...Alaska and Greenland. While the shipping industry—which now has easy northern access between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans—may be cheering this “natural” development, scientists worry about the impact of the resulting rise in sea levels around the world. The Impact of Rising Sea Levels According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, made up of leading climate scientists, sea levels have risen some 3.1 millimeters per year since 1993. And the United Nations Environment Program predicts that, by 2010, some 80 percent of people will live within 62 miles of the coast, with about 40 percent living within 37 miles of a coastline. The World Wildlife Fund (WWF) reports that low-lying island nations, especially in equatorial regions, have been hardest hit by this phenomenon, and some are threatened with total disappearance. Rising seas have already swallowed up two uninhabited islands in the Central Pacific. On Samoa, thousands of residents have moved to higher ground as shorelines have retreated by as much as 160 feet. And islanders on Tuvalu are scrambling to find new homes as salt water intrusion has made their groundwater undrinkable while increasingly strong hurricanes and ocean swells have devastated shoreline structures. WWF says that rising sea levels throughout tropical and sub-tropical regions of the...
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...and institutions whose work is helped us to prepare this research paper. We are also grateful to multiple webpage and link in related to climate change and sea level rise. We are also grateful to Bangladeshi local NGOs and their documents in related sea level rise. Sea level rise: Impacts on Bangladesh and the role of NGOs Introduction: climate change is one of the most raising issues in contemporary world. Global warming is an important cause if climate change. The temperature of the world is increasing day by day. As a result the ice of arctic areas is melting. And this is raising the sea level. Though the temperature is increasing equally all over the world but all the countries of the world are not equally affected by this global warming. Usually costal areas, islands, and lower lands are mostly affected by this sea level rise. They are flooded badly each year because of this sea level rise. Global warming not only affects the environmental life but also they affect the political economic and infrastructural basis. Bangladesh is one of the most vulnerable countries of sea level rise. As it is a costal and lower land, so here lives and properties are at a severe risk. One of the island of Bangladesh, named South Talpatti Island has already sank because of sea level rise. NGOs role is very important for Bangladesh. NGOs can play vital role in many ways. NGOs can supply knowledge and information through research which is essential...
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...The essay will elaborate more on Sea level rise that occurred due to climate change. Sea level rise is a serious global threat that continued to grow due to greenhouse gas emissions and associated with the global warming. In context, Solomon Islands like most of the South Pacific countries had been ignorant about the issue of the increased concentration of greenhouse gases and its effects until recently. And as such, comprehensive understanding of sea level rise and climate change it real associated with increasing green house gases. There is still no local study carried out in the Solomon Islands yet on the local impacts of climate change and sea level rise. Despite these limitations, it is still possible to make general projections based...
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...Global Warming February 21, 2011 Erreka Sheppard 6. Global Warming If the global climate were to warm significantly as a result of the greenhouse effect or other climatic change, the Arctic ice cap would start to melt. This ice cap contains the equivalent of some 680,000 cubic miles of water. More than 200 million people live on land that is less than 3 feet above sea level. In the United States several large cities have low average elevations. Three examples are Boston (14 feet), New Orleans (4 feet), and San Diego (13 feet). In this exercise you are to estimate the rise in sea level if the Arctic ice cap were to melt and to determine whether this event would have a significant impact on people living in coastal areas. (a) The surface area of a sphere is given by the formula where r is its radius. Although the shape of Earth is not exactly spherical, it has an average radius of 3960 miles. Estimate the surface area of Earth. The surface area of a sphere is found by using the following formula: s = 4r2, where s represents surface area and r represents radius. To find the approximate surface area of the Earth, the equation would be set up as follows: S = 439602 = 197060797.4 This calculation shows that the approximate surface area of the Earth 197060797.4 square miles. (b) Oceans cover approximately 71% of the total surface area of Earth. How many square miles of Earth’s surface are covered by oceans? To calculate how many square miles of Earth’s...
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...Explain what rejuvenation is and the effect rejuvenation has on the river. Rejuvenation is when a river has to readjust itself and the land around it, usually by increasing the amount of vertical erosion it carries out to a change in the base level. It is caused by various factors, including river capture, isostatic sea level change and eustatic sea level change. Due to it changing its processes, a river undergoing rejuvenation creates many new landforms. A river is said to be rejuvenated when the base level that it is flowing down to is lowered. This can happen for various reasons. Rejuvenated terrains usually have complex landscapes because remnants of older landforms are locally preserved. Parts of floodplains may be preserved as terraces along the down cutting stream channels. Meandering streams often become entrenched, so a product of older river systems is found with steep, very pronounced V shaped valleys - often seen with younger systems. One example of rejuvenation is the Nile, which was rejuvenated when the Mediterranean dried up in the late Miocene. Its base level dropped from sea level to over 2 miles below sea level. It cut its bed down to several hundred feet below sea level at Aswan and 8000 feet below sea level at Cairo. After the Mediterranean re-flooded, those gorges gradually filled with silt. Rejuvenation may result from causes, which are dynamic, eustatic or isostatic in nature. All of this cause the river suddenly to erode its bed vertically faster...
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...AS GEOGRAPHY UNIT 1 WORLD AT RISK WORLD AT RISK GLOBAL HAZARDS Hazard – Potential threat to human life or property Natural Hazards – Caused by natural processes e.g. lava flow from volcanic eruption Hydro-meteorological Hazards – Caused by climatic processes (droughts, floods, tropical cyclones and storms Geophysical Hazards – Caused by land processes (volcanic eruptions, earthquakes) Disaster – When a hazard seriously affects humans Risk – Likelihood that humans will be seriously affected by a hazard Vulnerability – How susceptible a population is to the damage caused by a hazard. Disaster Risk Equation Risk (R) – Hazards (H) * Vulnerability (V) / Capacity to Cope (C) Risk increases if: * Frequency or severity of hazards increase * People vulnerability increase * Capacity to cope decreases (Capacity to cope is the ability to deal with the consequences of a hazard) e.g. people in remote areas are further from help in central areas, so have lower capacity to cope) * Global Warming – greatest global hazard * Recent increase in average global temp – climate change * Causes other types of climate change * Context hazard – global in scale (affects all parts of environment) – potential to trigger other hazards or make them worse * Chronic Hazard (Long term) * People who aren’t causing the problem are mostly affected * Difficult to find solutions * Hydro-meteorological hazards becoming more frequent ...
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...temperature throughout Earth’s history due to geological disruption, a slight change in the planet’s orbit, or when the sun’s energy production varied. However, in the last 200 years, human activity has been the primary cause of the of rising global temperature, raising it by about 1.4°F since the early 20th century, according to NCDC. By taking samples from the Antarctic ice cores, scientists have also measured the amount of carbon dioxide and methane, and found that they have increased by about 38 percent and 148 percent, since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution in the 1750s. Over the past 100 years, sea levels have risen at an average rate of 1.7 millimeters per year based on tide gauge observations. Since 1993, however, the rate of rising sea levels has increased to about 3.5 millimeters per year. Recent satellite imaging also shows that worldwide sea levels have risen between 4 to 8 inches. When climate temperature increases, water absorbs some of that heat which causes the oceans to expand. It also causes ice to melt, particularly from Greenland, polar caps, and mountain glaciers, which contributes to greater amounts of liquid water. Higher temperatures also cause large chunks of Antarctica’s ice to break off. At this rate, it is very likely that, by 2100, major coastal cities will be swamped or...
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...Do not wait until it is too late, global warming is a real problem that must be confronted now. The earth has heating and cooling cycles that are natural and right now the earth is in a heating cycle. The human activities that stared in the industrial revolution had altered this cycle; however, many people do not agree with this statement. The fact is that these activities created a problem that is called global warming. One evidence that proves that the global warming is real is the increment in the sea level. A group of individuals published an article called “Infographic: Sea Level Rise and Global Warming”. The article shows a bar graph of how the sea level increased faster in the cities on the east coast of the United States. Global average...
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...400-meter dash at sea level. Altitude training is a form of exercise that athletes use to enhance their performance. When training at a greater altitude, it is more difficult for oxygen to reach the muscles because of the thin air. After the training period, a return to sea level can lead a body to acclimatize to the lower level of oxygen, which results in improving the delivery of more oxygen to the muscles and an increase of their VO2 max. Athletes from many different sports use this kind of training to aid them. However, there is debate in which altitude might just have a physiological benefit. Critics question whether it is just a psychological advantage that helps athlete’s performance once they return back to sea level. Nummela and Rusko’s aim of this study was to “establish the effects of living high and training low on sea-level performance in sprint athletes”(2000, p411). The chosen subjects were made up of eighteen 400m runners or hurdlers, all of which were well-trained and performing at high intensities (Nummela & Rusko, 2000,p412). The participating subjects were split into two groups for the study: six men and two women, who ran for the Finnish national team. They were required to live at altitude and to train at sea level, while the remaining ten men both lived and trained at sea level (Nummela & Rusko, 2000,p412). The average age of the group living at the altitude house was 21.8 years of age, while the average age of the sea level group was 21.9 years...
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...Alien Existence There are a lot of things in this world that go unexplained. Not anymore, it was all aliens, everything you can’t figure out like, “Where does one sock go when I do the laundry?” Aliens. Earth has been very much impacted by aliens in its short history. Everything from supplying life-giving chemicals and wiping out the dinosaurs with meteorites to influencing human culture and evolution. The whole world is full of evidence that aliens exist, even though it is usually denied and ignored by the government and academics. This paper will give a short investigation of extraterrestrial events and evidence. Ancient people, especially their huge structures and exciting grip of mathematics and astronomy, have always attracted human kind. For example, the Sumerians were aware of Pluto as early as 5,000 bce, seven thousand years before it was discovered by Clyde W. Tombaugh in 1930. The first written evidence of extraterrestrials was discovered in 1935 by Prof. Tsum Um Nui of the Academy of Prehistoric Research in Beijing who found a stone disk in the cave part of the Baian Kara Ula Mountains near Tibet. The stone disk was buried with a group of humans with delicate bodies and weird large skulls. At first they were thought to be apes, Prof. Um Nui was rumored to have said “Who ever heard of apes burying each other?” They ended up finding 716 disks but the Chinese government would not let any more research be done until a Russian, Dr. Saitsew, examined them and wrote a...
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...is higher than the actual physical altitude:[2] • The aircraft will accelerate slower on takeoff as a result of reduced power production. • The aircraft will need to achieve a higher true airspeed to attain the same lift - this implies both a longer takeoff roll and a higher true airspeed which must be maintained when airborne to avoid stalling. Density Altitude Computation Chart[1] Density altitude is the altitude relative to the standard atmosphere conditions (ISA) at which the air density would be equal to the indicated air density at the place of obser• The aircraft will climb slower as the result of revation. In other words, density altitude is air density given duced power production and lift. as a height above mean sea level. “Density altitude” can also be considered to be the pressure altitude adjusted for Due to these performance issues, a plane’s takeoff weight non-standard temperature. may need to be lowered or takeoffs may need to be schedBoth an increase in temperature, decrease in atmospheric uled for cooler times of the day. Wind direction and pressure, and, to a much lesser degree, increase in runway slope may need to be taken into account. humidity will cause an increase in density altitude. In hot and humid conditions, the density altitude at a particular...
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...Dave: ways that our climate in the uk could change is by the average temperatures rising. Hotter summers will come more frequent and less winters. it Will also affect many aspects of our lives in the UK, our environment, business and public services. NEXT SLIDE Rajan: Coastal areas might be affected by climate change by sea levels rising causing areas to flood. people without a home will put a secondary problem to the economy because they will need to fix the damage. NEXT SLIDE Dave: wild life might be affected by habitat displacement, whereby ecosystems that animals have spent millions of years adapting to move quickly. Wildlife depends on healthy habitats. They need: • the right temperatures • fresh water • food sources • places to raise their young rajan: Warmer water temperatures will cause population declines for trout, salmon and many other species that require cold water to survive. Rising ocean temperatures have already caused massive coral bleaching, leading to the collapse of these ecosystems which sustain huge numbers of fish. NEXT SLIDE Dave: people might be affected by their homes being destroyed by floods. Business owners buildings can also be affected. People might lose their jobs because the owner will have to repair whatever's been damaged and to get money he would have to get rid of people. NEXT SLIDE Rajan: the stern review was a man called sir Nicholas stern who told everyone The world has to act now on...
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...fact that global warming is a phenomenon occurring today out of ignorance or out of self-interests which are psychopathic. When evidence points out to increase surface temperatures, rise in sea levels and decrease in ice extent; it means this is not a matter to be taken for granted. Global warming is a reality that we are currently facing in our world. Increased carbon dioxide emissions find their way into the atmosphere and combine with other gases to create a greenhouse effect. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) have predicted a rise of 8.6 degrees Fahrenheit come 2100. There has been an increase in global temperatures over the past fifty years. NASA confirmed that the past year, 2015, was the warmest year ever experienced ever since the dawn of the ice age. They believe that this year wouldn't be different, in fact, they depict an exponential increment. Global temperatures were first recorded in 1880, scientists have noted an inconsistent change in global temperatures ever since. Research conducted by the atmospheric administration and the Climate Research unit shows that surface temperatures will increase exponentially come 2020. The rise in temperature is largely experienced in the Polar Regions where the percentage of ice cover continues to diminish. The rise of global surface temperatures is attributed to the increased concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere (Balling, 2013). Carbon (IV) oxide, aerosols, and chlorine compose...
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...Climate Change and the IPCC o What is the IPCC? - Intergovernmental Panel of Climate Change, created in 1988, first assessment report in 1990 launched global awareness of climate change issue. How the IPCC works - Thousands of scientists contribute to writing and reviewing reports. Does not carry out new research or monitor climate related data. There are 3 working groups and a special tasks force. Terminology – 99%-100% (Virtually Certain) 90%-100% (Very Likely) 66%-100 (Likely) 33%-60% (About as likely as not) 0%-33% (Unlikely) 0%-10% (Very Unlikely) 0%-1% (Exceptionally Unlikely) o Causes of climate change Relative forcing components – Long-live greenhouse gases (Global), Ozone (Continental to Global), Stratospheric water vapor from methane (Global), Surface albedo, Aerosol (Direct Affect, Cloud Albedo Affect, Surface to Continental), Linear Contrails (Continental) , Solar irradiance (Global) Earth’s energy budget & human use Quadrillion BTU 100% Incoming Solar Energy Wood 64% - Radiated to space Coal 51% - Absorbed by land and oceans Oil &Gas 23% - Carried to clouds Hydropower &Nuclear (1900-) 20% - Reflected by clouds 16% - Absorbed by atmosphere 15% - Radiation absorbed by atmosphere 7% - Conduction and rising air 6% - Reflected by atmosphere 6% - Radiated directly into space 4% - Reflected from Earth’s surface 3% - Absorbed by clouds Greenhouse gases (types and impact)...
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...Sea-Level Rise and Island Culture Considering the lecture on the human-environmental interaction for Holland and Smith Islands in Maryland there is an obvious and imminent threat of sea-level rise and land erosion throughout the world. I have come to understand that the threat of global warming is serious and should be immediately addressed before the dilemma is too late to solve. Considering from the hardcore evidence from the lecture and the video we have viewed, I feel that if we do not take immediate initiative right away all coastal settlement will face consequential repercussions. I have come to an understanding that human-environmental interaction between climate change and culture has a paramount influence on geography. The impact of exploiting both islands presents a major conflict on these two locations. The sea-level rise occurring on Holland and Smith Island is an example of a real life phenomenon that is occurring throughout the world. Islands or areas below sea-level are facing this threat as we are going about our day. The threat of sea-level rise could affect small island states unless the world implements a plan to prevent this from occurring. Civilizations and cultures could be loss as a result of this occurrence. Small islands are most vulnerable to human-induced sea-level rise in the 21st century and beyond, and the reality of abandonment of some low-lying oceanic islands is becoming a real possibility. Using the case study approach for Holland and...
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