INTRODUCTION

Seed dormancy refers to a state in which viable seeds fail to germinate when provided with conditions normally favourable to germination i.e adequate moisture, appropriate temperature regime, a normal atmosphere and in some cases light. Dormancy has evolved as a strategy to avoid germination under conditions where seedlings survival is likely to be low. Despite the fact that many researchers study dormancy, there is no unambiguous definition of the phenomenon, perhaps because it manifest and broken in different ways in different species( Bewley and Black,1994; Vleeshouwers et al.; Lange ,1996). It is a condition in which seeds will not germinate even when the conditions are permissive for germination (Braford et al;1994).This not only prevent immediate germination but also regulates the time, condition and place that germination will occur. In plant physiology, dormancy is a survival strategy exhibited by many plant species which enable them to survive in climate where part of the year is unsuitable for growth ( Crowe and Crowe,1992). Seed dormancy is nature’s way of setting a time clock that allows the seed to initiate germination when condition are favourable for germination and survival of the seedlings.
Dormancy in seeds may be advantageous or problematic during seed handling . The advantage is that it prevents seeds from germinating during storage and other handling procedures, and induction of dormancy, for example by drying and dark storage generally promotes storability. Indeed, seeds with no dormancy like recalcitrant seeds of the rain forest species are very difficult to handle, e.g because germination may begin already during transportation and temporary storage. On the other hand, where dormancy is complex and seed a specific pre-treatment, failure to overcome these problems may result in very poor germination. Seeds which have not been given an appropriate pre-treatment to overcome dormancy may fail to germinate altogether, germination may be slow or germination of individual seed in a seed lot may take place over a lengthy period. Seed dormancy can be divided into four major categories which include exogenous, endogenous, primary and secondary dormancy. Exogenous dormancy is imposed by factors outside the embryo. These include materials tissues in seeds or fruits (the seed coat or pericarp) or mechanical resistance imposed on the radicle from the endosperm. Under exogenous dormancy, there is physical, mechanical and chemical dormancy (Brant et al,1991).To overcome both the physical and mechanical dormancy, scarification (softening or injury of the seed coat) must be used (Grimes et al,1990). With the chemical, chemicals that accumulate in fruit and seed covering tissues during development and remain with the seed after harvest can be shown to act as germination inhibitors(Karssen,1991). Germination can sometimes be improved by prolonged leaching with water, removing the seed covering(Barton,1997).Endogenous dormancy is dormancy factors within the embryo itself. It is divided into physiological and morphological dormancy. Morphological dormancy occurs due to under development of the embryo at the time of seed dissemination. Enlargement of the embryo occurs after the seeds have imbibed water and before germination begins. The process of embryo enlargement is usually flavoured by a period of warm temperatures (Baskin et al,1999).Effective aids for inducing germination include exposure to temperature of 15c(59F) or below, exposure to alternating temperatures, and treatment with chemical additives such as potassium nitrate or gibberellic acid (Croker,1996). Physiological dormancy is a result of seeds requiring some types of physiological conditions to be met in order to germinate (Jann et al,1997).Photo dormancy is a type of non-deep dormancy, seeds that require light or dark conditions to germinate are termed photo dormant. The basic mechanism to light sensitivity in seeds involves a photochemically reactive pigment called photo chrome which is present in plants.(Thornely et al,1990),photo dormancy is common among pioneer forest trees. It is operated by a biochemical phytochrome mechanism. Phytochrome appears in two forms, Pr and Pfr (subscripts meaning ‘red’ and ‘far-red’) which can be reversibly converted to either form by radiation at different wavelengths. Germination is determined by the amount of pfr relative to the total amount of phytochrome ( Mayer and Poljakoff-Mayber,1982). Phytochrome in the Pr form inhibits germination, whereas Pfr allows germination to proceed. Dormant seeds have a large quantity of Pr, in non-dormant seed the phytochrome is mainly in the Pfr from.dormancy in a photo-dormant seed may be broken by exposure to light with a high red/far-red ratio e.g white light conversely, non-dormant seed may turn (induced or secondary dormancy) if exposed to illumination with light relatively rich in the far-red wavelength. The latter occurs e.g where light is filtered through a dense canopy(Mayer and Poljakoff-Mayber 1982, Richards and Beardsell 1987) or where seeds are enclosed in a chlorophyll-rich(green)fruit or seed coat (Cresswell and Grime1981). Eventually, seeds exposed to dark conditions(dark storage) gradually develop dormancy because Pfr is converted to Pr. Photo dormant seeds normally require only a brief illumination after imbibitions to break dormancy. In practice photo-dormancy is not overcome by pre-treatment, but by germinating seeds under appropriate light conditions that will break the dormancy. The term thermo-dormancy is here used in its widest sense to cover all types of dormancy in which temperature plays a role in th e development or release from dormancy. Seeds with themo-dormancy require exposure to a temperature regime which is often different from that required for the actual germination process. Low temperature thermo-dormancy is experienced in most temperate species, e.g Fagus, Quercus, Pinus, Abies and some highland tropical species of pines and eucalypts. Such seeds need exposure to cold, moist pre-treatment for a period to break dormancy. Any cold and moist condition is called chilling. Pre-chilling applies specifically to the conditions when applied for breaking dormancy. Another common term is stratification. Warm stratification is analogously used for any type of warm, moist pre-treatment (Bonner et al,1994). Warm stratification is used in connection with after-ripening, for overcoming dormancy caused by underdeveloped embryo and for softening hard per carps or seed coats.(mechanical dormancy). In order to break thermo-dormancy by cold moist treatment, seeds must imbibe water . Hence, general cold storage of dry seeds does not substitute for stratification since the seeds only respond when moist, since imbibed seeds respire good aeration must be provided during pre-treatment. Thermo-dormancy can in some instances be partly or fully overcome by chemical pre-treatment as well. Some seeds have separate dormancy conditions for the radicle, hypocotyl and epicotyl. They undergo epicotyl dormancy and they fall under two subgroup; seed that initially germinate during a warm period of one to three months to produce roots and hypocotyls growth but then require one to three months of drilling to enable the epicotyls to grow(Johnson et al,1995).Seeds that require a chilling period, followed by a warm period for the root to grow, then a second cold period to stimulate shoot growth. In nature, primary dormancy has evolved to aid the survival of the species by programming the time of germination for particularly favourably times in the annual seasonal cycle.(Lambers et al ,1998) there various causes of primary dormancy, which could involve chemicals within the seed coat ,morphological stages of the seed, physiological requirements, temperature requirement or a combination of the process above(Barton,1997).Secondary dormancy is to prevent germination of an imbibed seed if other environmental conditions are not favourable(Karssen,1991). Dormancy has evolved as a way to cope with situation in which seeds are likely to be exposed to conditions favourable to germination but where conditions for seedling survival and establishment may be poor or erratic. The type and degree of dormancy are largely reflections of these ecological conditions. Some examples will illustrate the connection of dormancy with environment. 1. Seeds of most temperate species, e.g Fagus, Quercus and Pinus, mature during early or late autumn. Soil conditions are generally favourable to germination at the time of shedding, but germination might be fatal for the young seedlings because of subsequent low winter temperatures. Seed dormancy, which is here overcome by a prolonged exposure to low temperature, prevents the seeds from germinating until the spring when the chances of survival of the offspring is much better. 2. Moist tropical rain forest floors provide favourable conditions for germination of most species. However, light demanding pioneers are not able to survive the shaded conditions under the canopy. Their regeneration is favoured by the formation of gasps in the canopy. Light and fluctuating diurnal temperatures are the two factors associated with gap formation, which break dormancy and trigger germination of pioneer seeds. 3. Seeds that happen to be buried under a thick layer of soil may be unable to reach the soil surface during germination. Such seeds may remain alive and dormant, and only germinate if they are uncovered. Light and temperature fluctuations are also in this case stimuli likely to trigger the germination of the dormant seeds. 4. In dry areas, erratic light showers may be sufficient to cause seeds to imbibe and germinate, but not to provide adequate moisture for the seedlings to establish. By producing seeds with different degrees of dormancy, or dormancy which is gradually broken by environmental factors, e.g gradual abrasion of hard seed coats, the speices saves part of the seed pool, so that some of the seed are likely to germinate when conditions are favourable for seedling establishment. 5. In fire-prone areas seedling establishment is greatly improved after fire. Accordingly, many tree species from such areas e.g some legumes, pines, eucalpts, have developed dormancy which is broken only by exposure to high temperature. Dialium guineensis is a dicotyledonous plant. It belongs to the family fabaceae. The tree has a height ranging from 20 to 30 metres high. The sapwood it white with distinct ripple marks and the heartwood is light brown to reddish brown. It is extremely dense, hard and heavy.(Okafor,1993). It has a densely leafy crown but slightly shrubby. Bole without buttresses, bark smooth, yielding a little red gum. Leaves sometimes finely hairy, with a common stalk 5-13 cm long, with an odd terminal leaflet and usually two pairs of opposite or alternate leaflets. The lowest pair being some what smaller leaflets mostly 3.5-10 x 2.5-5cm elliptic to broadly elliptic sometimes slightly obovate blunt at the apex or abruptly and shortly acuminate symmetrical and rounded or slightly cumerate at the base leathery, glabrous above and with midrib slightly sunken, sometimes finely hairy beneath. The flowers are honey bearing. The flowers usually whitish in large terminal or occasionally auxiliary, panicles up to 30 cm long, branches spreading out widely. The buds are about 2mm long. The fruits is brown to black, ovoid to about 2.5cm in diameter with a velvety skin. Each fruit with a stalk about 6mmlong with a collar neck the apex with a brittle shell enclosing one seed (or exceptionally two)embedded in a dry brownish, sweet acidic, edible pulp.(Keay,1989) Dailium guineensis is used for diverse purposes; its is used in construction of planks pestles, implements, handles, turnery(Odunfa, 1993). It is resistant to termite attack. The twing can be used as chew sticks. The barks has some analgesic action. It is used for infusion and decoction as well as mouth for sore throat.(Ebofin et al,2002). Tannins, steroids and terpenes have been recorded in its bark. The common name of D. guineensis are velvet black tamarid(English), Tamariner noir (French), Awin (yoruba). Dialium guineensis is a native of Benin,Burkina faso,Cameroon,Central African republic, Chad, Cote d’ivore, Ghana,Guinea Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Nigeria, Niger, Same Tome et principle, Sengal,Sierra leone, Sudan and Togo (Ebofin et al ,2002).

Kingdom - Plantae
Subkingdom - Viridaeplantae
Phylum - Magnoliophyta
Class - Magnolopsida
Subclass - Rosidae
Order - Fabales
Family - Fabaceae
Subfamily - Caesalpiniodaea
Genus - Dialium
Species - Dialium guineensis The aim of this study is to break the seed dormancy of D. guineensis and to find out the type of dormancy it exhibits and fastest and best method of breaking the dormancy.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
SAMPLE COLLECTION
The fruits of Dialium guineensis used for this experiment were obtained from the Ojo market Lagos state. The pulp of the fruits were removed from the seeds and were rinsed in water to remove the pulp completely.
MATERIALS
Glass jars
Measuring cylinder
Petri-dishes
Distilled water
Filter papers
Soil
Marker
Paper tape
Gloves
Sandpaper
Cotton wool
Methylated spirit
Watch
Hydrochloric acid
Tetra-oxo-sulphate vi acid
Heater

METHODS

Control:
An experiment was carried out to know the time of germination of Dialium guineensis seeds when untreated. Three sterile Petri-dishes (replicates) lined with filter paper were set aside, each containing ten seeds and were moistened everyday until germination occurred.

CHEMICAL SCARIFICATION/ACID TREATMENT
This was done using Hydrochloric acid (HCL) and Tetra-oxo-sulphate vi acid (H2SO4). These chemicals were used in different dilutions with different times.
Hydrochloric acid (Hcl) : 10% HCL for 1,5 and 10minutes 20% HCL for 1,5 and 10 minutes 50% HCL for 1,5 and 10 minutes
Tetra-oxo-sulphate vi acid (H2SO4): 10%H2SO4 for 1,5 and 10 minutes 20% H2SO4 for 1,5 and 10 minutes 50% H2SO4 for 1, 5 and 10 minutes After each treatment, the seeds were washed with distilled water and tested for germination in petri-dishes using filter papers as growth medium.
WET HEAT TREATMENT
The seeds were in boiling water for 5,10 and 20 minutes respectively.
MECHANICAL SCARIFICATION
Sandpaper was used to scarify the seed coat of the seeds and ten seeds were sown in three petri-dishes lined with filter paper.
USING SAND AS A GROWTH MEDIUM
Seeds were sown in containers filled with humus soil.
SOAKING
The seeds were soaked in 100ml of distilled water for 6,12,24 and 48 hours respectively,

For each treatment, the surface of the seeds was cleaned with ethanol to remove external agents like dirts and micro-organisms. The Petri dishes were observed daily for germination. The number of seeds germinated was recorded.

RESULTS

PRELIMINARY EXPERIMENT From the preliminary experiment, It was found that mechanical scarification method yielded the best percentaage germination in breaking he seed dormancy of Dialium guineensis. Different concentrations of Tetra-oxo-sulphate vi acid (H2SO4) 10%, 20% and 50% at different times were also used in treating the seeds. Humus soil was also used as a growth medium for the germination of the seeds of D. guineensis
Seeds placed in boiling water for various durations yielded no result Seeds soaked in 10% hydrochloric acid at different times looked like it had tendency to germinate, the seeds were swollen with water but yielded no result. Seeds soaked in 20% hydrochloric acid at different times darkened the seed coat but yielded no result. Seeds soaked in 50% hydrochloric acid ruptured and peeled off the seed coat and no germinated occurred.
Table 1 shows the effects of different concentration of sulphuric acid on Dormancy on D. guineensis.
Seeds soaked in 10% Tetra-oxo-sulphate vi acid(H2so4), had its highest mean dormancy broken at 51.60+7.18 when soaked for 1 minute it had the highest number of seeds that germinated when soaked for 10 minutes yielded the lowest mean dormancy broken at 21.81+4.6 and it had the lowest number of seeds that germinated.
Seeds soaked in 20% Tetra-oxo-sulphate, it had its highest mean dormancy broken at 24.54+ 4.90 when soaked for 5 minutes and had the highest germination rate and the lowest mean at 1minute which yielded the lowest mean dormancy at 10.00+ 3.16 and lowest germination rate.
Seeds soaked in 50% Tetra-oxo-sulphate vi acid it had its highest mean dormancy at 31.66+5.60 when soaked for 1 minute and its lowest mean dormancy broken at 4.50+2.12.
Table 2 shows the effect of mechanical scarification on D. guineensis having the highest mean dormancy broken at 72.80+8.53.
Using soil as a growth medium, the mean dormancy broken was 54.54+7.30

Table 1 : Effects of different concentration of Tetra-oxosulphate vi acid on (H2SO4) seed dormancy of Dialium guineensis.+ S.D

Concentration of acid | 1minute | 5minutes | 10minutes | 10% H2so4 | 51.60+7.18 | 39.0+6.24 | 21.81 + 4.60 | 20%H2so4 | 10.0+3.16 | 24.54+4.90 | 22.72 + 4.70 | 50%H2so4 | 31.66+5.60 | 10.0+3.16 | 4.5+2.12 |

Table 2: Effects of mechanical scarification and soil as growth medium on seed dormancy of D. guineensis + S.D

Methods | Mean dormancy broken | Mechanical scarification | 72.80+8.53 | Soil as a growth medium | 54.54+7.3 |

Plate 1a:Effects of Mechanical scarification using sandpaper on Dialium guineensis. Seeds after several days, they all developed radicle(Early stages of germination).

Plate 1b: Seeds have completed germination after two weeks. The radicles have grown longer with roots at the end(Late stage of germination).

Plate 2: Use of soil as a medium to break dormancy of seeds of Dialium guineensis

DISCUSSION From the result, it can be seen that the seeds of Dialium guineensis is naturally dormant and the dormancy is because of their tough, hard and impervious seed coat. This dormancy is referred to as innate dormancy. In order for germination to occur certain conditions must be met which varies from species to species (Agboola,1995). Many seeds especially those of the family fabaceae have seed coat with waxy covering which are impermeable to water. For the seeds to germinate in the soil, the seed coat are degraded by biological activities. They hydrolyse the polysaccharides and other components of the hard seed coats when infesting them (Baker, 1992). The seed coat are softened to allow penetration of water into the embryo. There is a significant increase in the size of the seed due to increase in the rate of imbibitions of water (Agboola,1996). The dormancy of D. guineensis was terminated using chemical scarification method which involved soaking the seeds in different concentration of Tetra-oxo-sulphate vi acid for various period which include 1,5 and 10 minutes before sowing in the petri-dish. It was also terminated by mechanical scarification using sandpaper to scrape off the outer fibres of the seed. The seed of D. guineensis soaked in 10% tetra-oxo-sulphate vi acid for 1 minute have the highest mean dormancy broken at 51.60+ 7.18 and the lowest mean dormancy broken at 4.50 + 2.12 when soaked in 50% tetra-oxo-sulphate vi acid for 10 minutes. On the contrary, mechanical scarification using sandpaper gave the highest mean dormancy broken at 72.80 + 8.53 followed by chemical scarification with its highest mean dormancy broken at 51.60 + 7.18 for 1 minute. Mechanical and chemical are more effective in breaking the seed dormancy where hard and impermeable seed coat is involved compared to method of using water only (Young et al,1992). The soaking in water treatment resulted in no germination due to the resistance of the seed coat of the seed. The seed coat of D.guineensis seed is brown, hard and glossy ( probably due to the deposition of wax on it), which do not allow easy imbibitions of water. All seeds gave off a brownish colouration before germination occurred, this could be that the inhibitors present in the seed coat have been washed off. Many seeds will still not grow in an environment adequate for germination because they have structural limitations or production of inhibitors ( Okusanya et al, 1992). Chemical scarification has been used by previous researchers to break the seed dormancy of various plants such as Albezia lebbeck, Tamarindus indica, Parkia buglossia, Prosopsis africana, Ceiba petadra(Agboola,1995). The effect of acid is that it gradually softens the enclosing seed coat. In the case of D.guineensis, acid must have enhanced germination by softening the seed coat but also likely that germination inhibitors that may be present in the seed coat were eliminated by the use of acid: as it known that the presence of inhibitors in the seed coat of some species can be eliminated by soaking the seeds in dilute sulphuric acid (Masamba,1994). Khasa (1992) discovered that concentrated sulphuric acid greatly improved germination of Terminalia superba, while any exposure to boiling water killed the seeds. This is probably the same for Dialium guineensis as the treatment in boiling water resulted to no germination. It was suggested by Khasa that water, having a lower viscosity than acid, penetrated the seed coats and came in physical contact with the embryo, thereby killing the seed. The viability of the seeds was also tested in humus soil. The purpose of pre-treatment is to ensure fast and uniform germination of seeds (Schmidt,2000). From the results, the dormancy present in the seed of D. guineensis is best broken by the use of mechanical scarification

REFRENCES

Agboola, D.A. (1995). Studies on dormancy and germination of seeds of Prosopis africana. Nigeria Journal of Botany 8:45-50. Agboola, D.A.(1995).The effect of seed size on germination, seedling growth and dry matter accumulation in some tropical tree species. The Malayan Forester 3:82-92 Agboola, D.A.(1996). The effect of seed size on germination and seedling growth of three tropical tree species. Journal of Tropical Forest Science. 5:43-78. Baker, H.G.(1992). Seed mass in relation to environmental conditions. Ecology 53:997-1010. Baskin, J. M and Baskin, C.C.(1999). Year to year variation in the germination of freshly-harvested seeds of Avenaria patula varobusta from the same site. Journal of Tennessee Academy of Science 50:106-108. Banovetz, S.J and Scheiner, S.M.(1994). Effect of seed size on the seed ecology of Coreopsis lancelata. New phytologist.131:65-74. Barton, I.V. (1997). Bibliography of seeds. Columbia university press, New York,420pp. Bradford, K.J. and Somas, O.A(1994). Water relation of lettuce seed thermo inhibition. Crop Science 4:1-10. Brant, R.E., Mckee, G. W and Cleveland R.W.(1991). Effect of chemical and physical treatment on hard seed of penngift crown vetch. Crop Science 11:1-6. Coombe, B.G.(1997). Seedling development in peach, prunus persica (L.).Australia Journal of Plant physiology 72:146-150 Croker, W.(1996).Mechanism of dormancy in seeds. America Journal of Botany 3:99-120. Ebofin, A.O., Agboola, D.A., Ayodele, M.S and Aduralola, A.M.(2002). Effects of seed sizes and seedling growth of some savannas tree legumes. Asset 3:109-112. Grime, J.P., Mason, G.A and Neal, A.M (1990). A comparative study of germination characteristics in a local floral. Journal of Ecology 69:1071-1059 Heydecker, W.(1992). The viability of seed (Roberts, E.H., Ed).Syracuse University press, Syracuse, New York 400pp Jann, R.C and Amen, R.D(1997). The physiology and biochemistry of seed dormancy and germination. North-Holland Publisbing company, Amsterdam 28pp. Johnson, R.R., Cranston, H.J., Chaverra, M.E and Dyer, W.E.(1995). Characterisation of DNA clones for differentially expressed genes in embryos of dormant and non dormant Avena fatua L.caryopses. Plant Molecular Biology 28:113-122 Karssen, C.M(1991). Environmental conditions and endogenous mechanisms involved in secondary dormancy of seeds. Israel Journal of Botany 29:45- 64. Lambers, H. and Pons, T.L(1998). Plant physiological Ecology. Springer- Verlag, New York.90pp Odunfa,S.A.(1993). Nigerian lesser crops and technology. Proceeding of the seminar on lost crops of Nigeria. University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria.25:155-163. Okusanya, O.T, Lakanmi, O.O and Oyesiku, O.O (1992). Germination ecology in wood herb Uraria picta, from Southern Nigeria. Journal of Tropical Ecology,7:139-142. Thornley, H.M and Johnson, I.R.(1990). Plant crop modelling. Claredon press, oxford,1-14pp. Young ,J.A and Young, C.G.(1992).Seeds of woody plants in North America. Dioscoroides press, Portland, Oregon 210pp

APPENDIX RATE AT WHICH THE SEEDS GERMINATED AT DIFFERENT CONCENTRATION OF ACID FOR TWO WEEKS. CONCENTRATION OF TETRA-OXO-SULPHATE VI ACID FOR 1 MINUTE. DAY | 10% | 10% | 10% | 20% | 20% | 20% | 50% | 50% | 50% | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 5 | 3 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 7 | 5 | 6 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 8 | 7 | 7 | 1 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 9 | 7 | 7 | 1 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 10 | 7 | 7 | 2 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 11 | 7 | 7 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 12 | 7 | 7 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 13 | 7 | 7 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 14 | 7 | 7 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 1 |

DAILY RECORDINGS OF MECHANICAL SCARIFICATION. DAYS | PETRIDISH 1 | PETRIDISH 2 | PETRIDISH 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 5 | 6 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 8 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 9 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 10 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 11 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 12 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 13 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 14 | 7 | 7 | 6 |

CONCENTRATION OF CONC.H 2SO4 FOR 5 MINUTES

DAY | 10% | 10% | 10% | 20% | 20% | 20% | 50% | 50% | 50% | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 5 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 7 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 0 | 8 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 0 | 9 | 6 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 0 | 10 | 6 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 0 | 11 | 6 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 0 | 12 | 6 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 0 | 13 | 6 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 0 | 14 | 6 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 0 |

CONCENTRATION OF H2SO4 FOR 10 MINTUES DAY | 10% | 10% | 10% | 20% | 20% | 20% | 50% | 50% | 50% | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 6 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 7 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 8 | 4 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 9 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 10 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 11 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 12 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 13 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 14 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 2 |