 75% of drivers in the study of 460 drivers that have uncorrected vision problems. The parameter is drivers age 70 and over. 4. What type of sampling procedure...
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...= y) n ∑ Pr(X = xj , Y = yi) = Pr(X = xj) i=1 n ∑ Pr(Y = yi) = 1 i=1 (b) E(X) = (-10)(.40) + (0)(.05) + (10)(.55) = 1.5 E(Y) = (0)(.75) + (1)(.25) = 0.25 Var(X) = (-10 – 1.5)2(.40) + (0 – 1.5)2(.05) + (10 – 1.5)2(.55) = 92.75 Var(Y) = (0 - .25)2(.75) + (1 - .25)2(.25) = 0.1875 To decide whether or not to take the bet, remember that X is the random variable denoting your winnings. Since E(X) = 1.5 > 0, you should take the bet (unless you are very risk averse, and will not take even a better than fair bet). (c) The conditional expectation of your winnings if your friend does study is: E(X | Y = 1) = (-10)Pr(X = -10 | Y = 1) + (0)Pr(X = 0 | Y = 1) + (10)Pr(X = 10 | Y = 1) = (-10)( .175) + (0)( .0125 ) + (10)( .0625 ) = -7 + 0 + 2.5 = -4.5 .25 .25 .25 The conditional expectation of your winnings if your friend does not study is: E(X | Y = 1) = (-10)Pr(X = -10 | Y = 0) + (0)Pr(X = 0 | Y = 0) + (10)Pr(X = 10 | Y = 0) = (-10)( .225) + (0)( .0375 ) + (10)( .4875 ) = -3 + 0 + 6.5 = 3.5 .75 .75 .75 2. (S & W 2.18) (a) The mean of is (Note that this is the population mean) The variance of is so the standard deviation of Y is (b) (i) the sample mean. Since Yi is an i.i.d. random variable, the expected value of Y bar is equal to the population mean from part (a)...
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...as: a. Fact b. Providing justifications for criminal behavior c. Useful for making sense of otherwise isolated, seemingly random facts d. Useful in locating the one key that will explain all criminological behavior 2. The view that criminal behavior is ultimately driven by supernatural forces is known as: a. Classicalism b. Demonology c. Marxism d. Victimology 3. "Women accused of witchcraft were tied up and thrown in the water. If they survived, they were innocent." This type of practice is known as: a. Capital punishment b. Neoclassicalism c. Torture d. Trial by ordeal 4. The earliest theories of crime causation were: a. Demonological b. Ecological c. Economic d. Classical 5. Beccaria's work can be summarized as arguing that: a. Crime is the result of forces outside of an individual's control. b. Capitalism is at the root of most crimes. c. The punishment should fit the crime. d. Crime rates are related to geography. 6. Jeremy Bentham advocated for "the greatest happiness shared by the greatest number." The term that refers to this approach is: a. Demonism b. Ecological determinism c. Marxism d. Utilitarianism 7. Which of the following theoretical perspectives is based on the premise that human behavior is primarily hedonistic in nature? a. Classicalism/Neoclassicalism b. Demonism c. Ecological determinism d. Marxism 8. Which of the following would an adherent of the neoclassical school propose? a. Three strikes legislation b. Social reform ...
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...to use social networking sites compared to our parent’s generation? A. Teens today feel like they need to belong to a social networking site in order to fit in at school, and outside of school B. Today’s teens chat through social networking sites when not in school, they might feel the need to use the internet, or a social networking site to talk. 2. Why did my parents not use social networking sites? A. My parents nor most parents from the 70’s had the means to use the internet B. Computers in the 70’s and in earlier decades were hard to come by 3. How many people today use the internet, and social networking sites? A. Statistics show today that 58% of people in America use the internet or other social networking sites. Social Networking Today I feel today’s teen’s think that it is necessary to belong to some form of a social networking site. When I was a teenager I felt that need as well. I felt out of place till I finally got a Myspace my freshman year in high school. 90% percent of today’s teens have used, and do use a social networking site (All Twitter pg. 1). Today’s teens and my generation around early twenty’s either have a Facebook, Twitter, or Instagram account. Teens begin getting these accounts more, and more throughout middle school through their high school years. My parent’s generation did not have access to the internet or even computers, therefore, they couldn’t belong to any social networking sites. Most people in the...
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...benefit from this information on these new diabetic treatments. 2. In the following scenario identify the type of statistical study that was conducted. A Gallop poll surveyed 1,018 adults by telephone, and 22% of them reported that they smoked cigarettes within the past week. * I would say that this would be an observational study because the characteristics of this population were being observed and the sample population in the study were in no way influenced by the researcher. They were solely asked to answer the question and their answers were not manipulated. 3. In the following scenario what is the statistic and the parameter it would estimate. A recent study of 460 drivers age 70 and over by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration reported that 75% of those drivers had uncorrected vision problems. * The reported statistic would be 75% of the 460 drivers age 70 and over. Which would be a total of 345 drivers age 70 or older that had uncorrected vision problems. * The parameter would be the total population of drivers age 70 and over the have uncorrected vision problems. 4. What type of sampling procedure was used to collect the data in the MM207 Student Data Set? - I think that this would be a convenience sample because it is using the population of college students in the sampling. This is a total of 175 Kaplan...
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...was conducted. A Gallop poll surveyed 1,018 adults by telephone, and 22% of them reported that they smoked cigarettes within the past week. Answer: An observational study because the sample population that was studied was not influenced by the researcher themselves, & it involved research in work to do. 3. In the following scenario what is the statistic and the parameter it would estimate. A recent study of 460 drivers age 70 and over by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration reported that 75% of those drivers had uncorrected vision problems. Answer: The report of the ‘traffic safety administration’ reported that 75% (345 people) was the reported statistic from the 460 drivers of 70 or older drivers. I feel the assumed parameter would be the population of drivers that had uncorrected vision that were 70 years old or older. 4. What type of sampling procedure was used to collect the data in the MM207 Student Data Set? Answer: The sampling procedure used, believe was the ‘Conveyance’ sampling because this was a population which was readily available. STATISTICS, MM207, ‘Midterm Project’ Andre Bergman, 4-20-2014 Page, 2 of 3 5. From the MM207 Student Data Set identify one...
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...Practice Exam Chapter 10- TWO-SAMPLE TESTS SECTION I: MULTIPLE-CHOICE 1. The t test for the difference between the means of 2 independent populations assumes that the respective a. sample sizes are equal. b. sample variances are equal. c. populations are approximately normal. d. All of the above. 2. If we are testing for the difference between the means of 2 related populations with samples of n1 = 20 and n2 = 20, the number of degrees of freedom is equal to a. 39. b. 38. c. 19. d. 18. 3. In testing for differences between the means of two related populations, the null hypothesis is [pic] 4. In testing for differences between the means of two independent populations, the null hypothesis is: [pic] [pic] a. 0.0166. b. 0.0332. c. 0.9668. d. 0.9834. 6. If we wish to determine whether there is evidence that the proportion of items of interest is higher in group 1 than in group 2, the appropriate test to use is a) the Z test for the difference between two proportions. b) the F test for the difference between two variances. c) the pooled-variance t test for the difference between two proportions. d) the F test for the difference between two proportions. SECTION II: TRUE OR FALSE 1. The sample size in each independent sample must be the same if we are to test for differences between the means of 2 independent populations. False 2...
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...book. The Examining Body for this paper is AQA. The Paper Reference is SCLY2. This paper is divided into two sections. Choose one section and answer all the questions in that section. Do not answer questions from more than one section. Do all rough work in your answer book. Cross through any work you do not want to be marked. Information The marks for questions are shown in brackets. The maximum mark for this paper is 90. Questions carrying 12 marks or more should be answered in continuous prose. In these questions you will be marked on your ability to: – use good English – organise information clearly – use specialist vocabulary where appropriate. GJ74914/Jan12/SCLY2 6/6/6 SCLY2 2 Choose either Section A or Section B and answer all the questions in that section. Section A: Education with Research Methods You are advised to spend approximately 50 minutes on questions 0 1 0 6 to 0 4 . 9 . You are advised to spend approximately 30 minutes on question You are advised to spend approximately 40 minutes on questions 0 5 . to 0 Total for this section: 90 marks Education Read Item A below and answer questions 0 1 to 0 4 that follow. Item A According to some sociologists, cultural factors are the most important cause of social class differences in educational achievement. In their view, there are deep-rooted differences between working-class and middle-class subcultures. For example, they argue that working-class subculture encourages fatalism and collectivism...
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...on the effectiveness of Onglyza, along with diet and exercise, for treating diabetes. Based on chapter one reading the population is the population in a statistical study is the complete set of people or things being studied (Bennett, Briggs, Triola, 2009). Therefore the population consists of all diabetic patients. 2. In the following scenario identify the type of statistical study that was conducted. A Gallop poll surveyed 1,018 adults by telephone, and 22% of them reported that they smoked cigarettes within the past week. Based on our chapter one as well as our chapter two reading the statistical study that was conducted was; Simple Random sampling which fell into descriptive statistics, this is what deals with describing raw data in the form of graphics and sample statistics (Bennett, Briggs, Triola, 2009). Furthermore the study is of quantitative data; which consist of values representing counts or measurements; you...
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...book. The Examining Body for this paper is AQA. The Paper Reference is SCLY2. This paper is divided into two sections. Choose one section and answer all the questions in that section. Do not answer questions from more than one section. Do all rough work in your answer book. Cross through any work you do not want to be marked. Information The marks for questions are shown in brackets. The maximum mark for this paper is 90. Questions carrying 12 marks or more should be answered in continuous prose. In these questions you will be marked on your ability to: – use good English – organise information clearly – use specialist vocabulary where appropriate. GJ74914/Jan12/SCLY2 6/6/6 SCLY2 2 Choose either Section A or Section B and answer all the questions in that section. Section A: Education with Research Methods You are advised to spend approximately 50 minutes on questions 0 1 0 6 to 0 4 . 9 . You are advised to spend approximately 30 minutes on question You are advised to spend approximately 40 minutes on questions 0 5 . to 0 Total for this section: 90 marks Education Read Item A below and answer questions 0 1 to 0 4 that follow. Item A According to some sociologists, cultural factors are the most important cause of social class differences in educational achievement. In their view, there are deep-rooted differences between working-class and middle-class subcultures. For example, they argue that working-class subculture encourages fatalism and collectivism...
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...Most of us can hardly imagine the suffering in the wake of the death of a young person but when this death is because of suicide the pain is even more compounding as there is no explanation. The reason why someone decides to take their own life still remains a mystery, the community are still disturbingly unaware of the prevalence of youth suicide until they experience it themselves. Although something can be done, with the introduction of suicide prevention programs to the Australian Curriculum, the education departments and its bodies would be seen as doing more towards the prevention of suicide. Youth suicide is the most concerning area of suicide and its destruction of young life has implications for the long-term affairs of our community. The Australian government identified this and in the 1995/96 commonwealth budget provided substantial funding, $13 million dollars with a combined total of $31 million by 1999. This initial funding lead to the creation of the National Youth Prevention Strategy administered by Department of Health with emphasis on promotion, prevention and early intervention. (Living is for everyone, 2008, p. 7) Since then many agencies have been proactively targeting youth suicide. In 2000 the National Youth Prevention Strategy expanded into Life is for Everyone (LIFE). LIFE is a world-class suicide and self-harm prevention resource. Dedicated to providing the best available evidence and resources to guide activities aimed at reducing the rate at which...
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...Bullying: When Does Harmless Teasing Cross the Line? A Study on Bullying Leslie Babcock National American University Technical Communication May 2, 2012 Letter of Transmittal Date: May 2, 2012 To: From: Dr. Mauer Leslie Babcock 328 W. Grand Avenue 1400 East Kay Haysville, KS 67060 Haysville, Ks 67060 USD 261 Superintendents Dear Dr. Mauer: Enclosed you will find the results of the questionnaire distributed last month, and my recommendations on the topic; Bullying: When Harmless Teasing Crosses the Line. I have learned a lot about bullying in your school district from the parents, students, administrators and staff. I am convinced that the information that has been gathered will help you in putting together some anti-bullying programs for the students in your district. Thank you for your support through this process, and for allowing me to hand out the questionnaire and conduct interviews with you and your staff. Although some of the results vary greatly between the parents and students, and administrators and staff, I believe that if everyone works together on this topic, we could accomplish a lot. I would be willing to work with you on setting up programs to help the bullies and the bullied, and I would also be willing to volunteer my time to help students. I appreciate all the time you have put into helping me, and have learned a lot while gathering all the evidence that follows. Please feel free to contact me about...
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...College Prepares Us A. McCarthy, K. February 13, 2013. Student Wonders if School Prepares Us. Staff writer Retrieved from http://www.leprovoc.com/student-wonders-if-college-prepares-us-1.2989868#.UScktqWsiSo B. This article discusses how college prepares one for the real world. It gives statistics on job students who obtain jobs after college and students who don’t. C. I may use this article to feed off some ideas for my speech. Although the author does not talk about the things I am, I can still get some ideas from it. Part II. 1. Poll: Students Say High Schools Failing To Support Their Pursuit Of Jobs, College A. Stacy, A. April 19th, 2011. Poll: Students Say High Schools Failing To Support Their Pursuit Of Jobs, College. B. This article discusses high school student’s opinion on why high school is not supporting their future of jobs and college. C. I may use this article to give the other peoples side of why they think school doesn’t prepare them for life. Then I will prove that theory wrong with factual information and statistics. Part III. 1. http://www.timemanagementhelp.com/ A. Retrieved February 20th, 2013, from http://www.timemanagementhelp.com/highschool.htm B. This websites talks about ways to improve on one’s time management. C. I may use this website to give my audience ways they may better their time management while they are in school and in the future. 2. http://www.collegeresults.org/default.aspx ...
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