...grandchildren which works as shields from total exclusion. Pakistan brought a major change in 1961 by section-4 of the Muslim Family Laws Ordinance (MFLO). In Bangladesh the same law has become accepted through the promulgation of the ‘Laws Continuance Enforcement Order, 1971’. Section-4 the MFLO’1961 affects the fundamental principles of Muslim Law of Succession. Bangladesh is the only country which has adopted such change. Although this law has faced many challenges in Pakistan but in Bangladesh no academic discussion or judicial interpretation is made till now. Since 1961, from the date of adoption of MFLO there are differences of opinion among the persons. Some of them supported such enactment and some of them denied. The persons who opposed the law are known as traditionalists and the others are modernists. Both groups have logics behind their beliefs. Professor Serajuddin has rightly pointed it out that ‘It will however, be wrong to assume that only the traditionalists are opposed to orphaned grandchild’s inheritance. Again an internationally acclaimed scholar on Islamic Law thinks that section-4 of the MFLO is contradictory to the Sharia Law. So an analytical study upon section-4 of the MFLO should be made to identify the logical application of such enactment in the field of Muslim Law of Succession. Here an effort is made to make a critical analysis of present section-4 of the Muslim Family Laws Ordinance’1961 by considering the rule of traditional Muslim Law of Succession...
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...Section 4 of the Muslim Family Laws Ordinance, 1961: A Critic Professor Dr. A.W.M Abdul Huq Introduction Law, whether divine or manmade, is always for the well-being of the human beings. In other words, laws are ultimately related to life experiences which are not a monopoly of the theologians only.1 As the society is not any constant phenomenon, it inevitably changes every moment. As a result laws are needed to be changed in compliance with the changing demands of the society. In Islamic Legal System as well the iron fist of taqlid (the doctrine of imitation) had to give way to ijtihad (meaning independent and free exercise of intellect to interpret interpretation of Islamic laws). It is always open for and permitted to, the thinkers, lawmakers and the rulers who are entrusted to apply shariah in society. In this short commentary I intend to address a particular issue relating to the orphaned children’s inheritance right. This is an extremely practical anomaly of the Doctrine of Representation usually escaping our notice. Grandchild’s inheritance right: the Islamic Law The Islamic law of inheritance does not all together deny the grandchild of the propositus their right to inheritance. Sunni Law places them in the list of quranic sharers. Unless excluded otherwise, they inherit from their grandparent. The doctrine of representation comes into question in case of allotment of their shares. The doctrine is accepted at least for two purposes:2 A) For the purpose...
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...EQUAL RIGHTS IN LAWS RELATING TO DIVORCE: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF DIFFERENT PERSONAL LAWS IN BANGLADESH A Research Monograph Submitted as Partial Fulfillment of Master of Laws (LLM) Degree Submitted By: Examination Roll No. 08239085 Registration NO.3347 Examination: 2012 Session: 2007-2008 DEPATMENT OF LAW UNIVERSITY OF RAJSHAHI BANGLADESH DECEMBER 2012 DECLARATION The researcher, as a candidate for the degree of Master of Laws (LLM), is fully aware of the rules and regulations of the University of Rajshahi relating to the preparation, submission, retention and use of a research monograph. She acknowledges that the University requires the research monograph to be retained in the library for record purposes and that within Copyright privileges of the author it should be accessible for consultation and copying at the discretion of the library authority and in accordance with the Copyright Act 2000. I authorise the University of Rajshahi to publish an abstract of this research. The researcher also declares that this research monograph entitled ‘Equal Rights in Laws relating to Divorce: A Comparative Study of Different Personal Laws of Bangladesh’ is solely the outcome of her own efforts and research for the partial fulfillment of the degree of LLM. No part of this research monograph in any form has been submitted to any other department or institution for the award of any degree or diploma or to any journal for the purposes of publication. Researcher ...
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...TOPIC: THE RISE OF DIVORCE CASES IN ISLAMABAD Introduction: Over the years, there is seen the rise in number of divorce cases in Islamabad. According to Islamabad Arbitration Council, in 2005, there were 314 divorce cases reported in the press. In 2010, the number rose to 625 and in 2011, the number increased by 40 percent respectively. Islamabad is the capital city of Pakistan; demographically it is comprised of heterogeneous people. Mostly the inhabitants in Islamabad are not local rather some of them have migrated while others are living on temporary basis. People here are educated enough and much aware of their fundamental rights. Tangibly it is modern city in outlook. The way of life in Islamabad seems to be inspired by outer world. Furthermore, they are more liberal in their thoughts. As for as the people of the city are concerned they are totally different in respect of their behavior, attitude and life style as compare to the people of other cities like, Karachi, Lahore, and Quetta. Owing to the aforementioned demography of Islamabad, the causes in hold behind the divorce cases are quite different from those in other parts of the country (mostly rural). The more liberal overlook, higher education, heterogeneous society with people having different social background, financial status and to some extent the joint family system are some of the major causes in hole behind the rise of divorce cases in Islamabad. Literature Review: “Karney and Bradbury, emphasize...
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...South Asian Studies A Research Journal of South Asian Studies Vol. 27, No. 2, July-December 2012, pp.439-458 Role of Civil Society in Empowering Pakistani Women Shehzadi Zamurrad Awan F.C College University ABSTRACT Civil society in Pakistan has been playing its role in social, economic and political empowerment of women. Unfortunately, despite of the emergence of vibrant print/electronic media, wide-spread network of women related non-governmental organizations and the focus of political parties on women related issues; a large segment of female population is still struggling hard for the equal status. However, it is pertinent to state that the notion of women empowerment is deeply linked with an over-all change in patriarchal structure of the society, on one side and the truthful understanding of religion (Islam) on the other. We cannot neglect this reality that the growing trend to provide equal opportunities of education and employment to women has contributed to their welfare, but not effective through to make a dent in their over-all well-being. In spite of the fact that more representation is given to the women in legislatures, neither have they suggested remedies for the grievances and dismal plight of women, nor they could suggest the broad framework to improve the role of female socio-economic and political in Pakistan. KEY WORDS: Civil Society, Pakistan, Woman, Welfare, Gender, NGO Introduction This paper intends to establish a linkage between the issues...
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...COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND ARCHITECTURE DESIGNING FOR PERFORMANCE EIGHTH EDITION William Stallings Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data On File Vice President and Editorial Director: Marcia J. Horton Editor-in-Chief: Michael Hirsch Executive Editor: Tracy Dunkelberger Associate Editor: Melinda Haggerty Marketing Manager: Erin Davis Senior Managing Editor: Scott Disanno Production Editor: Rose Kernan Operations Specialist: Lisa McDowell Art Director: Kenny Beck Cover Design: Kristine Carney Director, Image Resource Center: Melinda Patelli Manager, Rights and Permissions: Zina Arabia Manager, Visual Research: Beth Brenzel Manager, Cover Visual Research & Permissions: Karen Sanatar Composition: Rakesh Poddar, Aptara®, Inc. Cover Image: Picturegarden /Image Bank /Getty Images, Inc. Copyright © 2010, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, 07458. Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to: Rights and Permissions Department. Pearson Prentice Hall™ is a trademark of Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson® is a registered trademark of...
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