...the context of relevant developmental theory. Explain what is meant by the term sensitive mothering. Explain why sensitive mothering is important in building a positive emotional base. (15) - Give a definition of sensitive mothering (also consider insensitive mothering). - Link this to a positive or non-positive emotional base. Link this explanation to Bowlby’s attachment theory and Ainsworth’s studies. You will need to show an understanding of the internal working model of attachment and how sensitive mothering impacts on the quality of attachment. (25) - Outline Bowlby’s theory of attachment, showing evidence of how the ethological studies of Harlow and Lorenz, and his own research with war orphans and evacuees and juvenile delinquents impacted his theory. - Determine the phases of attachment and the development of the internal working model of attachment. - Consider Ainsworth’s research and the types of secure and insecure attachments that resulted from the research. - This needs to be linked back to mothering style and the internal working model of attachment that each infant is developing. Links also need to be made to Erikson’s relevant psychological stages of personality development, emphasising the importance of a supportive social environment. (15) - Consider Erikson’s psychosocial theory of personality, especially the first stage, and link to mothering style and the internal working model of attachment that each infant is developing. ...
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...Abigail Graves Attachment Theory Paper The attachment theory is used to explain the relationships between humans. This was primarily developed by a psychoanalysis John Bowlby who raised the issue about maternal deprivation that developed into the attachment theory. It mainly focused on the idea that infants need to create a bound with their caregiver in order to develop emotionally and socially appropriately. It was not until recently that the theory was extended to attachment in adults. Through new research it was found that these early relationship can have a profound affect peer relationships at all ages, romantic and sexual attraction, and responses to the care needs of others as well. This is explained through case studies and applying the finding to the theories developed by Bowlby and Mary Main, defining the types of adult attachment and analyzing those to a personal style of attachment. With understanding the theories of attachment two psychologist decided to expand on the ideas that had been developed by others in their field. Kim Bartholomew and Leonard Horowitz’s expanded on the idea that was presented by Bowlby about how children internalize their attachment relationships with their parents, and internalize that for future relationships. They “…have only recently examined the relationship between working models of attachment and social and emotional adaptation in adults” (Bartholomew and Horowitz, 227, 1991). Meaning there is studies now that examine the way...
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...Bowlby’s Ethological Attachment Theory Rhonda Lawson Excelsior College Lifespan Developmental Psychology June 10, 2014 Bowlby’s Ethological Attachment Theory I) Abstract a) A natural inclination b) Strength and stability c) Theory of lifespan development II) Introduction a) Evolution and biology b) Critical periods c) Behavioral study on graylag geese d) Creation of attachment III) Bowlby’s perspectives a) Biological preparation b) Ethological theory c) Adaptive value d) Physical, social as well as cultural e) Lasting relationships IV) Application of Bowlby’s ethological attachment a) Survival b) Increases in cortisol levels and heart rates c) Psychotherapy d) Anxiety and avoidance with depression e) Development of a new attachment with a therapist f) Outcomes of a therapy process g) Diagnosis of the reactive attachment disorder V) Conclusion a) Begins at birth b) Develop attachments to primary caregivers c) Widespread acceptance d) Diagnosis of reactive attachment disorder VI) References Abstract Bowlby’s ethological attachment theory bases its argument on the premise that human individuals, just like animals have a tendency to have a natural inclination to establish and maintain lasting affectionate bonds (attachments) to the familiar and irreplaceable others. Bowlby further asserts that once the attachments are established, the strength, and stability of the...
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...ÔØ Å ÒÙ× Ö ÔØ Do agents negotiate for the best (or worst) interest of principals? Secure, anxious and avoidant principal-agent attachment Sujin Lee, Leigh Thompson PII: DOI: Reference: S0022-1031(10)00291-X doi: 10.1016/j.jesp.2010.12.023 YJESP 2600 To appear in: Journal of Experimental Social Psychology Received date: Revised date: 21 August 2010 14 December 2010 Please cite this article as: Lee, S. & Thompson, L., Do agents negotiate for the best (or worst) interest of principals? Secure, anxious and avoidant principal-agent attachment, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology (2010), doi: 10.1016/j.jesp.2010.12.023 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 1 T Running Head: PRINCIPAL-AGENT, ATTACHMENT, AND NEGOTIATION RI P Do Agents Negotiate for the Best (or Worst) Interest of Principals? NU Sujin Lee SC Secure, Anxious and Avoidant Principal-Agent Attachment Department of Management Science MA Graduate School of Innovation and Technology Management ED KAIST...
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...Attachment Paper Maria Salsberry PSY/205 June 1, 2015 Tanya Semcesen Attachment Paper According McLeod (2009) Mary Ainsworth describes, “ as an affectional tie that one person or animal forms between himself and another specific one, a tie that binds them together in space and endures over time”. John Bowlby suggests that there is a direct correlation between the emotional and cognitive development in children and the relationship with their mother. Bowlby further believes the child’s inability to adjust relates to the early separation form he/she’s mother (McLeod, 2009). Developing secure attachment in a child starts the day they are born and continues to develop through the toddler years. Behaviors in Children Securely Attached From 0-2 months is the pre-attachment period and the behaviors are the cries, sucking, and babbling needed to achieve their mother’s attention. 2-6 months attachment starts to develop as he/she recognizes known figures they begin to cling, grasp, and vocalize their preference of their mother. 6 -11 months the toddler clearly knows who their caregiver is and begins to uncomfortable when strangers are around or when caregiver leaves the room. Children 11-18 months are relaxed and secure when their parent or caregiver is around and become upset and anxious when they leave. Upon their parents return they will seek comfort from their caregiver when contact is initiated with positive behavior (Positive-Parenting-Ally Practical Advice & Deep...
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...reference to Attachment Theory discuss the importance of early childhood to emotional development. With reference to Attachment Theory this topic will discuss the importance of early childhood to emotional development. This work will be more focused in the development of the emotion of fear, anxiety and security or insecurity. For that reason, Bowlby’s theory is going to be considered due to the fact what he is the first attachment theorist, describing attachment as a ‘lasting psychological connectedness between human beings’ (Bowlby, 1964,p. 194). Bowlby believed that the earliest bonds formed by children with their caregivers have a great impact than will go on later on. Moreover, Bowlby will deal in “Basic Postulates in Theories of Anxiety and Fear” where we can find also Freud’s point of view and other theorists where they try to explain the concepts of “anxiety” and “fear”. Later, we find Schaffer and Emerson whom did a studio with sixty babies to see the measure of anxiety they could experiment. No less important is when a child start to go to school. There is going to be a separation of the child from their family so as a result fears and anxiety can also be found in early ages. The main point of attachment theory is that mothers who take care and are responsible with their infants’ needs creates at the same time a base of security for the child. All these points will be discussed through the topic. Psychologist John Bowlby was the first attachment theorist who...
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... Childhood neglect endured during the infancy stage of development can influence and have a “snowball effect on their subsequent successes in later stage development” (Broderick & Blewitt, 2010 p. 9). Infancy, the time between birth and 12 months old, is a critical stage of development, as human growth escalates rapidly during the first few years of life. It is a period of growth that is especially sensitive and vulnerable to the effects of maltreatment (Hildyard & Wolfe, 2002). When childhood neglect occurs during this very sensitive period, issues of safety, attachment, and social-emotional functioning are often identified as areas that need immediate intervention. The following paper will focus on the issue of early childhood neglect and the possible effects it can have on development during infancy according to three expert theorists Mary Ainsworth, Erik Erikson, and Albert Bandura. This paper is also written using the stories from “Paul”, (a pseudonym), a victim of childhood neglect: My name is Paul. I was born in 1995 to my mother who was thirteen years old. Her boyfriend, my father, was seventeen. My father was never involved in my life, as he was actively involved in criminal behavior, which ultimately led to his early death by gun violence. I was ten months old when my father was killed and I have no memories of him. My mother hid her pregnancy until she was 36 weeks and did not receive any prenatal care. Although she was pregnant with...
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...Attachment Paper Life Span Human Development Lela Lambe 10/25/15 Kristin Scott-Grove Introduction: Attachment is a strong, affectionate bond we have with our mother. Also, with special people in our lives during a lifetime. Attachment leads us to experience pleasure when we interact with time. Besides, to be comforted by nearness in times of stress. Lasting emotional connection that connects people to another within space and time. Attachment is a strong emotional and social bond of trust between the child and parents. That is very important for social and emotional development. In childhood, particular the first couple of years of life, attachment relationships help the immature brain use the mature functions of the parent’s brain to develop important capacities related to interpersonal functioning. The baby’s bond with their attachment caregiver. Offer experience-dependent neural avenue to develop. Particularly in the frontal lobes where the capacities are wire into the developing brain. Attachment Theory devised by John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth to account for the impact of early separation and trauma on the child. Has revolutionized our views of development, psychopathology, and clinical work. Is the most prominent theory today regarding early socio-emotional development. The empirically based and support the research. The child is highly motivated beginning birth to form and maintain attachments to a few caregivers. Healthy attachments have successful...
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...single. “Unclaimed treasure”, “old maid” and “spinster” are terms that are used synonymously to refer to women who remain single throughout their lives Baumbusch (2004). There’s a number of ways in which singlehood can be viewed, some may see it a personal choice while others might believe that it’s a symptom of problematic attachment styles. The purpose of this paper is to discuss explanations for why people may adopt single lifestyles, to highlight the strengths and weaknesses of these explanations and to finally support why I believe singlehood is seldom a choice but more of a response to circumstances that do not offer the opportunity for another alternative like marriage. This thought is also supported by Buambusch J. L. (2004, p 9)) when it says that none of the participants had consciously chosen single life; this is demonstrated in their short term plans in anticipation of future marriage. The theories that will be examined in this paper are the Sternberg’s typology of love and connectedness, theories of interpersonal attraction and attachment styles in intimate relationships. Psychologist Robert Sternberg (1988) created his influential triangular theory of love. He believed that different types of love (liking, infatuated love, empty love, romantic love, companionate love, fatuous love and consummate love) arise from different combinations of three basic components, namely intimacy, passion and commitment. Coon and Mitterer, (2010). If a person has been in numerous relationships...
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...How does attachment influence the social and emotional development of the child? In your answer refer to the usefulness and the critiques of the attachment theory. A child’s social and emotional development has significant implications for the social functioning of a child throughout their lives, in their education, friendships and employment. A child with poor or social and emotional development are at risk of experiencing poor relationships with peers, academic problems and can lead them into involvement in unsociable activities or crime. Research suggests the key to social and emotional development lies in the child’s early relationship with parents and caregivers. It is believed that children develop and thrive better when they are brought up in an environment where the caregiver satisfies a child’s needs physically and emotionally. Throughout the Late 1930s and 1940s a psychologist John Bowlby investigated the nature and the purpose of the close relationships that a person forms with people throughout their lives, in particular, childhood. He researched the making and breaking of bonds to understand the psychological behaviour and social and emotional development of human being (Howe, 1995, P46). As a result of these investigations and studies Bowlby developed a theory called the ‘Attachment Theory’. The basis of this theory is that “the infant and young child should experience warm, intimate and continuous relationships between the child and the mother” (Steele...
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...Research Paper Child protection is an area of interest for me due to the vulnerability of children. I come from an abusive relationship where my ex-husband is addicted to heroin. During our separation the police had to be called a few times, because of that I learnt so much when it came to protecting my own children. I currently work as a day care provider, providing a safe place for children to come while their parents are at work. Doing this type of work (and because of my children having a father that will be absent most of their lives) I have done a lot of research about the developing brain and attachment. Understanding about brain development and attachment are essential in raising a healthy child. I strongly believe that attachment theory is necessary in Educational Assistant curriculum due to the impact that attachment has on the developing brain. The journal article that I researched was “The Enduring Effects of Abuse and Related Adverse Experiences in Childhood: A Convergence of Evidence from Neurobiology and Epidemiology”. The article discussed the impact of abnormal stress on the developing brain. Evidence suggests that adverse childhood experiences such as, “childhood emotional, physical, or sexual abuse, as well as, household dysfunction including, parental drug or alcohol use, loss of family members, incarceration of family member or witnessing domestic violence” affect the “health and quality of life throughout the lifespan” (Anda et al., 2005, p...
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...The majority of students participate in non-academic and academic activities at school and, in doing so, develop a sense of belonging or, as described by Roffey (2016) a ‘sense of connectedness’. They have friends at the school, good relationships with teachers and classmates and they are committed to adhering to the school’s values. However a number of children are not engaged. They do not feel accepted by their teachers or peers nor do they feel the school is beneficial to them. This negative attitude towards schooling leads to children withdrawing and becoming alienated from school, disrupting classes and negatively affecting other pupils (Willms 2003). This paper will focus on the importance of creating a sense of belonging to create a...
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...CASE STUDIES ON ATTACHMENT By Dr. Mark Beischel CONTENTS Introduction Case 1 Secure vs. Insecure Attachment: the Story of the Boy and the Crow Case 2 Signs and Symptoms of the Insecurely Attached: the birth of a Giraffe Case 3 Continuous Lies: the Peanut Butter Boy Case 4 Curiosity and the Setting of Fires: Burn, Baby, Burn Case 5 Avoidant Attachment: Run for Your Life Case 6 Attachment and Security: a Death Row Tale Case 7 Brain Development and A ffect Regulation: Classroom Back Stabbing Case 8 Parenting at Night: “2 x 10” Tale Case 9 Disorganized Attachment: Confusion in the Kitchen Case 10 Eating Problems: the First Supper Case 11 Regulating Stimulation: Disneyland, Here We Come Case 12 Executive Function Deficits: the Paper Clip and Fire Tale Case 13 Inhibitory Control of Responses: Jelly, Jelly, All Over the Wall Case 14 It is All about Survival: Gang Pressure and destruction Case 15 Working Memory Deficits: the TV Thief Case 16 Ado lescent Brain Development: the Cell Phone Caper Case 17 Adolescent Identity and Escape Behavior: a Fantasy from the Wild, Wild West Case 18 Resilience and Temperament: No Free Drugs Case 19 Reasoning and Affect Regulation: the Orphan Card Case 20 Families Evolve Slowly: How Many Babies? Case 21 Changing the Meaning of a Stimulus: the “Dorky” shoes boy Case 22 Displacing the Rage: Slipping into Psychosis Case 23 Distract Yourself with Other Things: Playing with Mud Case 24 Paranoid Belief Systems: the Tree...
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...Secure attachment and its correlation with violent behavior Kisha Serrano March 12, 2016 PSY 235 1N2 Professor: Lisa Routh Abstract The study of adolescence and the changes puberty can ensue are the topic of this paper. Puberty lasts approximately 5 years from beginning to end. This changes can influence how a child views life and the surrounding environment. In May 2015, a Colorado boy was involved in the attempted murder of his mother. This paper discusses the possible parenting style, attachment and environmental influences that might have perpetuated this situation. Insecure attachment and parenting styles correlate with an increase risk factor of violent behavior in adolescents. There are longitudinal studies linking attachment security and parenting with a child’s aggressive behavior. Also influencing such behavior is the media, who have been desensitizing children for the last two decades. When the 12-year-old offender was question, he could provide significant information as to why he attempted to kill his mother, which suggests the child might not have been aware of his externalizing tendencies. Secure attachment and its correlation with violent behavior May 01, 2015, Deputies from the El Paso County Sheriff’s office responded to a stabbing involving an 11-year-old and his mother. According to the information obtain the 11-year-old fell 20-30 feet from the window within the home. It is unknown whether...
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...Reactive Attachment Disorder in Children and Adolescents in Institutionalized and in Foster Care, and Adoptive Families Lisa W. Marshall Liberty University Abstract It is believed children exposed to early institutional rearing are at risk for developing psychopathology (McGoron, et. al., 2012). Comparisons were made to discover if Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD) was more prevalent in children raised institutions, foster care or adoptive families. Measurements included the Observational Record of the Caregiving Environment, Strange Situation Procedure, Disturbances of Attachment Interview, and the Preschool Aged Psychiatric Assessment (Smyke, et. al. 2012), the Reynolds Adolescent Adjustment Screening Interview (Cone, et. al., 2009) in addition to the Reactive Affective Disorder Checklist (RAD-C) and the Relationships Problem Questionnaire (RPQ), in the diagnosis of Reactive Attachment Disorder (Thrall, et al., 2009). These measurements were not only utilized to discover the existence of RAD, but to test the validity of the methods. Additionally, treatment studies including holding, narrative therapy, parenting skills training, Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing, psychodrama, and/or neurofeedback (Wimmer, et. al.,2009) and cognitive-behavioral therapy (Cone, et. al.,2009) are examined. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR) lists Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD) as a serious, directly linked...
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