...Fruit & Seed Dispersal Fruits and seeds are a very important component to the longevity of human race. They are a very important source of nutrients that one has to intake to stay vital in their everyday life. The dispersal of fruits and seeds are factors that distributed in many ways. Seeds are dispersed in many ways by the wind, human dispersal, and animal dispersal are sources that contribute to very favorable environment for plants to flourish, and be able to grow. In order for plants to be able to survive, and grow they need to be in a separate environment from the parent plant so that they are able to thrive, and not become overcrowded. Essentially, a seed consists of a miniature undeveloped plant which, alone or in the company of stored food for its early development after germination, is surrounded by a protective coat. Frequently small in size and making negligible demands upon their environment, seeds are eminently suited to perform a wide variety of functions the relationships of which are not always obvious: multiplication, perennation, dormancy and dispersal. (Britannica Online seed and fruit 2012). Why are some fruits sweet and some sour, whereas others have no specific taste? The taste of fruits depend on a lot factors such as the chemistry of the plant where it is derived from, how much glucose that may be in the particular fruits as many fruits are made up of many ingredients such has vitamin fructose, acids, vitamins, starch, proteins and cellulose found...
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...Running Head: Essay Paper Fruit & Seeds nita brown Strayer University Mr. Kenneth Jones May 28, 2010 1 Why are some fruits sweet and some sour, whereas others have no specific taste? Each fruit has its own distinct taste, which will differ in some way form the taste of any other fruit. Fruits having more of fructose taste sweeter, while those having more acids taste sour. There are many fruits, which almost equal quantities of fructose and acids. In general raw fruits contain more acids but on ripening, the quantity of acid in them decrease and the amount of sugar increase. Fruits contain fructose, certain acids, vitamins, starch, proteins and cellulose. Fruits that are sweet are, watermelon, guavas, and apples. The fruits that are sour are, lemon, raw mango, and limes. How does the ripening of a fruit affect the process of seed dispersal? Fruit development and ripening are very unique to plants. They represent an important component of human and animal’s diets. Analyses of fruit –ripening mutants and ripening –related gene expression suggest higher levels of a development that remains to be defined. A fruit not only protects the seeds inside it, but also may aid in dispersing those seeds away from the parent plant. The dispersal of seeds is important because it reduces competition for sunlight, soil, and water between the parent plants. The role of sunlight signaling in fruit carotenoid may be examined...
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...have no particular taste. Also, how does their ripening process and humans affect the dispersal of their seeds, and how fructose is used for metabolism in fruits. There are many types of fruits some considered tropical for the environments they grow into and others temperate for growing in cooler environments. Fruits have different tastes depending on their chemistry and according to the level of fructose or starch they possess. Fruits that are high in fructose like watermelon, grapes, mangoes, and apples tend to be on the sweeter side while starchy fruits like pineapples, oranges, lemon, and some raw fruits are more acidic and go towards the sour side. There are some others that just have no particular taste; this is due to them having similar levels of both fructose and starch giving them a more neutral taste than others. A particular fruit like oranges may also be sweet; the same goes with some apples which are more on the tart side. In regards to their evolution process, almost all fruits have seeds and their dispersal is essential for the production of more fruits, this dispersal may be affected by their ripening process. When fruits ripen it goes through a series of changes that alter their appearance and taste, their starches convert into sugars and they end up being sweeter and softer. Ripening of fruits can however cause premature levels of seed dispersal. Several ways for seeds to be dispersed are by birds and mammals when they eat the fruits and dispose of it naturally...
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...Sweet Nectar Tiffany Proctor SCI 115 Professor: Trina McKay February 15, 2012 Sweet Nectar I. Why are some fruits sweet and some sour, whereas others have no specific taste? Most fruits contain about four basic mixtures such as Starch, acids, cellulose and sugar or fructose, depending on the chemical compounds that are present in the fruit tends to contribute to the sweetness or sour taste of the fruit. It’s these same mixtures that stimulate a person’s taste bud so when they bite into a piece of fruit it would give them the indication that the product is sweet or sour. Sometimes, one of these combinations can be more over barren then the other. Such as, the acids can give a piece of fruit a more bitter taste compared to a piece of fruit that produces more fructose or sugar. Which, can become a more sweet taste and in some cases too sweet. When a person thinks of a certain type of fruit it’s naturally expected on how that fruit will taste. For example, when we think of a sweet fruit, we may image items such as: Peaches, Watermelons, and Oranges. This is because we assume that the content will contain more sugar then acid, which would lead us to believe our taste buds will welcome the product, more. However, when it comes to such items as lemons, grapefruits, and cherries, we know that these items contain more acid, then it would sugar, so we are aware that the taste would become more bitter, in response. Meanwhile, there are...
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...amount of glucose and acid, creating a deliciously tangy flavor. Others who lack flavor simply lack glucose or acids. Also, 2 of the same fruit rarely taste exactly the same, for example 2 apples. The reason is due to many variations such as soil, weather, manure, and quality of water (GeminiGeek, 2012). Sure we love to eat fruit, but what purpose does fruit serve the plant that makes it? Reproduction of course! In fruit there are seeds, and the fruit is the means of dispersal. But how does the ripening of fruit affect the process of seed dispersal? First we must understand that there are two types of fruit: dehiscent and nondehiscent fruits. The first kind set their seeds free when the fruit ripens and opens, being fruit that remains itself part of the mother plant. While nondehiscent fruits fall off the plant, such as berries and nuts. These can be eaten, and the waste product from the creature who ate it is not only dispersed, but is surrounded in natural fertilizer. Then there are fruit that has odd shapes that may give flight to seeds on the wind, or fruit that has spikes that get caught in animals fur for further dispersion. In the end, it is the ripe fruit that becomes the taxi of the...
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...Some fruits are fleshy, some are juicy and have some have seeds. Fruit is loved by just about everyone and every race. Fruit is loved by kids and adults. Fruit don’t just taste good they also smell good and look good. They look so good they are actually used for decoration on a picture or in the center of the dinner table. Some fruits are sweet and some are sour it makes you wonder are the sour fruits actually fruits and if so why is it sour. Well the taste of a piece of fruit depends on the levels of glucose and fructose. All fruits have different chemistry levels and the Fructose, glucose and different chemistry levels will determine the taste of the fruit. The levels of citric acid, vitamin C and citric acid will also conclude how sweet or sour the fruit is. Every Fruit has a different taste peaches, apples, and grapes are sweet while oranges, limes and lemons are sour. Some fruits are sweet because they have more fructose and sour fruits have more acid which makes them taste sour. One fruit that has equal acids and fructose is the orange which is why it is one of the very fruits that can be both sweet and sour. As a piece of fruit begins to ripen the amount of acid decreases and the amount of sugar increases; therefore the fruit gets a little sweeter. When a human samples the fruit before they have started the ripening process the dispersing process has been disturbed by then. Furthermore the process of the seeds forming into an embryo has been interrupted as well as,...
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...becomes almost completely fleshy at maturity. The number of carpels in each species varies from one to several and their skins can be thin and tender or thin and tough. The number of seeds also varies from one per carpel to many per carpel. The seeds of all berries, are embedded in the fleshy tissue of the carpel. | 2. The Hesperidium | Hesperidium type fruits are always covered with a leathery rind and the partitions separating their carpels are tough and fibrous. The orange, lemon and grapefruit, all members of the citrus family, are good examples of the hespiridium type of fruit. | | | | | | | 3. The Pepo | The pepo is covered by a rind that is hard and thick. The cucumber, pumpkin and watermelon are good examples of the pepo type of fruit. Below the rind, the the rest of the ovary wall is soft and fleshy. In the photographs above seeds fill the locule of each carpel. | 4. The Drupe | If a fruit is fleshy and it has a hard stony pit containing a seed it is classified as a drupe. Drupes are covered by a thin skin derived from the outer tissue layer of the ovary. The soft fleshy tissue below the skin is derived from the middle layer of the ovary and the hard stony pit is derived from the inner tissue layer of the ovary. Cracking the pit open reveals a single seed formed from an ovule contained within the ovary of the flower. Coconuts have fibrous walls instead of the fleshy walls found in most drupes. | 5. The Pome | The pome consists of...
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...apparent. b. How many ovules are developing in each locule? -There is one ovule in each locule. 2. Q4, p. 339 (1 pt). a. OMIT b. Can you see vegetative and generative nuclei in the pollen tubes? -Yes. 3. Q5, p. 342 (1 pt). a. Why is the endosperm being digested? -It is providing nourishment for the zygote or baby plant. b. Is Capsella a monocot or dicot? How can you tell? -Capsella is a dicot. You can tell this because the embryo has two cotyledons (seeds). 4. Q7, p. 343 (1 pt). a. OMIT b. OMIT 5. Q8, p. 344 and Q9, p. 344 (1 pt.) a. Does the pod appear to be a single carpel with one cavity containing seeds? -Yes. b. Is the micropyle near the attachment of the seed to the pod? -Yes. Q9 a. Before today would you have referred to the uncracked sunflower achene as a fruit? Why or why not? -No I wouldn’t have referred to an uncracked sunflower achene as a fruit because it never registered as having seeds to me before. I also never really thought about it but now that I do it’s very obvious that it is. b. Is sunflower a monocot or dicot? -A sunflower is a dicot. 6. Q11 a, p. 346 (1 pt). a. How many carpels are fused to form an apple? -Five carpels fuse to form an apple. 7. Q1, p.346 (1 pt). What is meant by “double fertilization”? - OMIT 8. Purple box, p. 346 (1 pt). What are the functions of a flower? Describe how a flower of you choice is adapted to each function? -Flowers...
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...student: The plants in which the sex organs are carried within the flowers and the seeds are enclosed in a fruit are called angiosperms. Angiosperms are commonly known as flowering plants. Many botanists considered the flowering plants are the most successful group of land plants. Flowering plant success is primarily attributed to their co-evolution with animals (Chae K, Lord EM, 2011). When spore-producing plants need on water for reproduction, while non-flowering seed plants need wind to carry pollen to a seed. There are some systems of nature it contains to success. Earliest developments that led to the flowering plants' to success were the evolution of a vascular system. The vascular system allowed them to grow larger and shade their competitors (Chae K, Lord EM, 2011). Root system with a large surface area allowed for absorption of minerals, phosphates, sulphates, fixed nitrogen, and water and this system is help to grow especially water. Root system allowed for mutualistic relationships with some fungi, and, in legumes, nitrogen-fixing bacteria. The waxy cuticle and bark slowed water loss even in direct sunlight. Pollen allowed plants to grow at a distance from each other in dry climates the sperm did not have to swim across the environment. Flowers (color, scent, nectar) attracted pollinators (Chae K, Lord EM, 2011). Seeds containing nutrients and energy for the plant embryo within, allowing the seed to survive for years before germinating, thus allowing the plant species to "skip...
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...plants to home, eat them, and spited out the bigger seeds or defecated the tiny size seeds to human latrines. And then the seeds germinated in the early lab. But the key points were how the early farmers decided to pick up which fruit? It’s not hard to make some hypothesis: Fruit size: Strawberry, early farmers went into thorny thicket amid the mosquitoes on a hot, humid day to pick up strawberry; the only criterion is the size. The early farmer would choose only bigger size ones to compensate the while to get sunburned and mosquito bitten. Bitterness: Many wild seeds evolved to be bitter, bad-tasting or even poisonous to keep human or animals away from eating them. Natural selection functioned as getting the fruit tasteful dispersed by animals and continue the process of reproducing, meanwhile if the seed remained tasteful, the animal will chew them up as well. Occasional individual almond trees have a mutation in a single gene that prevents them from synthesizing the bitter-tasting amygdalin, which breaks down to yield poison cyanide. Such trees die out in the wild, while the trees lived near humans survived by being picked up by curious children or early farmers who noticed the non-bitter fruit. Fleshiness, Oiliness and fiber length are all similar in the selection process. Initially the wild fruit had less fruit around their seeds, but early farmers chose the fruit mutated to be with more Fleshiness, less seeds, such as squashes, pumpkins, bananas oranges, grapes...
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...Lesson 3 Essay Questions: 1. Compare and contrast directional selection and disruptive selection and provide an example of each. Both directional and disruptive selection is a type of natural selection. Natural selection is the differential survival and/or reproduction of organisms as a function of their physical attributes. (phenotype) This results in evolution over many generations. Each mode of selection alters the mean or variance of a phenotypic trait in a population or species. These distributions can be represented in bell curves. Both selection processes can be influenced by human interaction. Directional Selection occurs when an extreme phenotype at one end of a population distribution is favored over all other phenotypes and over many generations it will lead to one distinct form. An example of directional selection is resistance to antibiotics. When an antibiotic is administered a few of the bacteria survive because they are genetically resistant. The surviving bacteria will pass on this phenotype (resistance) to the next generation. Over time the bacteria will be completely resistant to the initial antibiotic. Disruptive selection is an outcome of natural selection in which both extreme phenotypes at the end of a population distribution are favored over the average phenotype. This type of selection favors polymorphism, the occurrence of two different forms in a population of the same species. It can also lead to specification and form two or...
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...The plant body consists of two basic parts: the shoot system and the root system. The Root System * Underground (usually) * Anchor the plant in the soil * Absorb water and nutrients * Conduct water and nutrients * Food Storage The Shoot System * Above ground (usually) * Elevates the plant above the soil * Many functions including: * photosynthesis * reproduction & dispersal * food and water conduction * Note: the shoot system includes the leaves and the reproductive organs, although these will be covered in more detail separately The shoot system includes organs such as leaves, buds, stems, flowers, and fruits and usually it develops above ground. The functions of the shoot system include * Photosynthesis, * Reproduction, * Storage, * Transport, * Hormone production. Photosynthesis, The most important characteristic of plants is their ability to photosynthesize, photosynthesis is the process in which plants, green algae, and some bacteria convert sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide into oxygen and in the sugars that they need for growth. Light-sensitive pigments called chlorophylls and closely-related pigments like carotenoid are essential to the photosynthetic process. Thanks to photosynthesis plants are autotrophs, which means that they sustain themselves without eating other organisms or substances derived from other organisms. It sustain practically all living being...
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...clear of the ground by the trunk. This trunk typically contains woody tissue for strength, and vascular tissue to carry materials from one part of the tree to another. For most trees it is surrounded by a layer of bark which serves as a protective barrier. Below the ground, the roots branch and spread out widely; they serve to anchor the tree and extract moisture and nutrients from the soil. Above ground, the branches divide into smaller branches and shoots. The shoots typically bear leaves, which capture light energy and convert it into chemical energy by photosynthesis, providing the food needed by the tree for its growth and development. Flowers and fruit may also be present, but some trees such as conifers instead have pollen cones and seed cones, and others such as tree ferns produce spores instead. Trees tend to be long-lived,[1] some reaching several thousand years old. The tallest known specimen on Earth is 115.6 m (379 ft) and they have a theoretical maximum height of 130 m (426 ft).[2] Trees have been in existence on the Earth for 370 million years. Trees are not a taxonomic group but are a number of plant species that have independently evolved a woody trunk and branches as a way to tower above other plants and make full use of the sunlight. Trees play a significant role in reducing erosion...
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...using correct grammar | 2 2 1 1 2 | | TOTAL | | 20 | | NAME OF PROJECT: Crop Production LOCATION: Manning’s School Farm DURATION: Six –Sixteen Weeks (or you can write the date started and the date when project completed) Description of Activities This will include activities that will be carried out during the production period that are important for growth and development of the chicken. These include: * Site Selection * Land Preparation * Seedling production seed bed Management * Planting and transplanting * Irrigation * Weed control * Fertilizer/Fertilizing * Pests and diseases control * Harvesting and Post Harvesting * Storage and Marketing Sketch of layout This should include a diagram of the area that is been used for the project. Materials and Equipment This should/could include pictures of the basic materials and equipment that will be used for the project.eg seed tray, seeds, irrigation hose hoe etc. SCHEDULE OF...
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...RUNNING HEAD: Thematic Unit Plan Grand Canyon University RDG 512 Thematic Unit Study Melinda Chemin Abstract The following thematic unit all about plants incorporates reading and writing strategies along with science standards. The unit includes text suggestions as well as projects for reading and writing to enhance student learning. Culminating projects provide opportunities for students to display their learning as well as record their thinking during reading. Thematic units provide students with fiction and non-fiction selections to read and respond to. There is also a detailed description of the reading and writing activities to be included with each text selection and whether the selection is to be used as a read-aloud, independent reading, or in a listening center. Writing projects give students practice with the writing process culminating with collaborative group projects and published pieces. Rationale This thematic unit plan demonstrates the ability to create a unit study including literacy components in content areas. This plan also reflects the teacher understanding of how students learn and must be provided opportunities to read and write in authentic ways in order to demonstrate learning. This meets the requirements for course standards through the completion of the thematic unit demonstrating the understanding of literacy standards that must be addressed in a comprehensive literacy classroom through writing, reading, as well as the understanding...
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