...Bioethics Ramona (Campbell) Haggard Bioethics, by definition, is the ethics of medical and biological research. There are a number of bioethical issues that are being carefully addressed as they arise. Some are easily remedied and some still remain very controversial. In this paper we will explore the use of genetic trait testing, access to genetic information as well as the issue of vaccinating or not. With regards to bioethical related data the accessing, storing, gathering, and sharing medical data for the purpose of using the data for the scientific purpose of research is still a controversial issue in the scientific community. There is no basic problem with sharing medical data electronically, with the implementation of EHR, electronic health records. However, there is yet to be formal ethical guidelines established for the use of this data in the biological sciences community. There have been guidelines introduced for developing ethical principles with the ultimate goal of winning over the scientific community to incorporate the use of this data into their existing code of ethics. The scientific community has an obligation to share this data, if permitted by the patient, for research purposes. It also can be a major factor that could increase the trust of the public with regards to scientific research. Society also had concerns about employers having access to genetic information. (Duke & Porter, 2013) With the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of...
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...Code of Ethic Paper There are many healthcare organizations that follow their own mission with ethical values and company goals. The American Association for the Advancement of Science follows the mission statement of “advance science engineering, and innovations throughout the world for the benefit of all people.” (American Association for the Advancement of Science, 2015) By following company goals, this statement can be reinforced. What are the organization’s goals and how are they tied to its ethical principles? There are 9 main goals the AAAS strive to achieve, they are the following: Enhance communication among scientists, engineers, and the public; Promote and defend the integrity of science and its use; Strengthen support for the science and technology enterprise; Provide a voice for science on societal issues; Promote the responsible use of science in public policy; Strengthen and diversify the science and technology workforce; Foster education in science and technology for everyone; Increase public engagement with science and technology; and advance international cooperation in science. Many ethical values correlate with the companies goals. By enhancing communication skills and strengthening support, they strive to benefit the company as well as society. One of the company goals is to be a voice for science, which means they must follow values that are in the best interest of the people. By promoting education in science for everyone, they prove that they have...
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...In Ethics, Public Policy, and Global Warming, Dale Jamieson argues that the issues surrounding climate change cannot be solved simply through scientific decision making; instead, he claims that morality plays a significant part in our quest to right the damage done to the environment. Jamieson describes traditional economic thought processes as being insufficient, as they merely deal with evaluating costs and benefits of a given situation. This way of thinking elicits criticisms similar to those of meta-ethical moral relativism. Meta-ethical moral relativism is flawed seeing that any claim can be made relative to virtually anything else in the world, so how does one make that decision? In the context of Jamieson’s paper, economic deliberation is flawed because there are infinite combinations of perspectives from which to assess costs and benefits. Are costs at the expense of people, corporations, animals, or trees? Then, in turn, to whom are the benefits allocated?...
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...CODE OF ETHICS FOR PHILIPPINE PSYCHOLOGISTS PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION OF THE PHILIPPINES SCIENTIFIC AND PROFESSIONAL ETHICS COMMITTEE (2008-2009) PAP Code of Ethics, page 2 PREFACE The Psychological Association of the Philippines (PAP) adopted a Code of Ethics for Clinical Psychologists in the 1980s, and this Code has remained unchanged since then. In 2007, the Board of Directors of the PAP resolved to constitute a committee to revise the code of ethics, with the goal of updating the code and making it more inclusive and applicable to all psychologists. In 2008, the PAP Board of Directors appointed immediate past president, Dr. Allan B. I. Bernardo as Chair of the Scientific and Professional Ethics Committee, in compliance with the PAP Charter. The PAP Board also appointed Dr. Ma. Lourdes A. Carandang, Dr. Natividad A. Dayan, Dr. Rosalito De Guzman, and Ms. Anna Guerrero as members of this committee. Given a clear mandate from the PAP Board, the committee set out to accomplish its task with the assistance of three graduate assistants: Mary Libertine Amor, Mary Grace M. Serranilla, and Sheri Anne C. Zerna. The committee chair and the assistants undertook the preparatory work which involved studying the old Code, and several documents related to ethical standards for psychologists (e.g., the Universal Declaration of Ethical Principles for Psychologists, the ethics codes of the American Psychological Association, the British Psychological Society, the Canadian Psychological...
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... Abstract Ethic Awareness Inventory The Ethics Awareness Inventory is a series of question that can estimate one’s ethical method. It is vital to understand what the outlook is, because some individuals view what is right and wrong from their own standpoint. At the end of the test, it shows what type of ethical person you are. The results are different for each person, but some individuals base their ethical outlook on personality, responsibility, results, or equity. Ethics is very important in the area of research. The APA has set standards on research that should be done because there are some experiments conducted and test that may go against human surroundings making them unethical. If an experiment or test causes aspects of mental disturbance, ethical aspect has not been followed and it should not be carried out(APA, 2001). In the ethical awareness inventory, my ethical perspective is most closely aligned with equity and is least closely aligned with results. Personal Ethics, Principles, and Code of Conduct Personal ethics is what an individual believe what is right and what is wrong. Ethics can have an effect on the use of psychological standards to personal, religious, social, and organizational issues. In psychology, there is an ethical code of conduct, which professionals are required to obey. This code of ethics apply to the professionals activity they are engaging in. According to “Ethical...
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...weaknesses of this argument limit its effectiveness? (6 marks) 3. (a) Examine the characteristics of BOTH a religious and a scientific interpretation of the origins of the universe. (14 marks) (b) Comment on the view that the differences between these interpretations rule out any major disagreement between them. (6 marks) 4. (a) What do religious believers mean by the ‘problem of suffering’? (5 marks) (b) Select any TWO theodicies and consider how far they offer solutions to this problem. (15 marks) 5. (a) Examine TWO philosophical reasons for belief in miracles. (6 marks) (b) Outline at least TWO problems with belief in miracles. (8 marks) (c) Consider the claim that there are no acceptable solutions to these problems. (6 marks) 2002 1. (a) Outline the design argument for the existence of God. (7 marks) (b) ‘The design argument fails because of its weaknesses.’ Examine and comment on this claim. (13 marks) 2. (a) What are the key ideas of the cosmological argument for the existence of God? (7 marks) (b) Identify the main strengths of this argument. (7 marks) (c) How far do the strengths outweigh the weaknesses? (6 marks) 3. (a) Examine the differences which may exist between a religious and a scientific interpretation of the origins of the universe....
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...Ethics Vivian Legarde PHI208: Ethics and Moral Reasoning Michele Clearman-Warner 6/6/13 Ethics The most convincing ethical system is religion. While ethics and religion are sometimes distinct fields, they are also brought together by the ways in which both determine what is right and what is wrong. For example, there are laws in society that state that rape, murder, assault and so forth are ethically wrong. A person's religion can give them deeper meaning behind these types of laws. Furthermore, they can cause a person to question if certain laws, abortion laws for example, should really fall under the category of ethics. It is necessary to have universal ethical principles. There are several ethical standards that seem to apply across cultures. The idea of a parent's duty to his/her child, a prohibition against killing useful members of society, and prohibition against incest are all examples of these universal morals. Most cultures also have some version of the golden rule: do unto others as you would have them do unto you. A practicable Code of Universal Ethics was proposed by Enno Winkler. Many organizations and professions have come up with their own "universal code of ethics." For example, the scientists' professional code of ethics includes the following moral standards * Act with skill and care in all scientific work. Maintain up to date skills and assist their development in others. * Take steps to prevent corrupt practices and professional misconduct...
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...Abbey Smith Exercise # 1 Ethics for Decision Making INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF ETHICS The 20th Century, an age of electronics, nuclear fission, daring surgery, wonder drugs, computers, and space travel. Will we, the people of the 20th Century be remembered as having lived in the golden age when man finally stuck his finger into the heavens? Will we be remembered because of our scientific breakthroughs and medical gifts that we have given to man? Will we, indeed, be the century of progress? Do recall, in addition to all of our scientific breakthroughs, 20th Century man must stand responsible for two world wars which were the most destructive in the history of mankind, innumerable police actions, the near extermination of a nation of people, and a century that has been marked by starvation, over-population, deprivation, and extermination. With all of our scientific breakthroughs, with all of our great accomplishments, we must accept the truth that this century will also be remembered as one that cynically denied human values while allowing brutal aggression against human rights. What, then, do you think history will remember? Will we be remembered because of our great technological strides, or will we be remembered as a century filled with turmoil, of war? Though we brag about our technology, it is likely that our grandchildren will look back upon us as we have looked back upon our grandparents. Our rockets, computers, and medical breakthroughs will appear as...
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...Ethics Awareness Inventory Brenda Feeler Psy/490 08/19/2012 Jason Sapir Ethics Awareness Inventory Personal ethics in psychology The American Psychology Association (APA) has set standards for psychologist to follow while practicing, practicing psychology is a commitment to increase professional knowledge of behavior and scientific knowledge. Psychologist uses his or her gained knowledge to assist individuals in understanding themselves and to improve conditions of society, organizations, and themselves (O’Hanlon, 2006). Commitment to society to develop choices concerning human behavior and informed judgments, practicing this in psychology will require many roles, educator, therapist, consultant, and researcher (O’Hanlon, 2006). Principles in psychology are important in safe guarding the rights of the individual interacting with the psychologist, if a conflict occurs attempts to resolve the conflict with a responsible solution that does the least harm to the client. Psychologists display professional and scientific judgment that affects the lives of others, they guard against political factors, financial, personal, and social factors that have the potential to misuse of the psychologists influence (O’Hanlon, 2006). The Code of Ethics in psychology is a guideline for psychologist providing guidance and standards...
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...CULTURE AND ETHICS IN GHANAIAN PROFESSIONAL LIFE Cultural elements invariably affect the delivery of professional services in whatsoever form. Professional practices are strongly guided by appropriate code of ethics. Sound ethical decision making is based on a process that involves multiple steps some of which are taken in advance and some of which are taken at the time ethical dilemma presents itself (Carter, Bennett, Jones & Naggy, 1999). The development and the application of ethical principles and standard in professional lives are strongly influenced by cultural elements. BREIF HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES ON WESTERN ETHICAL CODES The influence of culture on ethical professional practice could be traced back to the time of the development of some selected code of ethics. Professional codes in the West typically follow the Hippocratic tradition (Veatch, 19997) which is often acknowledged by both physicians and lay people as the foundation of medical ethics for physicians in the west. Among the Christian cultures, a new version of the Hippocratic oath called the oath According to Hippocrates insofar as a Christian may swear it (Jones, 1924), emerged for Christian physicians with some changes to reflect the culture of the Christian Kingdom. These includes removal of references to the Greek gods and goddesses, the dropping of the prohibition against surgery whilst strengthening the prohibition on abortion (Veatch, 19997). Similarly, the Percival’s medical ethics which become...
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...American Sociological Association Code of Ethics and Policies and Procedures of the ASA Committee on Professional Ethics 29 Copyright @ 1999 by the American Sociological Association All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Individual copies available at no charge. Multiple and bulk copies of this publication may be ordered by prepaid request ($.50 per copy). To order this publication or for information on this or other ASA publications, contact: American Sociological Association 1307 New York Avenue NW, Suite 700 Washington, DC 20005-4701 (202) 383-9005 x389 (202) 638-0882 fax publications@asanet.org www.asanet.org 30 Code of Ethics American Sociological Association (Approved by the ASA Membership in June 1997) INTRODUCTION PREAMBLE GENERAL PRINCIPLES Principle A: Principle B: Principle C: Principle D: Principle E: Professional Competence Integrity Professional and Scientific Responsibility Respect for People's Rights, Dignity, and Diversity Social Responsibility ETHICAL STANDARDS 1. Professional and Scientific Standards 2. Competence 3. Representation and Misuse of Expertise 4. Delegation and Supervision 5. Nondiscrimination 6. Non-exploitation 7. Harassment 8. Employment Decisions 8.01 Fair Employment Practices 8.02 Responsibilities...
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...is a result of natural selection pressure and that most ancient moral laws have an evolutionary basis, I believe that describing the genesis of moral reasoning in this way provides no information about the content of our moral beliefs now. While our capacity for moral reasoning may have evolved for the purpose of informing our otherwise unjustifiable acts with a sense of objective certitude, it is not hard to imagine that this capacity, once evolved, would be capable of much more than simply rubber stamping mankind's collective genetic predisposition. In this paper, I will use the example of an evolutionary explanation against intentional killing for personal gain to argue for the existence of a disconnect between evolutionary biology and ethics. Ruse and Wilson might argue that human beings evolved with a genetic predisposition against murder for convenience. It is easy to see how this might be true. A person who kills others for convenience must live apart from society and apart from potential mates or else must be killed by society. This epigenetic rule �predisposes us to think that certain courses of action are right and certain courses of action are wrong (180).� These motivate ethical premises which �are the peculiar products of genetic history� and can �be...
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...Metaethics Metaethics is a branch of analytic philosophy that explores the status, foundations, and scope of moral values, properties, and words. Whereas the fields of applied ethics and normative theoryfocus on what is moral, metaethics focuses on what morality itself is. Just as two people may disagree about the ethics of, for example, physician-assisted suicide, while nonetheless agreeing at the more abstract level of a general normative theory such as Utilitarianism, so too may people who disagree at the level of a general normative theory nonetheless agree about the fundamental existence and status of morality itself, or vice versa. In this way, metaethics may be thought of as a highly abstract way of thinking philosophically about morality. For this reason, metaethics is also occasionally referred to as “second-order” moral theorizing, to distinguish it from the “first-order” level of normative theory. Metaethical positions may be divided according to how they respond to questions such as the following: * Ÿ What exactly are people doing when they use moral words such as “good” and “right”? * Ÿ What precisely is a moral value in the first place, and are such values similar to other familiar sorts of entities, such as objects and properties? * Ÿ Where do moral values come from—what is their source and foundation? * Ÿ Are some things morally right or wrong for all people at all times, or does morality instead vary from person to person, context to context...
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...Virgin Blue allegedly discriminated against two female employees by forcing them to take redundancies after confirming they were pregnant or returning from maternity leave (Marx 2011, p. 1). Subsequently, both employees have initiated legal action against Virgin Blue who ‘has denied any wrongdoing and vowed to fight the claims’ (Marx 2011, p. 2). The article raises three ethical issues. Firstly, it addresses the expectation that businesses should not discriminate against employees on the basis of gender (Ferrell, Fraedrich & Ferrell 2009, p. 70). Secondly, it highlights that abusive or intimidating behaviour is not acceptable in the workplace (Ferrell, Fraedrich & Ferrell 2009, p. 64). Thirdly, it identifies the role that an effective ethics program can play in avoiding ethical and legal problems (Ferrell, Fraedrich & Ferrell 2009, p. 212). Businesses should not discriminate against employees on the basis of gender. Discrimination refers to ‘the making of a difference in particular cases, as in favour of or against a person or thing, especially when arising from prejudice based on race, ethnicity, sex, religion, age etc’ (Discrimination 2011). Virgin Blue allegedly discriminated against Leonie Vandeven by forcing her to take a redundancy package after she confirmed that she was pregnant (Marx 2011, p. 2). Vandeven was made redundant despite receiving a performance review, which rated her as ‘highly effective’ (Marx 2011, p. 2). Similarly, Kirsty Aitken was forced to take...
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...St. Jude’s Code of Ethics The founder, Danny Thomas, was the individual who had first opened the doors to St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital in 1962. His intentions were to clear the way as a non-profit hospital, which had a goal of finding cures for adolescents “with cancer and other fatal diseases through research and treatment” (2013, para. 1). From there they had started working to provide treatment to adolescents from all 50 states, as well as children from around the world. In addition to the incredible treatments they provide to their patients, St. Jude is special because the children and their families receiving care from St. Jude pay for nothing. In addition to administering remarkable care to their patients, St. Jude is also one of the leaders in research for childhood cancers and other fatal diseases. Goals, Principles, Role, and Importance of Ethical Values The main goal for their organization is globalizing medical care and prevention of fatal diseases in adolescents. Ultimately, they will persevere this goal by accommodating above and beyond patient care by doing the following: regulating fundamental, explanation, and scientific research intended to exemplify biological devices; comprehend disease pathogens; promote better diagnosis; improve medical care outcomes; and avert diseases as well as minimizing unfortunate results from treatment. During their perseverance they will also educate health care and scientific research experts. Thus, St. Jude’s will...
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