...China is one of the Four Ancient Civilizations (alongside Babylon, India and Egypt), according to Chinese scholar Liang Qichao (1900). It boasts a vast geographic expanse, 3,600 years of written history, as well as a rich and profound culture. Many aspects of Chinese culture can be traced back many centuries ago. Chinese culture is so diverse and unique, yet harmoniously blended, and presents itself an invaluable asset to the world. The guide contains articles divided into "national traditions & the heritage of China" and " the arts in China". Topics include: Chinese food, China World heritage sites, China's festival, China's Kung Fu and Beijing opera. Interested in Chinese culture? These tours might interest you: China History Tours, World Heritage Tours, Explore Ancient Towns, Minority Discovery, Festival Tours, and Kungfu Tours. Historical China was a world leader in science and technology until the Ming Dynasty. Ancient Chinese discoveries and inventions, such as papermaking, printing, the compass, and gunpowder (the Four Great Inventions), later became widespread in Asia and Europe. Chinese mathematicians were the first to use negative numbers.[316][317] However, by the 17th century, the Western world had surpassed China in scientific and technological development.[318] The causes of this Great Divergence continue to be debated.[319] After repeated military defeats by Western nations in the 19th century, Chinese reformers began promoting modern science and technology...
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...CURRICULUM VITAE CHUAN-CHAO WANG Place of Birth: Liaocheng, Shandong, China; Date of Birth: 1th August, 1987 Nationality: Chinese Email: Chuan-Chao_Wang@hms.harvard.edu, wang@shh.mpg.de Research experience 2015~now: Research Fellow at Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, US; Postdoc at Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Germany. Research Interests Using population genetics, genomics, ancient DNA and computational biology approaches to study genetic structure, origin and migrations, complex diseases and anthropological traits in human populations. Education 2006-2010 2010-2015 BSc in Marine Biology, Ocean University of China PhD in Human Biology, Fudan University, China Intern 2011.7-2011.9 Intern at Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, USA Grants Awarded 2011 Innovation Grant for Excellent Graduate Student (Fudan University), No. EZH1322301. Proposal: Discovery of phylogenetic relevant Y-chromosome variants using targeting sequencing. 2012 Academic Youth Science Grant (Ministry of Education, China), No. JFH1322006. Proposal: Y chromosomal substitution rate estimation in deep-rooting pedigrees. Grants Participated Genographic Project, funded by IBM National Excellent Youth Science Foundation of China (31222030) National Natural Science Foundation of China (31071098, 91131002) Shanghai Rising-Star Program (12QA1400300) Shanghai Commission of Education Research Innovation Key Project (11zz04) ...
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...ANCIENT CHINESE CONTRIBUTIONS HUM111/032VA016-1128-001 December 22, 2012 ANCIENT CHINESE CONTRIBUTIONS Ancient China has a glorious history and it is well known that China is the main source of a lot of innovative and ingenious inventions. They have invented things that we as modern Americans continue to use and depend on today. It seems as though the Ancient Chinese were extremely inventive and people all around the globe owe them an awful lot. The Ancient Chinese has given us inventions that have continued to shape the world, as we know it, today. Most of the things that we depend on today basically began with our Asian counterparts. The Ancient Chinese have contributed to the world the compass, papermaking, the movable-type print, gunpowder, porcelain, the mechanical clock, toilet paper, and silk. These inventions are just to name a few; however, the four most ingenious and innovative inventions made by the Ancient Chinese are the compass, papermaking, the movable-type print and gunpowder. First of all, the compass, invented by the Ancient Chinese in 220 BCE, was supposed to be able to harmonize environments and buildings in accordance with the geometric principles (cultural-china.com, 2007-2010). Originally, the compasses were not built for navigation, but the spoon shaped compass made of magnetic ore with a bronze plate which dated back to the Han Dynasty, was used to determine the best location ad time for a burial (Silverman, n.a.). The compass...
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...The Most Useful Ancient Chinese Inventions Clarence Grant III Strayer University Humanities 111 Professor Greg Moore December 2, 2012 The Most Useful Ancient Chinese Inventions Early Chinese civilization invented numerous basic and vital necessities that are presently used around the world. Some of the most valuable ancient Chinese inventions include but are not limited to the following: silk, printing, paper, mathematics, Seismograph, the compass, gunpowder, bamboo and medicine (About.com, 2012). To me, of the four innovations listed I would select the following inventions: medicine, gunpowder, paper and printing. One of the Chinese culture’s first inventions was paper. During the 2nd century the earliest form of paper was made from hemp fibers. Even before the end of the ancient times, the Chinese had already acquired a level of expertise with papermaking. During the Qin (221-206 BC) and Western Han (206 BC -220 AD) dynasties, the art of making floss (rough silk) from inferior cocoon was greatly utilized. The basic process of making the floss (named Piao Xu) included continuous “thrashes” and “stamp crushing” (which involved a mill for crushing). Afterwards, the same procedure was used in papermaking. During ancient times, Chinese people used limewater or plant ash water to separate raw silk from the gum component. This system paved the way for future papermaking, which utilizes degumming vegetable fiber in the papermaking process (ChinaCulture.org...
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...Prosperity: Fine China For centuries, the common theme of global politics and economics has been focused on the relative prosperity of the West compared to the rest of the world. It’s a trend with roots as early as the 15th century and that has characterized the world we live in today. In the 9th through the 14th century, however, China was starting to become one of the more prominent powerhouses in the world and played a major role on the international level in both politics and economics. China’s impressive strength during this time period insists that certain policies must have been put into place at the governmental level in order to spearhead the country into prosperity. To just credit this success to a more centralized approach than the rest of the world would be an unjust oversimplification of China’s illustrious history. Instead, we must look at China’s emphasis on both technological advancements and centralized business practices as the sources of their ensuing dominance in the several centuries prior to the arrival of Europeans in the Americas. While some say that just a general policy of centralization helped to spur Chinese advancement during this time period, it is actually more accurate to hone in on their reformative business practices as the most probable cause. As Abu-Lughod (1989) stresses, China’s reforms occurred both on a national and a global scale. Within borderlines, one of China’s first steps was to adopt paper money (especially in North China) by the end...
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...Ancient Chinese Contributions The world is forever in debt to China for its innovations and contributions. Ancient Chinese inventions were extremely advanced and are still in use in today. They have contributed to our world civilization’s achievements in the fields of agriculture, shipping, astronomy, printing, oil, martial arts, ammunition, and mathematics. Ancient Chinese inventions such as gunpowder, silk, paper, printing, tea, wheel barrow, iron plows, deep drilling, porcelain, toilet paper and the compass were and still are important pieces of Chinese and global life. These inventions were major blocks in the building of the world that we know today. The four main innovations that I consider essential in our lives are printing, gunpowder, compass, and paper. The method of printing and woodblock, or movable, printing are considered ancient Chinese inventions. This ancient Chinese invention was seen before the first dated book in 868 (Lad). Printing books was time-consuming, as the blackline method used required a new block to be carved for each page. Movable type in printing was invented during the Song Dynasty. Movable Chinese characters were carved from wood, which could be arranged as needed and even reused. Later versions used clay, but these broke easily. During the Ming Dynasty, the wooden movable type was refined and books were printed using the two-color printing process. After the development of paper, printing was one of the most important inventions...
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...No.35: 4010–4017 doi: 10.1007/s11434-010-4197-x SPECIAL TOPICS: Experimental measurement of growth patterns on fossil corals: Secular variation in ancient Earth-Sun distances ZHANG WeiJia1,3,4*, LI ZhengBin2,3 & LEI Yang1 1 2 Department of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; 3 State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems & Networks, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; 4 Committee of Yuanpei Honors Program, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China Received June 3, 2010; accepted July 22, 2010 In recent years, much attention has been given to the increase in the Earth-Sun distance, with the modern rate reported as 5–15 m/cy on the basis of astronomical measurements. However, traditional methods cannot measure the ancient leaving rates, so a myriad of research attempting to provide explanations were met with unmatched magnitudes. In this paper we consider that the growth patterns on fossils could reflect the ancient Earth-Sun relationships. Through mechanical analysis of both the Earth-Sun and Earth-Moon systems, these patterns confirmed an increase in the Earth-Sun distance. With a large number of well-preserved specimens and new technology available, both the modern and ancient leaving rates could be measured with high precision, and it was found that the Earth has been leaving the Sun over the past 0.53 billion years. The Earth’s...
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...Technology change the world In China, we have a saying that “Science and technology is the first productive force”. Technology affects people’s daily life, with the innovation of technology, the world developed rapidly in recent centuries. Image that if our forefathers do not create new technology, how our life will be today; we will not have lots kind of food like today; we will not have vehicles such as car, train, aircraft, and we will not have so many high buildings to live. In this class, we learnt a lot of historical events before 1500 AD. In ancient time, there is no advanced technology in the world; our ancestors can merely use their hands to change the nature. Gradually, they find some regularity in the world, such as round objects can move much easier than other shape; then they use their intelligence create lots of new technologies, and innovate the technologies as needed. In this paper, I will talk about five great inventions which affect the world significantly; they are wheel, water wheel, compass, paper, and plow. The invention of the wheel is one of the most important inventions in the ancient time. Without the wheel, the world would not develop so fast. According to the existing data, the wheel is invented by the Mesopotamian in about 2500 BC ("The invention of," 2010). The development of wheel has 6 stages, starting from rolling cylinder, moving to two wheels connect with axles by spokes (Bellis, 2012). At the beginning, people realized that round objects...
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...the history of Chinese science. His grand question is: Why was China overshot by the West in science and technology? What happened in the history of China that made developing science and technology less important? What happened in Europe that made developing science and technology more important? What are the factors that caused China to be overshot? Needham’s question has intrigued many generations of scholars and philosophers. It’s an important question to ponder over. 1- Introduction During the Renaissance and into modern times, the west countries took a leading role in scientific discovery and invention, while China stagnated. Boasting one of the world's most glaring agricultural civilizations, China's agriculture began in the remote antiquity when there was still no written history. China’s economy system emphasized agriculture, whereas Western countries enjoyed growing trade and manufacturing. 2- Reasons One of the convincing answer to those questions attributes Western dominance to the rise of capitalism. Even the most militant enemies of capitalism credit it with creating previously undreamed of productivity and progress. The capitalist system was "the first to show what man's activity can bring about." Capitalism achieved that miracle through regular reinvestment to increase productivity, either to create greater capacity or improve technology. Although many factors might contribute to the emergence of capitalism and modern science in the West: openness of...
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...Ancient Chinese Contributions There have been many contributions made by the ancient Chinese that have benefited us today. A few of those have been: standardized writing, language, money, system of measurement and many more. These were developed by the Qin or Ch’in Dynasty. During the Han Dynasty the Silk Road, papermaking, iron technology (cast iron) plowshares; Moldboard plow, glazed pottery, and the Seismograph. These contributions have all been useful and ingenious. Standardized writing, language, money, a system of measurement and the seismoscope are a few that we really can’t live without. Without standardized writing, language, money and a system of measurement we would not have a way of writing, there would not have been a standardized language of the Chinese culture, standardized money made it easier for trades and such so that people could get a fair trade for things such as grain, barley etc. The system of measurement has given us a universal way of finding the length, volume, area, perimeter, etc. of things. To me the one contribution we couldn’t live without would be the Seismograph. Chang Heng or Zhang Heng, invented the first seismoscope in AD 132, it was called the Houfeng Didong Yi, meaning “instrument for measuring seasonal winds and the movements of the Earth.” From a description in “Dragons and toads: the Chinese seismoscope of BC 132”. Chinese Science 6: 1-19, that it has a large bronze vessel, which was about 2 meters in diameter; eight points...
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...HUMN432 Week 6 Assignment: Final Draft of the Paper Technology: The Invention of Gunpowder Professor: Adam Ravalovich August 12, 2011 Title: The Invention of Gunpowder A. Introduction: The invention of gunpowder was one of China’s four greatest inventions that made a significant contribution to Chinese culture. Gunpowder in Chinese is called “huo yau”, meaning flaming medicine. The use of gunpowder gave the Chinese a greater ability to protect them from enemies and to conquer and control others. Although fireworks today are used as entertainment, the Chinese used it to scare-off enemies in the time of war. Chinese firearms, fireworks and gunpowder were also popular items of trade along the Silk Road to Europe. As we can imagine this invention had a profound effect on human history and although gunpowder was invented by the Chinese, it gave rise to the powerful western world while it inevitably left China and the Eastern World behind. B. Description of the Chinese Culture (Brandy Miller) 1. Chinese Society: Understanding a people's culture exposes their normalness without reducing their individuality. There are many different realms of Chinese society. China is well known for its centuries of traditional values, customs and beliefs. These beliefs are deeply linked with the language, religions and collective values which have always been the center of traditional festivals, customs and everyday life of man as a collective in harmony with nature...
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...Assignment 2: Ancient Chinese Contributions By HUM 111 Professor Michael Briere May 15, 2012 Inventions, Innovations, and other Contributions From Ancient China Although Chinese culture is replete with lists of significant works or achievements such as: compass, papermaking, iron technology (cast iron), silk, first water powered blast furnace, gunpowder, medicine, paper money and certificates of deposit, printing, helicopter rotor and propeller, etc. Among, undoubtedly, many inventions, four stand out above others that I believe and nominate for are: (1) Iron technology (cast iron), (2) papermaking/currency, (3) guns and gunpowder, (4) medicine, all of which are still utilized by modern humanity. The first nominate greatest Chinese invention is the development of iron and steel. The development of iron and steel led to other advance. In the 5th century BC during the Zho Dynasty (1122-256BC), the Chinese had developed the blast furnace to obtain cast iron from iron ore. The Chinese had access to large amount of clay; clay was the most important ingredient in making blast furnace. The Chinese also figured out that by adding a substance the called “black earth” they could lower the melting point of iron; today iron and steel are used in many things from cars to buildings. The second nominate and the most important Chinese contributions to the modern world are papermaking. The earliest known piece of paper with writing on it was discovered near the 2nd century...
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...Ancient Chinese contributions World Culture Hum111 Professor Dodson Ancient Chinese contributions China has been the source of much invention. Mechanics, hydraulics, and mathematics applied to horology, music theory. The invention of gun powder by the 10th century led to an array of inventions such as fire lance, land mine, naval mine, hand cannon, exploding cannonballs, multistage rocket, and rocket bombs with aerodynamic wings and explosive pay loads. The purpose of this list, inventions are regarded as technological first developer in China, some does not include foreign technologies developed in elsewhere and later invented separately by the Chinese, such as the odometer and the chain pump. Scientific, mathematic or natural discoveries, changes in minor concepts of design or style and artistic innovations cannot be regarded as invention and do not appear on the list. The 4 great inventions was design by Joseph Needham (1900-1995), a sinologist known for his research on the history of Chinese science. In alphabetical order, they were establishing in China. Fragment of hemp wrapping paper dated to the reign of emperor WU of Han (141-87 BC) Identify eight to ten of these useful inventions or contributions. GPS, fireworks, bullets, compass, paper, pasta, wheel barrow, alcohol, kites and mechanical clock. Nominate four that you believe are the most ingenious or innovative.GPS, clock, alcohol and compass. Explain why you believe these 4 inventions or contributions...
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...Gretchel M. Quinones HUMA 101 WORK SHOP 4 Essay Ricardo Serano Greek science and math the influence: Development of Science Long time ago, people lacked knowledge on why certain things happened. Without scientific answers, like we have today, the Ancient Greeks created their own answers about the world and an individual’s place in it. By doing the research for this essay I had learn a lot of the Greeks contribution in science and math methods. Science in Ancient Greece was based on logical thinking and mathematics. It was also based on technology and everyday life. The arts in Ancient Greece were sculptors and painters. The Greeks wanted to know more about the world, the heavens and themselves. People studied about the sky, sun, moon, and the planets. The Greeks found that the earth was round. Many important people contributed to Greek scientific thought and discoveries. Biology, a very vast and interesting topic, was studied by Hippocrates, Aristotle, Theophrastus, Dioscorides, Pliny, and Galen. These men were among the main researchers of Greek biology who contributed many ideas, theories, and discoveries to science. Some of their discoveries were observations, descriptions, and classifications of the various forms of plants and animal life. Other discussions in biology were natural selection and zoology. All living things were the basic concern of biology. Greek biologists were interested in how living things began, how they developed, how they functioned, and...
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...Science From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article is about the general term. For other uses, see Science (disambiguation). The scale of the universe mapped to the branches of science and the hierarchy of science.[1] Science[nb 1] is a systematic enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe.[nb 2] In an older and closely related meaning, "science" also refers to this body of knowledge itself, of the type that can be rationally explained and reliably applied. Ever since classical antiquity, science as a type of knowledge has been closely linked to philosophy. In the West during the early modern period the words "science" and "philosophy of nature" were sometimes used interchangeably,[2]:p.3 and until the 19th century natural philosophy (which is today called "natural science") was considered a branch of philosophy.[3] In modern usage "science" most often refers to a way of pursuing knowledge, not only the knowledge itself. In the 17th and 18th centuries scientists increasingly sought to formulate knowledge in terms of laws of nature. Over the course of the 19th century, the word "science" became increasingly associated with the scientific method itself, as a disciplined way to study the natural world, including physics, chemistry, geology and biology. It is in the 19th century also that the term scientist began to be applied to those who sought knowledge and understanding of nature.[4] ...
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