...Around 1205 CE, Chinggis Qahan and the Mongols defeated the Naimans and the Merkits, who were part of the Mongolian empire. Qahan conquered his very own people because they called for his execution. Jamuga, a Naiman survivor and brother to Qahan, became a robber after the conquest of his people and climbed the Tanglu Mountains with five companions. His companions then turned on him and took him to Chinggis Qahan. The exchange between Jamuga and Quahan was recorded by an anonymous author and was written in The Secret History of the Mongols, which is the oldest surviving Mongolian text. The Secret History of the Mongols gives insight into the relationship between Jamuga and his brother, Quahan. In the beginning of the text, Jamuga...
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...conquests joined backward Europe with the flourishing cultures of Asia to trigger a global awakening, an unprecedented explosion of technologies, trade, and ideas. Genghis Khan, who lived probably between 1162–1227, born Temüjin, was the founder, Khan (ruler) and Khagan (emperor) of the Mongol Empire, which became the largest contiguous empire in history after his death. He was born in a Mongol tribe near Burkhan Khaldun mountain and the Onon and Kherlen Rivers in modern-day Mongolia, not far from the current capital Ulaanbaatar. The Secret History of the Mongols reports that Temüjin was born with a blood clot grasped in his fist, a traditional sign indicating that he was destined to become a great leader. He was the third-oldest son of his father Yesükhei, a minor tribal chief of the Kiyad and an ally of Ong Khan of the Kerait tribe and the oldest son of his mother Hoelun. He was called Temüjin because, in the Mongol culture, children were named after the leader of the last tribe to be defeated by the child’s father Childhood was short and difficult for the Mongols, and Temüjin learned how to ride horses when he was three, and hunt and fish before he turned six years old. The Mongols also had very early arranged marriages, and Temüjin was no exception. At the age of nine, his father, Yesükhei, made arrangements to have him wed a girl from a neighboring tribe. As part of the arrangement, Yesükhei left Temüjin with the tribe until he came of age. On his way home, Yesükhei...
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...What would have happened if in 1241, the Mongols had gone thru with their planned attack of the European Continent? Would the New World be discovered sooner? What would the aftermath be like? What kind of worldly impact could it have? The Mongols had an expansive empire before 1241, having conquered from North China, to Southern Asia, all the way to the Middle East, with their leader Genghis Khan. Genghis Khan ended up having a son named Ogodei who would also expand the Mongol Empire. With the guidance of Ogodei the Mongols began to In 1241 the Mongols were plotting to take over the European Continent. It was coming down to the last couple days before they began their invasion, when Ogodei died. The invasion was canceled and the Mongols returned to Asia to take Ogodei...
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...William Marriott AP World History Mongols Essay 3/14/14 In Eurasia during the 12th through 14th centuries the Mongols innovated new methods of expansion; like stirrups and Calvary that allowed them to conquer and rule the sedentary people of Eurasia. They were able to rule their conquered land by dividing it into Khanates (sections) ruled individually by Khans (rulers). Their rule both positively and negatively affected the people they conquered because the Mongols set up trade, which benefitted the conquered, but they also forced the conquered to pay tribute. These factors allowed the Mongols to grow the largest land empire of history that spanned all over Eurasia. The Mongols were in part able to conquer so fast and effectively because of the methods they used to expand. An Italian explorer from Venice, Marco Polo, wrote a report on the Mongols from his trips to China and the Far East during 1274 through 1290. From Marco’s exploration he learned about the extreme expertise of the Mongols and the innovations and ideas they used that revolutionized fighting. Polo learned that the Mongols became experts at shooting their bow from when they were young. (Document #3) Their bow, made from sinew and horn, was capable of shooting 100 yards father than the classic English longbow. When you take into account the Mongols extreme skill at shooting was combined with an innovation of the stirrup (saddle) you can see how the Mongols were able to conquer so efficiently. ...
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...Mongol leader Genghis Khan (1162-1227) rose from humble beginnings to establish the largest land empire in history. After uniting the nomadic tribes of the Mongolian plateau, he conquered huge chunks of central Asia and China. His descendents expanded the empire even further, advancing to such far-off places as Poland, Vietnam, Syria and Korea. At their peak, the Mongols controlled between 11 and 12 million contiguous square miles, an area about the size of Africa. Many people were slaughtered in the course of Genghis Khan’s invasions, but he also granted religious freedom to his subjects, abolished torture, encouraged trade and created the first international postal system. Genghis Khan died in 1227 during a military campaign against the Chinese kingdom of Xi Xia. His final resting place remains unknown. Temujin, later Genghis Khan, was born around 1162 near the border between modern Mongolia and Siberia. Legend holds that he came into the world clutching a blood clot in his right hand. His mother had been kidnapped by his father and forced into marriage. At that time, dozens of nomadic tribes on the central Asian steppe were constantly fighting and stealing from each other, and life for Temujin was violent and unpredictable. Before he turned 10, his father was poisoned to death by an enemy clan. Temujin’s own clan then deserted him, his mother and his six siblings in order to avoid having to feed them. Shortly thereafter, Temujin killed his older half-brother and took over...
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...The Mongols The Mongols became successful conquerors due to their military prowess coupled with their excellence in riding and attacking in an extremely brutal manner that terrorized enemies. During the thirteenth century the world was taken by a storm. It changed the entire map of the world. Many nations had to permanently leave their homes to settle in other places. Political boundaries as well as cultural values changed. The three major religions of the world: Islam, Christianity, and Buddhism were also affected along with other changes that came about. For our benefit the Mongols expanded the world where East met the West. Some of the most ferocious leaders of the Mongols were Genghis Khan, Kublai Khan, Hulegu, and Tamerlane. (Nicolle). The life of the Mongols was a constant cycle of seasonal migrations from the flat open summer pastures to protected river valleys for the winter. Each tribe or clan would return to their traditional pastures year after year. (Marshall 16). Today, extended nomadic families live on large collectives of land controlled by the state. Eight hundred years ago, the Mongols lived not on collectives but in loosely defined tribes or clans. They shared the land; took care of their sheep, and horses. Horses were their most prized possessions. Some eight hundred years ago, they lived in tribes or clans. (17). In these modern times the life of Mongol herdsmen still revolves around their sheep and...
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...any particular patterns in how various states responded to particular types of military challenges? Choose a particular place and time (for example, Tang dynasty China) and discuss the relationship between social and institutional developments and the use of specific military tactics and technologies. Nathan Wells While it has long been realized that military challenges were key to the development of Western society; the Non-Western world by comparison has often received short shrift in relation to this subject. This is best illustrated by Kenneth Chase, who begins his work Firearms: A Global History to 1700 with this query: “Why was it the Europeans who perfected firearms when it was the Chinese who invented them?” (1) The underlying message of the statement therefore is that while the region (East Asia) might produce the occasional interesting moment for military history, the real determinants for military theory were occurring elsewhere. Chase’s complete thesis is a bit more pragmatic; hinging on the observation that constant emphasis on steppe warfare led East Asian powers to neglect the increasingly important gunpowder revolution. This seems a bit heavy-handed, however and fails to address the fact that firearms and the gunpowder revolution were not always one and the same; or the fact that firearms were of limited use on the steppe until well into the nineteenth century. Yet the steppe was certainly a source of military challenge to the region, whether directly or...
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...Technology: The Invention of Gunpowder Professor: Adam Ravalovich August 12, 2011 Title: The Invention of Gunpowder A. Introduction: The invention of gunpowder was one of China’s four greatest inventions that made a significant contribution to Chinese culture. Gunpowder in Chinese is called “huo yau”, meaning flaming medicine. The use of gunpowder gave the Chinese a greater ability to protect them from enemies and to conquer and control others. Although fireworks today are used as entertainment, the Chinese used it to scare-off enemies in the time of war. Chinese firearms, fireworks and gunpowder were also popular items of trade along the Silk Road to Europe. As we can imagine this invention had a profound effect on human history and although gunpowder was invented by the Chinese, it gave rise to the powerful western world while it inevitably left China and the Eastern World behind. B. Description of the Chinese Culture (Brandy Miller) 1. Chinese Society: Understanding a people's culture exposes their normalness without reducing their individuality. There are many different realms of Chinese society. China is well known for its centuries of traditional values, customs and beliefs. These beliefs are deeply linked with the language, religions and collective values which have always been the center of traditional festivals, customs and everyday life of man as a collective in harmony with nature (Needham, J., 1986). Despite the strong Chinese cultural traditions...
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...visit the famous castle Alamut in the Elburz Mountains in what is now northwestern Iran. The castle, whose name meant "eagle's nest," was perched atop a high cliff amid spectacular mountain scenery, and was approachable only by a narrow, well-guarded valley. Alamut had been constructed centuries earlier, and had been taken over in 1090 by Hasan-iSabbah, a leader of the Ismailis, a sect of Shia Islam with a strong esoteric bent. The community housed at Alamut and the surrounding countryside called themselves Nizaris, but to the rest of the world, had become known by a different name - the Hashashin, or Assassins. The sheikh who presided at Alamut, nicknamed "the Old Man of the Mountain" since Hasan-i-Sabbah's time, was rumored to command a secret legion of fedayeen, or holy warriors, perfectly trained in the arts of espionage, infiltration, and murder, who were willing - indeed, expected - to give their lives to destroy designated enemies. The Assassins were murderers for hire, able to infiltrate the most tightly guarded palaces and royal entourages, and to assassinate kings, noblemen, and generals, Christian or Muslim, if the price was right. They were active and unpredictable players in the power politics of Christian and Muslim during the crusades, and Henry of Champagne had stopped at Alamut to see whether the Old Man of the Mountain would be amenable to an alliance. One day during his visit, Count Henry and the sheikh of the Assassins were strolling outside the fortress,...
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...previously. Archeologists made the perilous journeys of Silk Road traders and began to uncover ancient manuscripts, all the while keeping their own record that very closely paralleled those which they discovered. Sir Aurel Stein, a foremost archeologist in the area, saw the Silk Road as a "… special meeting ground of Chinese civilization, introduced by trade and political penetration, and Indian culture, propagated by Buddhism" (Rossabi 23). Evidence of Buddhism and other cultures saturate the Silk Road, riddling the Taklimakan with stuppas, monasteries, and grottos from the fourth and fifth centuries. In response to the Xiongnu nomads, the Silk Road was forged by the Han Dynasty; tribes evolved from the Xiongnu observed trade flourish under Mongol rule. II. The nomadic Xiongnu warriors' attacks pressured the Han Dynasty to look west for allies and cavalry horses. A. Xiongnu nomads and the Han Dynasty facilitated the initial travel on the Silk Road. 1. Xiongnu nomads attacked China from the north. 2. Emperor Wu-ti sent Zang Quain to locate allies and stronger horses for the Chinese cavalry. a. Zang Quain observed some of the earliest Chinese trade in Bactria when he came across porcelain and silk. 3. Before the Silk Road was heavily traveled the Han Dynasty continued exploration. 4. Under the Han Dynasty Silk Road trade began, and some of the first diplomatic connections in central Asia were made. 5. Once sea routes are accounted for, the entire Silk Road network spans 1500 miles...
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...social organisation of the other. It was the traders, from whom goods passed, that profited best from the indirect contacts between Rome and China, and the preservation of ‘trade secrets’, such as the sources of Gold and Spices, and the technique of manufacturing silk. This arduous work was usually conducted by nomads of central Asia and mariners of Indonesia, who, as suggested by Loewe as underdeveloped, lower-class people. What were the ecological factors faced by traders along the silk road? In term of ecological conditions along Silk Road, there will be a focus on inter Asia’s ecological zones along Silk Road, which has four major ecological zones: forests, steppe (grasslands), deserts, and mountains. Firstly, the forests zone along Silk Road. The trees of this area are evergreens, such as fir, spruce, and pine. In addition, forests are a plenty of sources of fur, timber and other products. The population of this area is small, which are living by hunting, fishing or trapping and they are not so importantly in the region’s history in the past. Secondly, the steppe of Inner Asian stretches across Kazakhstan, northern Xinjiang province in China, and Mongolia. This is the “eastern half of the great Eurasian steppes. The peoples who founded the great nomadic empires—Xiongnu, Turks, and Mongols all depended on their herds (horses, sheep, camels) for survival. The inhabitant obtain milk, butter and cheese from animals which as an important part of their diet. And other...
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...PRE DIPLOMA PROJECT ANALYSIS AND IMPROVEMENT OF ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT ACTIVITIES IN THE COMPANY SISECAM II.1. DEVELOPMENT OF GLASSWARE IN THE WORLD II.1.1. BIRTH OF GLASSWARE AND FIRST DEVELOPMENTS Glass is used since approximately 4000 years and it surely is an important invention in the history of humanity. According to knowledge passed from Senior Plinius, first glass was found by chance on the coasts of Phoenicia (present Syrian and Lebanese coasts). According to this chance, saltpetre soils mixed with sands by fire. Phonic merchants, who strived with sailing, had used to saltpetre soils for seated their stew pot that their meals cooked in it. The first known glassware products were glass vases and were produced in Ancient Egypt that dated at approximately B.C. 2700. Ancient Egyptians produced glass pots that were first known and decorated zigzag and invented coloured glass. They embedded their deads in glass coffins. Their habit had been passed to Assyrians and Greeks in Hellenistic era by commercial relationships. The glassware passed from Ancient Egypt to Mesopotamia and Ancient Greece approximately B.C. 2500. Mesopotamians produced glass objects for religious ceremonies and daily usage and spread their glassware to Anatolia. However, the glassware in Mesopotamia started to decline at approximately B.C. 1500 due to continuous wars between Mesopotamian states and foreign invasions. II.1.2. GLASSWARE IN SYRIA AND EGYPT The glassware in Syria...
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...Budapest is the wonderful capitol city of Hungary. The people have had struggles in the past - such as the Hungarian Revolution. The people, history and architecture is very unique with churches, local shops and restaurants. They have a plethora of absorbing history. “But if you go to Moscow to Budapest, you will think you are in Paris,” according to Gyorgy Ligeti, a Romanian composer of classical music. (Brain Quotes) Budapest’s climate is the Humid Continental. The summers are from April to August and are sweltering. The winters are from November to early March and are a bit nipping. The highest it has ever been was 105.3ºF in July and the lowest it has ever been was -14.1ºF in January. The daily mean temperature in Budapest is 50.7ºF so...
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...Five Categories of Crime Cherina Harrell Instructor Alina Perez-Sheppe Introduction to Criminal Justice Oct.3, 2011 In America there are five categories of crime. They are felonies, misdemeanors, offenses, treason and espionage and inchoate offenses. The first on that I am going to discuss is a felony. A felony is a crime punishable by imprisonment for more than twelve months. A person can also get life I prison or lethal injection for a felony. A felony can also be grouped as violent or non violent offenses. The rank of seriousness differs in many states. In New York State, the felonies are ranked in classes such as E, D, C, B, AI and AII. AI is the most severe. Other states rank numerically such as capital, life, 1st degree, 2nd degree and so on. A felony includes offenses as terrorism, treason, arson, kidnapping, burglary, robbery, rape, and murder. If a person gets convicted of any of these offenses they could receive up to 25 years imprisonment of life imprisonment. The second crime is a misdemeanor. A misdemeanor is a lesser criminal act than a felony and is usually punished by paying a fine. The imprisonment for a misdemeanor may include offenses such as drug possession, petty theft and simple assault. The state government and the federal government classify misdemeanors into different classifications, Class 1, Class 2, Class 3, and Class 4 according to the seriousness of the crime. A misdemeanor is tried different in court than a felony. A misdemeanor...
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...that regulates all aspects of freedom, including religion, for its people, explains why North Koreans are approximately one percent evangelized. North Korea is ranked as the number one country where Christians are most persecuted for their belief. God remains faithful to His intent on reaching all peoples and Koreans are not the exception. In order to bring the Gospel to them, much planning, preparation, and training must take place before taking such a dangerous journey. It is the intention of this paper to devise a strategy to bring God’s name to this unreached people group. This paper will first discuss their background, historical events, language, society, and religions. Second, this paper will include a brief review of the history of...
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