...Introduction “Police history” predates the evolution of the “police” as a permanent occupational group within a bureaucratic institution, providing the primary state response to crime and disorder. That was primarily a development of the 19th century and a reaction to the rapid social change of the industrial revolution and rapid urbanization. Prior to 1800, governments maintained order by a variety of means, local and national. One of the key historical debates concerns the effectiveness of these approaches and the degree of continuity between the premodern and modern police models. Around 1800 a small number of distinctively different types of police institution emerged. The French, under Napoleon, instituted the Gendarmerie, a state military police model. It evolved from the “Marechaussee,” which had had a dual military and civil function since the 16th century. The model was exported across Europe by Napoleon. The British developed two models. The first, set up to answer similar challenges to the Gendarmerie in France, was the Royal Irish Constabulary model. It was close to the state military model, but distinctively styled as part of the civil power of the state and subordinated to the Magistracy. The Irish model was subsequently exported to Britain’s colonies and became the basis of forces such as the Indian Police Service. The Metropolitan Police was consciously created as a local force with a uniform that was deliberately different from the military and a mission that...
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...format as outlined in module guide; adequate & correct referencing, free from errors…………………….10% | | | Reflection… …10% | | | LESS 5% IF NO CRITERIA SHEET TOTAL MARKS | | Assignment 1 Title: ‘The Evolution of selling: a study of historic and contemporary sales methods and attitudes’ Tutorial Day: Wednesday – 12 to 1 Full Name: Arun Kumar Sehgal Student ID: P11271202 Module Name: The Creative art of selling and negotiation – ENTE 2534 In the last two century professional selling has evolved dramatically through various methodologies, practices and models that have been created in order to show the old and new ways of adaptive selling. Selling models have been made in order to show the complexity of selling techniques determining the outcome of a salespersons approach to a client, making sure that previous mistakes are not repeated. Key impacts and changes happened throughout the industrial revolution and 19th century. Customer and sales professional had changed their behavioural and selling styles through time. To the point of hard selling to value based selling. Small scale businesses had dominated the economic markets previously as large factories did not exist; the more traditional methods were used such as door to door selling and word of mouth. While the Industrial Revolution meant that more goods could be...
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...Nygaard: Professional Autonomy versus Corporate Control ISSN: 1893-1049 Volume 2, No 1 (2012), pp. 11-26 http://urn.nb.no/URN:NBN:no-30971 Pål Nygaard Professional Autonomy versus Corporate Control Abstract: Professionalism and bureaucracy tend to be understood as incompatible systems of work organization, represented by the ideals of collegiality and autonomy versus control and supervision. I present a historical case study from early 20th century Norway examining the potential clash between efforts made toward professionalization and bureaucratization in industry. Based on my findings, I argue that there is neither an inherent conflict between professionalism and bureaucracy nor static national trajectories at the level of professional versus bureaucratic work organization. Keywords: professionalism; bureaucracy; engineers; engineering; history; transnational Pål Nygaard Centre for the Study of Professions, Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Scineces Contact: Department of Innovation and Economic Organisation, Handelshøyskolen BI, 0442 Oslo, Norway Pal.Nygaard@ bi.no Page 11 For a long time, theories on professions brought forth the contention of an inherent conflict between professionalism and bureaucracy, contributing to a division between the sociology of professions and organizations. During the past decade, various scholars have contested both the argument of conflict and the fruitfulness of division (Bourgeault, Hirschkorn, & Sainsaulieu...
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...Jewish people who died in the holocaust. Six million people are equivalent to five times the number of Americans who have died in all the wars combined. As a society this number is viewed as outrageous and unacceptable, yet every single year six million people die from tobacco related illnesses and for some reason this number is not seen as ridiculous when these deaths are attributed to tobacco related illnesses as when they are due to war and genocide. How can any substance that produces such mass death ever be distributed and produced legally? Well, many have begun to think the same way and have embarked on the long and arduous journey to attempt to sue tobacco distributers. But these large companies have fought back with a vengeance, and so the debate has arisen whether or not people should be able to sue big tobacco companies. People not only have the right to sue, but should sue tobacco companies for a multitude of lawless acts, for pain and suffrage, and as well as for the economic losses many have suffered. The first thing that comes to my mind when I think of big tobacco companies is my beloved uncle. He tragically passed away three years ago from gun disease. My uncle Anthony had been an avid chewer since he was 16 years old. At a very early age he had become a slave to his addiction to chewing tobacco, this addiction ended his life. With the passing of my uncle I began to wonder why it is legal for any company to distribute such a harmful and potentially deadly product...
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...Extraterrestrial Hypothesis The extraterrestrial hypothesis (ETH) is the hypothesis that some unidentified flying objects (UFOs) are best explained as being physical spacecraft occupied by extraterrestrial life or non-human aliens from other planets visiting Earth. Etymology Origins of the term extraterrestrial hypothesis are unknown, but use in printed material on UFOs seems to date to at least the latter half of the 1960s. French Ufologist Jacques Vallee used it in his 1966 book Challenge to science: the UFO enigma. It was used in a publication by French engineer Aimé Michel in 1967,[1] by Dr. James E. McDonald in a symposium in March 1968[2] and again by McDonald and James Harder while testifying before the Congressional Committee on Science and Astronautics, in July 1968.[3] Skeptic Philip J. Klass used it in his 1968 book UFOs--Identified. In 1969 physicist Edward Condon defined the "Extra-terrestrial Hypothesis" or "ETH" as the "idea that some UFOs may be spacecraft sent to Earth from another civilization or space other than earth, or on a planet associated with a more distant star," while presenting the findings of the much debated Condon Report. Some UFO historians credit Condon with popularizing the term and its abbreviation "ETH". Chronology Although ETH, as a unified and named hypothesis, is a comparatively new concept - one which owes a lot to the saucer sightings of the 1940s–1960s, it can trace its origins back to a number of earlier events such as the now...
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...Control Mechanisms: Use and Reaction at Chipotle Mexican Grill Control Mechanisms: Use and Reaction at Chipotle Mexican Grill Control is essential for any company to ensure their business plan is being executed efficiently to achieve its corporate goals. Part of the organization's planning includes which control mechanism best suits the business' core competency. This paper will study how Chipotle Mexican Grill utilizes Control Mechanisms and the reactions from employees and customers and to what degree Chipotle can monitor and control execution of its business plan, will determine the long-term viability of the company’s very existence. Leadership Vision Steve Ells, chef and founder of Chipotle is an inspired leader with a strong desire only to serve delicious and healthy ‘Food with Integrity.’ Integrity in the Chipotle vernacular means a strong commitment to small farmers by serving only naturally raised animals and organically grown vegetables. Culture Chipotle believes their crew members are just as important as their food for sustained success. Crew...
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...Intelligence IX. Why Collect Intelligence? X. What is Ethical? XI. Methods of Intelligence Collection XII. What Resources Are Used to Collect Information XIII. How Companies Utilized Collected Information XIV. Keeping Companies Secrets Secret a. Buildings b. Communication Systems c. Administrative XV. Conclusion I. ABSTRACT Intelligence gathering is considered commonplace in corporate America. Companies struggle to maintain the high ground within a competitive marketplace. One source for maintaining an elevated position is through information gathering on competitors, better known as Competitive Intelligence (CI). Collection of this information can be accomplished through numerous means. History has shown that the collection of CI is not a new practice, only that the methods used to collect the information have evolved over the past century. Intense pressure for turning profits, winning contracts, and avoiding expensive research and development costs drive the methods used in CI collection. With an increase in CI collection, companies are required to protect themselves from inside and outside intruders. II. PROBLEM STATEMENT Corporate America has become oblivious to the information being divulged concerning company trade secrets. Corporate intelligence or company espionage has become an all to commonplace art form. Due to increase pressure to meet production quotas, new product markets, and an increase in stockholder wealth, corporations have changed into...
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...Planning Your Historical Investigation Examples of Types of Investigations Examples of Research Questions Choice of Topic 20th Century History of the Americas Alternative The Written Account & Assessment Criteria A. Plan of the Investigation B. Summary of Evidence C. Evaluation of Sources D. Analysis E. Conclusion F. Sources and Word Limit Sample History IAs 1Trotsky and the Russian Civil War 2US in Chile 3Women in the French Revolution 4PreWWI Alliances 4 7 9 10 11 12 13 14 14 1 2 2 3 4 10 16 Information in this guide is gathered from a variety of sources, including, but not limited to: The IB History Course Guide, Oxford’s IB Skills and Practice, IBOCC, and anecdotal experience. What is the History IA? The History IA is your chance to explore a period, theme, or event in history that you are interested in. For full IB Candidates, it also serves as 20% of your final History Grade. The final paper will be assessed by your teacher, with a sampling sent off to IB for score moderation. The History IA asks you to use the full range of skills you have been taught in class. In particular: ● knowledge and understanding ● application and interpretation ● synthesis and evaluation ● document analysis The structure of the IA is unlike any history paper you have ever written (and will most likely ever write again)...
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... the About two centuries ago, human society has many changes and movements; the occurrence of human right and its acceptability, the attention of the importance of democracy, the change of production to industry, instead of agriculture, and the advance of technology. These changes and movements cause some women getting the chance of education as same as almost men, and make women working outdoor instead of doing household work. These phenomena cause people questioning about the original belief that proposes women are inferior to men, and the difference between men and women is natural matter which is unchangeable. People tried to find the reason why this belief occurred and has still endured for a long time. In addition, there is a social movement which tried to change this belief, including the condition of the inequality between men and women. This social movement is called feminism. This social phenomenon began, in 19th century, in the western side of the world, because women didn’t accept the original culture, their role in society, the inequality of gender, and the oppression of men. However, this contradiction in terms of gender has been argued up to the beginning of 20th century. Feminism has rapidly grown since the last forty years of 20th century. People become awakened to study about women in several measurements, especially in the study of the relationship between men and women, by using the idea of gender to be the equipment of the analysis. The inconsistency...
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...Mistake-proofing v. Kaizen vi. Six Sigma IV. Quality Tactics and the Logistics and Supply Chain Functions i. What tools are applicable internally ii. What tools are applicable externally with vendors V. Week 5: Roll-Out i. A communication plan ii. Sequence of steps to get personnel trained iii. Stakeholders on board I. History Of Quality Management The history of quality management and the movement can be traced as far back as medieval times in Europe when craftsmen and tradesmen organized themselves in unions called guilds which predate the 13th century. It wasn’t until the 19th Century when the industrial manufacturers of the world adopted this model of craftsmanship. The system had its emphasis on the inspection process which started in Great Britain during the 1700’s and grew immensely during the Industrial Revolution of the 1800’s. In the 20th century these manufacturers began to implement these quality procedures and improve on its quality practices. As the U.S was engaged in WWII quality became paramount and more important than ever before and it became the foreground in the war. An example would be the bullets that were produced in one state had to work on a constant in another and the armed forces would inspect every bullet before it was even used. They...
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...Analysis of American Tourism problems and Suggestions Nessie Shi May 8, 2013 Abstract This article main focuses on the problem and suggestions of current American tourism. Though analysis the history and current situation of America tourism, the article points out three problems the America tourism exist. Then the article indicates some suggestions to resolve the problems. The America tourism developed from 1790, and stand at the maturity stage now. It has rich tourism resource, such as the park, the museum, the theme park, the internet system, and developed transportation system and so on. However, the result is not the best in the world. Even though the America tourism is mature compare with more countries, it also has some problems because the special country condition. Such as the economy problem, security problem, visa problem and medial tourism problem. The article gives some suggestion aimed at each problem. Introduction “Tourism is the number-one service that we export. And that means jobs.” “More money spent by more tourists means more business can hire more workers.” President Obama announced when he went to Walt Disney World’s Magic Kingdom in Orlando, Florida January 19, 2012. (Laura, 2012). According to the statistic from the government, tourism and travel account is 2.7% of US gross domestic product (GDP) and support 7.5 million jobs. Generated...
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...rapidity. This prevents dominance by any one, or a few, firms. Economic rents are usually low. This makes the industry unattractive. The following elements will help determine the level of threat from new entrants. 1. Economies of scale If economies of scale exist, it represents a high barrier to entry. Firms within the industry will have achieved these economies, and if we enter, we will have to match their scale size, but without the benefits of the associated learning curve. Since economies of scale do not exist in any tangible way, you must prove their existence or non-existence. Provide two measures related to the basic premise that increases in capital investment should lead to lower unit costs. Reach a conclusion: based on your analysis, do economies exist? What does this do to the threat of new entrants? Does this make the industry attractive or unattractive? Provide similar conclusions for each of the following sub-sections. 2. Working capital requirements How much money will we have to tie up to keep the doors open? This is money that can not be invested in any other way. It will never earn an income. This is also a barrier to entry in that if firms must tie up large amounts of capital for daily operations, this will deter smaller firms from entering. Working capital requirements are usually provided in the cash flow financial...
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...Significance of the Study Beauty pageants take place everywhere around the world, and as the researcher observed, they never fail to draw various sectors of audiences. As Cohen (1996a) described it, beauty pageants, as diverse as they are in their cultural and historical contexts, they do something similar wherein they establish an ideal of beauty that best represents the locality. Indeed, Filipinos have been always fond of beauty pageants that it has become a significant part of their lives. No town fiesta or festival can be called as they are if there was no beauty pageant held. And beauty queens and even beauty contestants are always admired and considered as one of the beautiful icons in the country. But as the Philippine culture easily being influenced by the American society, this research hopes to emphasize the distinction of Philippine beauty pageants from American beauty pageants for it is in beauty pageants that the epitome of a Filipino is being showcased around the world. With that in the mind, this research also hopes to discover and unravel the purposes behind the staging of beauty pageants in both American and Philippine society. Background of the Study The researcher, who is not a stranger in the world of beauty contests in her school, has been asked by a judge on what she thinks is the purpose of beauty pageants in the society and whether its purpose is still prevalent. Intrigued, the researcher decided to do a research on beauty pageants. The TLC TV series...
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...Life and Work of Graham Greene Henry Graham Greene, better known by his pen name Graham Greene, was an English novelist and author regarded by some as one of the great writers of the 20th century. He was born on October 2, 1904, in Berkhamsted, Hertfordshire, in England. He was one of six children. His parents, Charles Henry Greene and Marion Raymond Greene, were first cousins, both members of a large, influential family that included the owners of Greene King Brewery, bankers, and statesmen; his mother was cousin to Robert Louis Stevenson. He was educated at an English School, the head-master of which was his father. His childhood was not at all happy; he describes this period of his life as "…something associated with violence, cruelty, evil across the way". Graham often skipped classes in order to avoid the constant bullying by his fellow classmates. At one point Greene even ran away from home. When Greene began suffering from mental and emotional problems, his parents sent him to London for psychotherapy by a student of the famous Sigmund Freud (1856–1939). Greene actually found the psychoanalysis to be very interesting and remained fascinated by dreams for the rest of his life. While he was living there, Greene developed his love for literature and began to write poetry. In 1922 Greene became a student of Balliol College, Oxford. At the age of twenty-two he became sub-editor on the staff of a newspaper The Nottingham Guardian. It was during this period that his...
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...Hitler was cautious in his actions and hinted to Stalin that the two of them could divide Poland which caught Stalin's attention (1. German-Soviet). Before the start of World War II in September of 1939 Hitler sent a foreign minister, Joachim von Ribbentrop, to Moscow on the 22nd of August (1. German-Soviet). In the Kremlin Ribbentrop spoke with Stalin and his foreign minister Vyacheslav Molotov, where they discussed the proposal of a non-aggression pact. Hitler at first stated the pact would last 100 years though Stalin thought ten would suffice, the agreement also stated that "neither country would aid any third party that attacked either signatory" (1. German-Soviet). It was reported sometime later that Hitler did bribe Stalin with a secret protocol that would allow the Soviet Union to have the eastern half of Poland (Dmitrieva). This non-aggression pact became known as the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, which created a two year peace between Germany and the Soviet Union and neutralized the French-Soviet treaty. Now the questions remain, why only two years...
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