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Chapter 13

Clone- a genetic copy

13.1 The Hunt for Fame, Fortune, and DNA
DNA- deoxyribonucleic acid a acidic compound that contains nitrogen and phosphorus
Bacteriophages- only infect certain bacteria and were the viruses of choice for the early experiments • DNA functions as the cell’s treasure house of inheritance • The cumulative efforts of many scientists, building on one another’s work, resulted in the discovery of that function • Experimental tests that used bacteria and Bacteriophages offered the first solid evidence that DNA is the hereditary material in living organisms

13.2 The discovery of DNA’s structure
Nucleotide- in DNA has a five-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen-containing base
X-ray diffraction images- the images that form after a beam of x-rays is directed at a molecule, which scatters the x-rays in a pattern that can be captured on film • The pattern of base pairing between the two strands in DNA is constant for all species • A with T, and G with C • However, each species has a number of unique sequences of base pairs along the length of its DNA molecules • A DNA molecule consists of two nucleotide strands coiled together into a double helix; the bases of one strand hydrogen bond with the bases of the other

13.3 DNA replication and repair
DNA replication- how the molecule of inheritance is duplicated before a cell divides
Helicases- enzymes that unzip the hydrogen bonds which are individually weak and easy to break
DNA polymerases- catalyze the formation of two brand-new strands of DNA from free nucleotides
DNA ligases- seal the stretches together into a continuous strand
DNA proofreading mechanisms- swiftly fix most errors in replication and most of the strand breaks
Repair enzymes- can repair some changes; they recognize and snip out a damaged

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