...Policy = Directive that publicly commits an entity to a decision to achieve a defined objective. Who makes the decision and how? Governance: body with responsibility and authority for guiding the organization in this area. Why would you want a policy? • Regulatory compliance • Due care; due diligence • Assign responsibility • Assign authority, e.g., incident response • Publicize to members of organization • Create framework for development of standards, procedures, baselines, and guidelines. • Proclaim priorities; values • Specific issues need to be addressed formally by organization as a whole Mission Statements: per Paul Drucker, a MS has to be operational, otherwise, it's just good intentions. A policy statement is a way of operationalizing your entity's mission statement. Measure of policy: SMART • Specific • Measurable • Achievable • Realistic • Time-based Policy Taxonomy • • • • Policy: what and why-objective Standards: measures of compliance. DOD, FIPS. E.g., level of software or hardware. Baselines: minimum standards Guidelines: not mandatory, not compulsory, several solutions may be satisfactory. Procedures: explicit actions, sometimes in explicit order at a specific time (e.g., prior to production/operation). Mandatory. Procedures employ standards. Policies Standards Guidelines Procedures Different types of policies: issue vs. system policies 1 • • • • Passwords Acceptable use Email Copyright Firewalls Mobile...
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...Article Review: - The Greed Cycle, by John Cassidy The article by Thomas Cassidy, points out the instrumental role that greed plays in the modern corporation. Modern Economists have always seen greed as not only a necessary element in the corporate environment, but as also a vital part of the successful evolution of a public company. As the article points out, “Economists from Adam Smith to Milton Friedman have seen greed as an inevitable and, in some ways, desirable feature of capitalism. In a well regulated and well balanced economy, greed helps to keep the system expanding”. In the early public companies, greed was not seen as a danger, as the implicit trust that managers would not slack off, and would run the company in the interest of the stockholders and stakeholders was not undermined. Economist was the first to identify the issue of managers not acting in the interest of the shareholders, and instead being motivated by greed, and “self-enrichment”. Public Companies, evolved as a way to create financing for large industry, where in the owners agreed to relinquish day to day control and operation of a company to mangers, who in turn would act in their interest, and maximize revenues. As the article points out, in the beginning, “most of the professional managers were content to collect generous salaries and pensions rather than habitually attempt to rob the stockholders and bondholders. It is a strong proof of the marvelous growth in recent times of a spirit...
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...Implications Three constraints: Scope for increasing aggregate size of public sector limited Scope for raising debt levels limited Contingent liabilities will need careful management Some implications: PPP may help but are unlikely to be a panacea (PPP should be driven by VfM not fiscal constraints) Raising savings (revenue), improving efficiency of investment, and equitization will all have to play a role. 4 Debt Management I: Definition of Public Debt Vietnam - Gross Public and Publicly Guaranteed Debt - 2005-2009 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 (In percent of GDP) A. Gross public and publicly guaranteed debt (B+C) B. Gross domestic public and publicly guaranteed debt (B1+B2) B1. Gross domestic public debt Securities Loans and advances B2. Gross domestic publicly guaranteed debt VDB domestic debt Other entities (Social Policy Bank, VEC, Vinashin bonds etc.) C. Gross external public and publicly guaranteed debt (C1+C2) C1. Gross external public debt Multilateral Bilateral...
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...The issue of ethics in the corporate world has been widely talked about over the last decade. Corporate scandals almost seem like a part of everyday life. The nation’s response is to inform students of ethical conduct and hold organizations to a higher standard. This will hold CEOs and management responsible for all fraudulent acts committed by an organization. The ethical spotlight has now turned to CEO compensation due to the recent decline in the economy. The focus point of those public discussions has been to try and get a better position to influence CEO compensation packages. Determining a CEO compensation package and commitment that does not place undue pressure on the CEO to taint financial statements, provide excessive perks, approve stock option scandals to occur, and let outrageous severance packages could be a giant step in the right direction toward an ethical foundation in the business community. Perhaps CEO compensation packages are not the cause of corporate scandals, but sometimes they do push CEOs into making improper and unethical decisions. The relationship between CEO compensation is parallel to being an ethical company, and having long term success Executive compensation has risen significantly in past ten years. These increases are difficult to comprehend considering profits and stock prices of the only increased by 11% and 23% respectively as of 2008. Although the increase in market value created an environment for increasing compensation without much...
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...Food-Lion MVP Program Charles A. Kennedy BUS_120 February 7, 2009 Mr. Belflowers Fayetteville Technical Community College Located throughout different parts of the eastern seaboard, there is a popular food store called Food-Lion. The main goal for the store is to provide quality food products at reasonable affordable prices that other stores cannot compete with. With this as their main goal, the store believes it will greatly gain profit and exposure leading to the company growing. Food-Lion is seeking to expand its operations by improving their quality and providing enough quantity. Food-Lion is seeking to take their business in a whole new direction with a Most Valued Product (MVP) program. The proposed system requirements are the system shall have three tiers of users; customers, users, and managers. Users in the “customers” tier represent customers of Food-Lion and account holders. They will be able to view their MVP savings and instantly get other coupon rewards. Users in the “Users” tier represent employees of Food-Lion. They will be able to view their MVP savings from each customer in their area. This would allow them to track pacific items. Every customer will specifically be assigned one account number that will identify the customer within the Food-Lion MVP Program. Whenever a purchase has been made and the customer uses the MVP Card account number, the savings will automatically be credited to customer purchase. When customers want to use their MVP...
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...MajoA review of financing instruments by Steel majors: Innovations Tata Steel 2011 In March 2011, Tata Steel became the first company to issue Perpetual bonds (Perps) in India. A Perp has no maturity date. The investor gets income from the bond forever. The company, however, has a Call option after the end of the 10th year. The company can therefore, pay off the bond holders and extinguish the bond. The investor cannot redeem the bond ever, but can trade the bond in the secondary market. The coupon rate for the first 10 years is 11.8 percent, paid semi-annually. From the 11th year the coupon rate will be stepped up to 14.80. The coupon rate will be capped at 14.80%. The promoter stake in the company had been diluted by 2.4% in the FPO of January 2011(described below). This is cited as a reason why the company chose to issue bonds rather than equity. Similarly, taking on more debt would have negatively affected its Debt Equity ratios. The company intends to include the instrument as a separate class of capital under schedule 6 of Indian GAAP. This will not increase the interest burden of the company since the interest as and when paid will be recorded as a change in equity on its balance sheet. It can be counted as debt for tax purposes and as equity for ratings. The cost of capital through this instrument is also lower. Cost of equity for markets such as India is 16-24% and cost of debt is around...
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...1. Clearly define the ethical problem. Ans: The ethical problem is that SGT Day willingness to be dishonest and not report the security breach. 2. Employ applicable laws and regulations. Ans: . I would inform my supervisor of the findings and situation and while adhering to JER and Army regulations for dealing such issues. 3. Reflect on ethical values and their ramifications. Ans: I would counsel SGT Day for just wanting to cover up the findings, reminding him that not reporting the finding of the pages immediately could jeopardize our own career. 4. Consider other applicable moral principles. Ans: I would to talk SFC Sharp and ask him why the pages weren’t destroyed two week ago and find out how to destroy them at this time. 5. Commit to and implement the best ethical solution. Ans: I would then come up with a plan so that we can put in place a tracking system so that this situation doesn’t happen again. 6. Assess results and modify plan as required. Ans: Even though the civilian cleaning team doesn’t even clean our area and only our people ever come in here and the pages are from an alternate communications security book and were never used it’s still a Security risk. After talking with SGT Day and having him check the inventory and destruction certificates and he discovered that SFC Sharp certified the destruction of the book these pages came from two weeks ago and also that there were no more pages. I would to talk SFC Sharp and ask him why the pages weren’t...
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...E15-3 E15-4 E15-5 E15-6 Content Trading Securities. (Easy) Journal entries. Unrealized holding gain. Balance sheet disclosure. Trading Securities. (Moderate) Journal entries. Income statement and balance sheet disclosures. Long-Term Investments. (Easy) Securities available for sale. Purchase and adjusting entries. Available-for-Sale Securities. (Easy) Journal entries. Compute unrealized increase/decrease balance. Available-for-Sale Securities. (Easy) Journal entries. Balance sheet disclosure. Held-to-Maturity Bond Investment. (Easy) Premium, straight-line amortization, journal entries. Error in recording interest at acquisition. Held-to-Maturity Bond Investment. (Easy) Discount, semiannual interest receipts, straight-line and effective interest methods of amortization, journal entries. Held-to-Maturity Bond Investment. (Moderate) Discount, semiannual interest receipts, sale at gain. Effective interest method. Journal entries. Bond Investment. (Moderate) Discount, semiannual interest receipts, amortization schedule using effective interest method, journal entries. Bond Investment. (Moderate) Premium, semiannual interest receipts, amortization schedule using effective interest method, journal entries. Bond Investment. (Moderate) Premium, semiannual interest receipts, sale at loss. Effective interest method. Journal entries. Transfer Between Categories. (Easy) Reclassification from "held-to-maturity" to "available-for-sale securities." Journal entries for interest and reclassification...
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...CRM 11- Performance measurement Important stakeholders of a company - Shareholders / Board of directors - Customers - Employees/Management An organisation must maximize the main sources of revenue, profit and growth within the context of both business and customer strategy. The three key stakeholders group are: Employee Value Employee value needs to be considered from two perspectives. #1 the value employees deliver to the organization - This is usually measured against a number of performance objectives, where employees are appraised against performance targets #2 the value the organisation delivers to the employees - Comprises the benefits the work force receives in exchange for the opportunity cost, time and labour expended in performing their job. Customers Value The value the customer receives from the organisation is defined by the perceived benefits of the offer made to the customers, which extend beyond the core product or service. These higher level benefits can come from intangible factors, such as the provision of better customer service or association with a quality brand image. The value of the organisation receives from the customer is determined by the profits obtained from the customer over the lifetime of their relationship with the organisation. Shareholder Value Shareholder value is created by achieving a favourable rate of the return on capital invested. The board of director may expect the following...
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...contribute or not contribute to the losses. This assignment will use technology and information resources to research issues in accounting information systems. AIS Attacks and Failures: Who to Blame Take a position on whether a firm and its management team should or should not be held liable for losses sustained in a successful attack made on their AIS by outside sources. Include two (2) facts to support your position. Security controls are safety measures to avoid, counteract or minimize security risks. The firm and management team is responsible for effectively implementing preventative, detective, and corrective controls in order to prevent, identify, and limit the extent of damage from occurring, in progress, or caused by the incident. If adequate security controls are in place then the firm and management team should not be held liable for losses sustained in a successful attack made on their Accounting Information System (AIS) by outside sources. However, if a firm and its management team have not implemented an adequate security control system, then they should be held liable for losses sustained in a successful...
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...Quote: Resolution: Definitions: Observations: Value: National Security Criterion: Consequentialism/ Util. Value-Criterion Link Value Resolution Link AFF Arguments * Prevented terrorist attacks * Quick accurate information * No other way to prevent attacks ACTIONS/OPTIONS | WHO ARE AFFECTED | BENEFITS | HARM | (1) Tighter security | All travelers and general public | * Reduces obvious threats and risks. * Can prove a deterrent | * Major inconveniences for the public due to longer time delays. * Intrusiveness leading to loss of privacy (due to constant monitoring, spot searches, etc. | (2) More accurate identification systems | All travelers and general public | * Can increase public safety by making identification of thousands of criminals and other offenders easier (Source:http://www.gwu.edu/~ccps/QandA.html) | * Current Facial Profiling systems are limited in capabilities and prone to errors (Source: "Biometrics Expert Delivers Lecture on Facial Recognition at RAND's Washington Office":http://www.rand.org/natsec_area/products/facialrecog.html | (3) Increased surveillance of communications | All those who use phones, faxes, email, and Internet for their communications | * Could reveal plans of suspects proactively to provide advance warning | * Possibility of virtually all personal/public communications being subject to monitoring. * Access to personal and business records without need to show evidence of crime (Source:...
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...Executive Summary Healthcare organizations are under strict compliance to HIPPA privacy requirements which require that an organization have proper security controls for handling personal healthcare information (PHI) privacy data. This includes security controls for the IT infrastructure while handling PHI. Many networks ran by public and private organizations have experienced intrusions in recent years, and this cyber exploitation has resulted in an unprecedented loss in private data. The threats to our networks and systems exist across numerous components that include end user devices, servers, and infrastructure devices. This summary is to examine the threats to routers and other network infrastructure devices in a Lan-to-Wan domain while considering HIPAA rules and regulations. There are key points to understand when trying to establish network security, those basic points are; * Protect Confidentiality * Maintain Integrity * Ensure Availability It is also imperative to keep in mind that all networks need to be protected from threats and vulnerabilities for a business to achieve its fullest potential. The most common threats and vulnerabilities are some of the following; * End-user carelessness * Misconfigured hardware and/or software * Intentional end-user acts (i.e. A disgruntled employee) Now, to fully understand what HIPAA is. HIPAA is the acronym for the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act that was passed by Congress...
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...telecommunications industry, necessitating mergers and acquisitions for sustainable growth. During this merger between Bell Atlantic and GTE, Bell Atlantic and London-based Vodafone Group announced their agreement to create a new wireless business, Verizon Wireless. With the acquisition of MCI in 2006 for $8.6 billion, Verizon became a leading provider of advanced communications and information technology solutions to large-business and government customers worldwide. In addition to growth through acquisition, Verizon also grew considerably through investments in technology and infrastructure. Over a five-year period from 2003-2007, Verizon invested more than $74 billion to maintain, upgrade, and expand its technology infrastructure. Verizon’s debt securities are reported on the company’s balance sheet as either current or noncurrent assets depending on their maturity date....
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...that could affect the completion of Aero’s IT security software product that two of its developers are working on. The register identifies these risks and notes the responses that Aero should handle in order to lower the damage done to the company’s finances, relationships and employee wellbeing. This product and its release to US government agencies as well as international businesses is essential to Aero’s budget forecasts for the next year. The two developers who are working on the software live in the DC area and need constant communication as well as access to the internet to conduct coding of the software. Because they are both in the same location, it would be wise for Aero to establish a business contingency plan, or BCP. Should a natural disaster occur, Aero’s employees on the project as well as its US government based customers would be greatly affected. A BCP will address continuity of business and Aero growth in the event of a natural disaster. The areas of business continuity to be analyzed are • Pre-incident adjustments • Ethical use and protection of sensitive data • Ethical use and protection of customer data • Communication plan • Post-incident continuity Pre-Incident Adjustments The following functions are necessary for Aero to finish the coding of their software and release it on time, selling it to government entities. • Two developers with the coding skills necessary to create the IT security software • A functioning electrical system...
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...If exploited, these vulnerabilities could result in: • Unauthorized disclosure of data • Unauthorized modification to the system, its data, or both • Denial of service, access to data, or both to authorized users This Risk Assessment Report evaluates the confidentiality (protection from unauthorized disclosure of system and data information), integrity (protection from improper modification of information), and availability (loss of system access) of the system. Recommended security safeguards will allow management to make decisions about security-related initiatives. PROJECT RISKS This risk assessment methodology and approach was conducted using the guidelines in NIST SP 800-30, Risk Management Guide for Information Technology Systems. The assessment is broad in scope and evaluates security vulnerabilities affecting confidentiality, integrity, and availability. The assessment recommends appropriate security safeguards, permitting management to make knowledge-based decisions about security-related initiatives. The methodology addresses the following types of controls: • Management Controls: Management of the...
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