...The History of Psychology & Scientific Practice Modern Psychology is somewhat regarded as a science, I dispute this but, respect that science has made a claim to the modern practice concerning the control of experiments, the theories made from observations of these experiments and that of the many journals written. Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1926) is known as the father of psychology due to his laboratory (Leipzig, Germany 1879) of experimental psychology being the first to exist. The lab gave way for the controlled environment in which to study and document the experiments of Wundt and his students thus making it a science and not the relative discipline of Philosophy that had been the domination of the former Psychologists that date back to the 4th and 5th Century (Socrates / Plato / Aristotle). Wundts Physiologist method was relatively short lived and by the early twentieth century John Watson had begun to question Wundt and suggested it was behavior that need be studied. Behaviorism of course can only be observed (albeit deliberated actions to gain a behavior result), John Watson of course used his behaviorism studies on his own children and two of which did comit suicide. I cannot see how behaviorism is a science? the only evidence obtained is that of a theorists conclusions, it is biased and the actions taken to create a behaviour are cruel and unjustifiable (in animals and or humans) Most of Watsons work was basically cruel applications of treatment as a means to result in...
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...about. A review is your opinion of whether the movie is good or bad based on the following criteria: bias, movie design, educational value, and historical accuracy. These issues are all discussed in greater depth on the backside of this page. In talking about your view of this movie, it is critical to keep in mind that entertainment value is important, but not the key criteria. While a boring movie might not keep your attention, a movie rife with false details does not teach you true history. Another point to think about is whether the movie makes you want to learn more about that particular subject. In determining a movie as “bad” or “good” take all factors into consideration. Your paper should be a minimum 1.5 - 2 pages in length to provide adequate detail. A full description and the grading rubric is included below. MILITARY HISTORY LEADERS BATTLES WARS LEADING FIGURES POLITICAL SCIENTIFIC ACADEMIC SCIENTIFIC ADVANCES MEDICAL TECHNOLOGICAL AGRICULTURE DEFINING MOMENTS IN AMERICAN HISTORY ANY TOPIC THAT YOU FEEL IS A "DEFINING MOMENT" The Critical Assessment paper willl be posted into the Movie Review Assignment Dropbox. The Webliography link in Doc Sharing contains expanded instructions, the grading rubric and an example of a critique paper graded at the B+/A- level. The movie I choose is cold...
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...Historiography It is the study of the history and methodology of the discipline of history. The term historiography also denotes a body of historical work on a specialized topic. Scholars discuss historiography topically – such as the “historiography of Catholicism,” the “historiography of early Islam,” or the “historiography of China" – as well as specific approaches such as political history and social history. Beginning in the nineteenth century, at the ascent of academic history, a corpus of historiography literature developed. Furay and Salevouris (1988) define historiography as "the study of the way history has been and is written — the history of historical writing... When you study 'historiography' you do not study the events of the past directly, but the changing interpretations of those events in the works of individual historians." Questions studied Some of the common questions of historiography are: 1. Reliability of the sources used, in terms of authorship, credibility of the author, and the authenticity or corruption of the text. (See also source criticism). 2. Historiographical tradition or framework. Every historian uses one (or more) historiographical traditions, for example Marxist, Annales School, "total history", or political history. The historiography of early Islam refers to the study of the early origins of Islam based on a critical analysis, evaluation, and examination of authentic primary source materials and the organization of these sources into...
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...language and reason in history. History as the area of knowledge is virtually indivisible from language and reasoning. Language is one of the most potent means of interpreting and reporting historical information that is derived from the sources pertinent to the events and occurrences. The sources themselves, in their turn, are frequently presented by the written documents, recorded anecdotal experiences, and works of art, archeology, anthropology and photography which, yet again, are interpreted through the language in conjunction with the context of a historical event. It appears to be an endless loop, where language is the alpha and omega, the main vehicle of conveying history. However, to arrive to the valid interpretation of a certain historical event or development, historians frequently use reasoning to connect the factual data of the tangible sources since the latter ones often come in the form of fragments, related to a particular aspect of the happening. Ideally, reasoning, applied to the interpretation of historical data, should be impersonal, unaffected by predominant views and opinions and completely untainted by political agenda. Yet, it is hard to imagine that throughout the centuries those who held power would willingly allow the contemporary historians relate to the masses the adequate information on the details of their governing techniques and actions. As Winston Churchill pointed out, “History will be kind to me for...
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...Reflection Paper Your name Institutional Affiliations History has been in existence since the formation of the earth and existence of mankind. The life and form of human beings have evolved over the years. While all human beings have same origin historically, evolution and development of human life and their living conditions led to inequality among different groups of people and different parts of the world. As a result, there are many pieces of literature including books, journals, among others, which explain different historical events (Diamond, 1999). However, some historical books or articles do not address historical issues fully especially historical factors that led to high development in some areas while leaving others highly underdeveloped. However, Guns, germs and steel: The fates of human societies, a book written by Jared diamond is totally different and unique historical book in contrast to other historical books. This is because in his book Gun, germs and steel: The fates of human societies, Jared examined all historical events that happened in the last 13,000 years. However, unlike other historical books, Jared applied different methods and materials including scientific ones so as to ensure that he covers all necessary information and that every reader understands him properly. Another unique feature of this book is that unlike others, which focus on specific place, people or event, this book is focused on...
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...1. Define humanities: The humanities are academic disciplines that study human culture, using methods that are primarily analytical,[citation needed] critical, or speculative, and having a significant historical element,[1] as distinguished from the mainly empirical approaches of the natural sciences.[1] The humanities include ancient and modern languages, literature, philosophy, religion, and visual and performing arts such as music and theatre. The humanities that are also sometimes regarded as social sciences include history, anthropology, area studies, communication studies, cultural studies, law and linguistics. 2. What is the scope of humanities? 1. History, Anthropology, and Archaeology study human social, political, and cultural development. 2. Literature, Languages, and Linguistics explore how we communicate with each other, and how our ideas and thoughts on the human experience are expressed and interpreted. 3. Philosophy, Ethics, and Comparative Religion consider ideas about the meaning of life and the reasons for our thoughts and actions. 4. Jurisprudence examines the values and principles which inform our laws. These are: Arts, Music, Dance, Drama and Literature. 3. What is the different between the humanities and the sciences? Both the sciences and the humanities seek understanding; both offer explanations of various bits of the world. At a very abstract level, though, the kind of things each tries to explain is different. Science and the humanities...
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...S.A Per.4 12/3/12 Career Paper: History Teacher For my career project I choose Historian, which can be categorized as a History teacher or professor. History is the ideal career for me, due to the passion I have for it. As an individual I see myself as more open to working cooperatively, I find it difficult to work in solitude. Teaching is the perfect career for my personality; I value knowledge and consider myself an exemplary student. This career was one of the choices from my personality survey, It suits my style of working and the type of environment I most comfortable with. History is my favorite subject in school, so perhaps my passion in it can lead me to a prosperous career. Historians and or History teachers have one common goal, to spread the knowledge of the past, and make people understand the importance of history and how it connects to our world and our life’s. History can range from teaching World History, European History, Art History , and any other study that involves the analysis of the past. The process of historical analysis involves investigation and analysis of controversial ideas, facts to create coherent narratives and theories that explain "what happened" and "why or how it happened". Modern historical analysis usually specifies on social sciences, including economics, sociology, politics, psychology, anthropology, philosophy and linguistics. There are some historians that are guides in museums, this takes great knowledge and memorable facts...
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...------------------------------------------------- Prehistory From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia For a timeline of events in the early history of the universe and prehistoric Earth, see Timeline of prehistory. Göbekli Tepe, in southeast Turkey, erected by early Neolithic people 11,000 years ago. Human history and prehistory | ↑ before Homo (Pliocene epoch) | Prehistory (three-age system) | Stone AgeLower Paleolithic * Homo * Homo erectusMiddle Paleolithic Early Homo sapiensUpper Paleolithic Behavioral modernityNeolithic Cradle of civilizationBronze Age * China * Europe * India * Near EastIron AgeBronze Age collapse * China * Europe * India * Japan * Korea * Near East * Nigeria | Recorded history | Ancient historyEarliest recordsPostclassical eraModern history * Early * Later * Contemporary | ↓ Future | * v * t * e | Prehistory means literally "before history", from the Latin word for "before," præ, and historia. Human prehistory is the span of time since behaviorally and anatomically modern humans first appear, and until the appearance of recorded history following the invention of writing systems. Since both the time of settlement of modern humans, and the evolution of human civilisations, differ from region to region, prehistory starts and ends at different moments in time, depending on the region concerned. Sumeria in Mesopotamia and ancient Egypt were the first civilisations to develop their own scripts...
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...plays, poems, novels, essays, historical and scientific works. His best-known histories are The Age of Louis XIV (1751), and his Essay on the Customs and the Spirit of the Nations (1756). He broke from the tradition of narrating political and military events, and emphasized traditions, societal history and achievements in the arts and sciences. One of his famous sayings, “History is the lie commonly agreed upon”, is quite contrary as some agree with it while others argue that that is not the case. Based on the analysis and readings I agree with what Voltaire said. Some people associate history with past whereas history is not the same as past. As past is the occurrence of all the events even the minor ones while history is the selection of some events from the past which are then given meaning to by the historians. So what we study is not actually history but historiography (the writings of history). An example of which can be a person selling gingerbread man in a low lying area and some random people come to his stall and beat him up and kill him [1]. So the historians will not give importance to this event – which is definitely part of the past but it is not the part of written history. At the same time history is majorly affected by the involvement of the role of power in its writing. History is always created by the winners. This means that the people who are on the winning end of any event will determine what the correct history will be. This can be seen with the example...
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...The period 1450-1750 saw a rise of several new trends in western European intellectual history, including: the Renaissance, the Protestant and Catholic Reformation, the Scientific Revolution, and the Enlightenment. Also, there was the Commercial Revolution and the inclusion of the Atlantic Basin in the global trade network. It also was a period of the development of Neo-Confucianism in Asia and an emphasis on domestic trade and industry in China and Japan. Amidst the historic years of 1450-1750, the Europeans were successful in exploring and conquering other regions, such as China, because of Europe’s motivation, more focused navigational schools, and the lack of tenacity of China. According to documents 6 and 7, Europeans explored and conquered the world with more success than other regions, because they had a more competitive attitude towards other nations, and they desired power. This is supported by document 6, where Dr. Franklin Knight, a historian of European studies at John Hopkins University, argues that because of the fact that Europe was the most susceptible and bordering region, and the fact that it had the least amount of labored workers, Europe became very competitive. Europeans even fought within their own region, which meant they might have became better at certain things that pertain to competition, such as war. Similarly, in document 7, Dr. Paul Kennedy, an economist at Yale University, says that since Europe had to compete with basically the whole world...
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...A generation regressing in attaining knowledge can only have negative repercussions. As Susan Jacoby says in her book The Age of American Unreason , we as a people are becoming more and more disinterested in learning about our country’s history and current events. Over the last forty years, it is apparent that Americans have become less knowledgeable on he subject of American government and policy. Today’s world is filled with technological tools that we use on a daily basis, Jacoby argues that it is this that has pulled the American people away from a broad knowledge on our history. Going back to when Franklin Roosevelt was president, a majority of the people were engaged in listening to everything he had to share during his fireside chats. Their attention was devoted to reading and engaging in the mundane and thrilling events that were taking place. This generation has allowed technology and blissful ignorance to cloud their minds, and that is why the levels of knowledge are plummeting....
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...Science vs. Humanities They say old habits die hard. Society is full of prejudice wherever anyone looks, and many have to struggle constantly to fit in. There are plenty of things that may be signaled out from society for giving space to criticism and segregation. One of these conceptions regards the arts and humanities. People struggle with different kinds of prejudice every day, and one of the most widespread preconceptions is that people who study science are smarter or more "intelligent" than people who go for the arts. In general, it is essential to know about history and literature, since it is a very important part of what humankind is now. History talks about the evolution of men and even contributes to an important part of economics or international relationships. It is essential to know about the allies of a country and the relationships with other countries when it comes to commerce. Literature gives an insight to the complete thoughts of a culture, a greater understanding of diversity in mankind and the collective thoughts of it. It is quite ironic the situation held now a days, since in the highest "classes" it is expected, if not an obligation, to be well educated in the arts and culture in general. Ironically, many of these people are the CEO's of big companies, which work with mathematics, statistics and calculus, and whose carreer was based on science. Of course, we may not generalize, but it is taken as a fact that it is harder in the field of humanities...
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...We don’t learn from History, we repeat it? By dhara on November 17, 2010 in Articles I think its agreeable that if we don’t learn from history we would repeat it again.For example: If a person like Hitler borns back then now we will not ignore his acts may be we will take persistent actions to get rid off from him and his actions. History is proof that has examples of people repeating the mistakes of the past. Many of those mistakes are being repeated in the world today. This “law” is true whether it be on an international level, or a personal one. This is one of the things which is annoyable when said “We must let the kids learn from their own mistakes”. Bull. If you love your children, you will hope to teach them to avoid that which is harmful to them by trying to let them learn from YOUR mistakes. Learning by one’s own mistake can often be too late, and you can be too dead to learn anything from it. Insanity is repeating the same mistakes of the past and expecting a different outcome. But—— What if Orville and Wilbur Wright had paid attention to the history of attempts at flight? Would you be using the Internet if Gordon Moore had spent more time building a computer “the historically correct way” rather than designing the ridiculously tiny processor he developed? How many of you would prefer the good old days of medicine to what we have now? With all of the History majors the colleges crank out you would think that there wouldn’t be any more war, crime, or poverty...
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...impossible. When was still married to Betty Draper. At the beginning of 21st century American historian could learn such an artifact? forward to the new political history of illusion, why should anyone bother to renew old? In a book written in old age we can learn important things Draper Revolution? Well, of course, the answer is yes. In contemporary American educational institutions, Hobsbawm is probably the best stability...
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...The book I am reviewing is A History of the World in 6 Glasses by Tom Standage. The subject of this book was the explanation of six different drinks in a chronological order by era; the way they evolved and the influences they had in shaping history. Each drink had its own special role in shaping history and allowing culture to progress besides quenching someone’s thirst in new ways. From the Stone Age to the twenty-first century, Tom Standage tells a story of human evolution and culture through the view of six drinks: beer, wine, spirits, coffee, tea, and cola. The main thesis of this book is that these six drinks still fulfill the same functions today as they did when they were first produced and/or discovered. The first drink described...
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