...|[pic] |Course Syllabus | | |College of Natural Sciences | | |SCI/230 Version 7 | | |Introduction to Life Science | Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2008, 2007, 2006, 2005 by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved. Course Description This course applies a broad, conceptual understanding of biology. Students are introduced to scientific ideologies and concepts that not only shape our biological world, but also shape us as humans. Students examine the scientific method, evolution and biodiversity, the biology of cells, energy systems, the dynamics of inheritance, and the effect humans have on the environment. The text emphasizes methods and the theoretical foundations of ideas, while minimizing isolated facts. It stresses the integration of ideas, making connections that form our understanding of the living world. Policies Faculty and students/learners will be held responsible for understanding and adhering to all policies contained within the following two documents: • University policies:...
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...Associate Program Material DNA Worksheet Answer the following in at least 100 words: 1. Describe the structure of DNA. DNA is composed of two polynucleotide strands wound together into a structure known as a double helix. Each nucleotide consists of a sugar base .Nucleotides form together creating a sugar phosphate backbone to each strand. There are three forms of DNA that differ significantly. The most common, B form, is the structure most people have heard of. It consists of the right handed double helix, with a large major groove and a smaller but accessible minor groove. These grooves are spaces between the backbones which allow access to the bases for interactions with proteins. A form DNA is also a right handed helix, but as yet has not been found in organisms, and only exists in synthetic environments. It has a wider, flatter structure. Z form DNA is found in living organisms, but is a left handed helix, meaning it twists in the opposite direction. 2. How does an organism’s genotype determine its phenotype? The genotype is the genetic makeup of a cell, an organism, or an individual usually with reference to a specific character under consideration. A phenotype is the composite of an organism's observable characteristics or traits: such as its morphology, development, biochemical or physiological properties, phrenology, behavior, and products of behavior. Phenotypes result from the expression of an organism's genes as well as the...
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...Hello everyone! I hope you all enjoyed the beautiful weekend! Here’s what I’m thinking! The United States Environmental Protection Agency, or EPA, defines a toxic chemical as any substance which may be harmful to the environment or hazardous to your health if inhaled, ingested or absorbed through the skin. (PubChem) This sounds pretty brutal does it not? I was having a conversation over the weekend with a new friend, enjoying small talk and getting to know one another better. Questions came up such as, “What is your family like?” and “What do you do for a living?” He proceeded to tell me about his wife, children, and his career as a chemical technician at a local chemical plant somewhat close to home. I found this extremely interesting and proceeded to ask him further questions about his job descriptions and responsibilities. Matt is his name and the chemicals he works with on a daily basis are no joke. One in particular is sulfuric acid. Sulfuric acid is one of the most important compounds made by the chemical industry. It is used to make, literally, hundreds of compounds needed by almost every industry. The manufacture of sulfuric acid is broke down into four stages of production; extraction of sulfur, conversion of sulfur to sulfur dioxide, conversion of sulfur dioxide into sulfur trioxide, and conversion of sulfur trioxide into sulfuric acid. The pure substance is obtained as an oily, viscous, colorless liquid by addition of sufficient SO3 to react with the...
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...The Scientific Method SCI/230 The Scientific Method The scientific method is a very helpful method of problem solving that can be used in any aspect of life really. The scientific method consists of six steps: Observation, Question, Hypothesis, Conclusion, and Results. The observation is a noticeable event that has been witnessed. In the car experiment the observation that was made was that the car won't start even though it was working fine yesterday. The question is what attempts to explain the observation. My question was “Why will the car not start”? The hypothesis, which is a statement made to predict the solution and outcome that I chose was “There are electrical problems”. The prediction is based on the hypothesis to indicate the outcome. I chose the replace fuses and the car will start option. The conclusion is the findings of the testing or what happened when you tested your hypothesis. In the car experiment the conclusion was that the car started and my hypothesis was supported therefore the results are that my hypothesis was correct and there are no more questions to be asked. A time when I could have used the Scientific Method in my own life would have been Friday at work. My observation was that the web browser for the program I was using was stuck and not loading. The question was, why will the program not start? The hypothesis was that the program was having troubles and I would have to put in a help ticket to IT to get the problem resolved. I chose to...
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...The Scientific Method Lauren Kridzelis January 13, 2013 SCI/230 David Graves The Scientific Method There are six steps to the scientific method, and they are: observation, question, hypothesis, prediction, conclusion, and results. (Simon, E. J., Reece, J. B., & Dickey, J. L., 2010, p. 15) Each step serves a different purpose throughout the process. The basic explanation of the scientific method is that it begins with an observation, in this case the activity I chose was to figure out why my car wasn’t starting. Asking a question is the 2nd step, and the results will have answered this question. For this activity the question was “why will the car not start?” I tried every option based on my own personal experience, but the answer was actually that the there were electrical problems. The hypothesis, or educated guess, was to replace the fuses. After I chose that it performed an experiment based off of my prediction, which is: the car will start if I replace the fuses. My prediction happened to be correct. Based on the photo of the man looking very satisfied because his car was fixed, I chose “the car started, my hypothesis is supported.” So, the results are that the car started when I replaced the fuses. My hypothesis is supported. A real life event where I applied the scientific method actually happened just the other day when I went to watch a movie on my DVD player with a friend. My initial observation was that the speakers that came with the DVD player weren’t...
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...Associate Program Material DNA Worksheet Answer the following in at least 100 words: Describe the structure of DNA. "DNA is a polymer consisting of continuing subunits termed nucleotides." (Simon, Reece, & Dickey 2010) DNA is a double-stranded construction that is described as a double helix. A double helix is similar to a spiral staircase in which every step symbolizes the base pairs and the railings, and sides illustrate the bonding between the phosophate and deoxyribose molecules. Essentially DNA is one of the main building blocks of an organisms life. It has a chemical signature made up of four different chemical bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C) and Thymine (T). Furthermore, "human DNA consists of more than 3 billion bases, and more than 99 percent of those bases are the same in all people." (www.ghr.nlm.nih.gov) How does an organism’s genotype determine its phenotype? The genotype is the mixture of alleles. Alleles are alternative forms of the same gene that occupy the same location on a chromosome. "At any given locus (the specific site of a particular gene) there are two alleles (one on each chromosome in the pair) a human gets one allele from each parent." (www.sciencelearn.org) In relation to the nature of the genes and the kinds of alleles, a particular trait will be shown (phenotype). "Gene expression can be established by simple dominance, co-dominance, partial dominance or polygenic inheritance. Every instance will show particular...
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...Amphibians: Bufo alvarius, also known as Colorado river toad. The Colorado river toad is found in the northern part of Mexico, the southern parts of Arizona and New Mexico, and the southeast corner of California (Robinson, 2001). The Colorado river toad is a dark olive green color and leathery skin. The Colorado river toad is carnivorous and is known to eat snails, beetles, spiders, grasshoppers, lizards, mice and other smaller toad species. Pseudacris crucifer, also known as spring peeper. The spring peeper is native to eastern North American. It is found from southeast Manitoba east of the Atlantic Ocean, and south eastern Texas and mainland Florida, but not on the Florida Peninsula (Skelly, 1996). Spring peepers are found in marshy woods and non-wooded lowlands near ponds and swamps. Although they are good climbers, spring peepers seem to prefer to be on the ground or hiding in leaf litter. This frog is usually some shade of brown, gray, or olive, and occasionally may be yellow or reddish. The spring peeper mainly eats small insects, including ants, beetles, flies and spiders. One way the Colorado river toad and the spring peeper are alike is their diet. They both eat beetles and spiders. Also they are both aquatic. One of the ways that they are different is their sizes. The Colorado river toad is a large from ranging from 110-187 mm, where as the spring peeper is a smaller toad ranging from 20-25 mm. Another way that these two are different is their lifespan...
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...Associate Program Material DNA Worksheet Answer the following in at least 100 words: 1. Describe the structure of DNA. The three-dimensional structure of DNA – the double helix – arises from the chemical and structural feature of its two polynucleotide chains. Because these two chains are held together by hydrogen bonding between the bases on the different strands, all the bases are on the inside of the double helix, and the sugar-phosphate backbones are on the outside. In each case, a bulkier two ring base is paired with a single-ring base; A always pairs with T, and G with C. In this arrangement, each base pair is similar width, thus holding the sugar-phosphate backbones an equal distance apart along the DNA molecule. To maximize the efficiency of base-pair packing, the two sugar-phosphate backbones wind around each other to form a double helix, with one complete turn every ten base pairs. 2. How does an organism’s genotype determine its phenotype? An organism’s genotype, its genetic makeup, is the sequence of nucleotide bases in its DNA. The phenotype, the organism’s physical traits, arises from the actions of a wide variety of proteins. Structural proteins help make up the body of an organism, and enzymes catalyze its metabolic activities. DNA specifies the synthesis of proteins. However, a gene does not build a protein directly, but rather dispatches instructions in the form of RNA, which in turn programs protein synthesis. This molecular...
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...The current worldwide estimated human population at this point in time is 6,798,328,762 people (U.S. Census Bureau, 2009). This number constantly changes due the birth or reproduction of human life. Another contributing factor to human population changes is the death rate. Looking more closely at what sparks birth and death rates to change, we find that different eras or historical events lead to changes in the human population. One event that generated large a large death toll was the Black Plague (Lewis, 2004). A more recent event that could potentially spark a decrease in population would be the Pandemic Flu. An example of a historical event that contributes to increases in human population is the Industrial Revolution. The industrial revolution created a higher demand on products and services which called for families to expand in order to cover the needs. Another example is the creation of medications that cured illnesses that were considered incurable in past years. One such medication is the antibiotic. When the antibiotic was invented, it cured ailments and illnesses that had at one time been considered terminal. It also prolonged the life of many individuals, which ultimately led to less death. Other contributions included enhancements to sanitation, and agriculture (Lewis, 2004). These enhancements helped by preventing infection and increasing the health of the population. Both of these enhancements assisted in increasing the lifespan of humans. The human population...
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...Human Population Growth SCI 230 August 16, 2013 Tammy Botten The term population growth refers to how the numbers of individuals in a population increases or decreases, with time. This growth is controlled by the rate of which new individuals are added to the population. Between the years 1800 and 1930 human population has doubled from one billion to two billion and then doubled again by the year 1975. This substantial growth in population has led to a decrease in population and biodiversity in many other species. The two types of population growth that can both be seen in human population growth are exponential growth and logistic growth. In population showing exponential growth the individual are not limited by food or disease. However in most real population both food and disease becomes important as condition becomes crowded. Logistic growth model is a more accurate representation of population growth because it takes into account that there are outside factors that may affect the growth. Logistic growth this is frequently used to model biological growth pattern where there’s an initial exponential growth period followed by leveling off as more as the population is infected so as the food supply or some other factors that limits further growths. Exponential growth means that some quality grows a fixed percentage rate form one year to the next. If the population has a constant birth rate through...
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...WEEK 3 INDIVIDUAL Sandy Edwards SCI/230 NOVEMBER 13, 2011 DAVID HALE WEEK 3 INDIVIDUAL We need constant energy to carry out all the required functions like breathing, motion, growth, and cognitive processes. It is burning the energy through the process of metabolism, which is the reaction of all things necessary in life. The energy is released through growth whether it is for new cells or tissues, our body will produce sweat to eliminate the excess heat and energy that is accumulated this will help to eliminate the body from burning up. In basic terms chemical bonds are broken to supply us with our energy. Without these bonds, plus our ability to be able to break them down, the foods that we eat would not supply use with the energy that we need. When thinking about entropy and how it affects the human body. What this means in simple terms is that when the human body tries to keep things in order this requires energy however; the instant that energy stops being expended, this is when entropy begins. The human body spends a lot of energy (which is listed as chemical electrical) trying to keep itself from falling apart. ATP stands for Adenosine Tri-Phosphate; this is the energy that is used by an organism. ADP stands for Adenosine Diphosphate; (adenosinediphosphoric acid) an ester of adenosine and pyrophosphoric acid which is revived from ATP. They are connected because ADP is built back up into ATP so that it can be used again but in its more energetic state. However, the...
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...Accounting & Finance: Weeks 1-3 Class | Tutor | Classroom | Campus Map | AF A1 | Iwona Winiarska-Pringle | Adam Smith 1101 | D8 | AF A2 | Aneta Keska | Adam Smith 1102 | D8 | AF A3 | Keith Delves | Adam Smith 717 | D8 | AF A4 | Damien Kerr | 25 Bute Gardens, room 130 | D17 | AF A5 | Joyce Laird | Sir Alexander Stone 206 | D5 | AF A6 | Duncan Minett Westwood | Sir Alexander Stone 403 | D5 | AF A7 | James McCallum | Sir Alexander Stone 404 | D5 | AF A8 | Rachel Elmslie | 11 University Gardens, room 201 | D15 | AF A9 | Vasiliki Papaionnou | 2 University Gardens, room 208 | D15 | AF A10 | Iain Gallacher | 3 University Gardens, room 202 | D15 | AF A11 | Gerry McLellan | 4 University Gardens, room 101 | D15 | AF A12 | Carol Irvine | 7 University Gardens, room 101 | D15 | AF B1 | Iwona Winiarska-Pringle | Adam Smith 1101 | D8 | AF B2 | Aneta Keska | Adam Smith 1102 | D8 | AF B3 | Keith Delves | Adam Smith 717 | D8 | AF B4 | Damien Kerr | 25 Bute Gardens, room 130 | D17 | AF B5 | Joyce Laird | Sir Alexander Stone 206 | D5 | AF B6 | Duncan Minett Westwood | Sir Alexander Stone 403 | D5 | AF B7 | James McCallum | Sir Alexander Stone 404 | D5 | AF B8 | Rachel Elmslie | 11 University Gardens, room 201 | D15 | AF B9 | Vasiliki Papaionnou | 2 University Gardens, room 208 | D15 | AF B10 | Iain Gallacher | 3 University Gardens, room 202 | D15 | AF B11 | Gerry McLellan | 4 University Gardens, room 101 | D15 | AF B12 | Justin O’Hagan...
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...Ecology and Population Growth University of Phoenix Natasha Griffin SCI/230/Christine Rogers February 10, 2012 What is the current estimate of the worldwide human population at this moment? Describe how this number is changing moment-to-moment, day-to-day, and from one year to the next. According to the U.S. Census Bureau (2006), the current human population worldwide is “6,783,673,491 as of June 1, 2009 8:50 a.m.” In the 1960’s the population was growing at a staggering rate as a result of new medicinal resources, as well agricultural development (Nova, n.d.). The population grew to around three billion people. In just 14 years the population grew by another one million people. Recently the trend in population growth has been increasing by one billion people every year. According to Nova (n.d.), “Over the next half century, our numbers will increase again, likely to a staggering nine billion people”. Describe how the human population growth issue has and will impact the ecosystem. Looking at the graph it seems as if the rate of human’s growth is decreasing dramatically. Figure 1 World Population Growth Rates: 1950-2050 Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2006. The reason for the dramatic decrease in the world population is in part an effect of natural disasters (U.S. Census Burearu, 2006). Currently the human population is straining the use of our natural resources. Americans use the highest numbers in comparison to Europeans (Nova Global...
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...Basic Processes SCI/230 January 30, 2012 Reproduction Germs reproduce asexually by using a method called binary fission in the prokaryotic cells and in mitosis. Germs split into two different creatures within the colony each cell exist apart from the other. Grasshoppers reproduce by copulating end to end and insert its aedeagus into the ovipositor to deliver his sperm. They reproduce by laying eggs, which are fertilized within the female grasshopper. The eggs contain a yoke for nourishment in the embryo each egg is covered by a shell that has terminal pores giving the sperm access to the eggs for fertilization. The male and female grasshoppers do not care for the eggs. Some fish reproduce by laying eggs and some fish reproduce by live bearing depending on the species. Some fish have male and female sex organ to reproduce without physical contact. Most fish lay eggs so the male fish can fertilize if she accepts the male. The eggs are fertilized by ejaculating their sperm at the eggs. Bears reproduce by physical contact the male just like humans. The male bear copulates inside the female fertilizing her egg, which develops into an embryo then into a fetus. The fetus is covered with membranes and fluid. According to Pruitt and Underwood (2006), “If egg and sperm each donate an equal number of chromosomes to the new embryo, then in the absence of other mechanisms, the chromosome number of each succeeding generation would exactly double.” The fact...
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...HUMAN POPULATION GROWTH SCI/230 The human population started off slow until the beginning of the 1900s when the industrialization of the world changed mortality rates. This is evident by the logistic growth curve of the population from year one to the 1800s, when the population reached the 1 billion mark. The population did not grow rapidly at this time and it actually remained flat for almost 1500 years at the beginning. The population then grew rapidly as advancements in medicine and nutrition in both Europe and the United States allowed humans to take control of their population's growth rate. This exponential growth curve showed that the population continued to increase at a steady rate as births rose and mortality rates declined. This exponential increase saw the population explode from 2 billion in 1927 to 3 billion in 1960. After this exponential increase the developed nations of the world developed contraceptives to control birth rates and the population growth declined to almost zero. This has not been the case in developing nations however as death rates have dropped but high birth rates have continued. This increase in population has created a large ecological deficit. In the United States alone the population requires twice the land and resources than what is available. This has caused humans to invade other habitats and force animals to either relocate or become extinct. This is creating the problem as humans face overpopulation and overconsumption...
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