...HIST 2020 1 May 2015 During the 1960’s the United States faced many issues, which can be traced back to the 1950’s. Some of these issues were related to racial discrimination and inequality, both of which can be traced back to the 1950’s when the Civil Rights Movement was taking place. Other events, such as the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 can be traced to the Cold War that took place in the 1950’s. In the early 1950’s the United States was very segregated and African Americans did not enjoy many of the same rights that whites did. As the decade went along, segregation became a hotly debated topic, particularly segregation in schools. Since the Supreme Court case Plessy v Ferguson in 1896, the nation had operated under the doctrine of “separate but equal” (Potter 3/31). Then in 1954, a new Supreme Court case called Brown v Board of Education, was ruled on regarding segregation in schools. The opinion of the court was delivered by Chief Justice Earl Warren who said, “We conclude that in the field of public education the doctrine of ‘separate but equal’ has no place. Separate education facilities are inherently unequal. Therefore, we hold that the plaintiffs and other similarly situated . . . are . . . deprived of the equal protection of the laws guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment” (Brown Decision, 1954). When the Brown v Board of Education decision was announced, it looked like it would be a major victory in the fight to end segregation. Unfortunately for Civil...
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...become a large part of modern day culture. Music is loved by many people and will be for years to come. During the 1920’s thru the 1940’s, Jazz, and the Blues were a big part of the American culture. The 1950’s changed all of that (Vaillancourt 6). Nineteen Fifties music has been affected by the problems of Segregation, Civil Rights, and The Cold War during the decade. The Cold War, the baby boom and the struggle for equality were all a major parts of the 1950’s. During that time the country's economy was limited. When the Cold War hit the American economy grew and consumers were spending great amounts of money. Soldiers returning from...
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...Although the 1960’s are usually considered the decade of greatest achievement for black civil rights, the 1940’s and 1950’s were periods of equally important gains. Asses the Validity of this statement. Equality was always a touchy subject following the civil war. Following the war, the north did not put emphasis on equality for all men. It took almost a century longer for complete equality to be achieved. Clearly these changes did not come around quickly, and it took a large group effort to bring about change. The ending results of the fight for Civil Rights that came in the 1960’s are of equal or even lesser importance to the events that enacted the change during the 1940’s and 1950’s. The 1960’s were a time of great results of the effort to establish civil rights for African Americans. In the earl sixties, movements such as the Freedom Riders were still in full effect, but the government was beginning to sway to the black side. President Kennedy brings the Civil Rights Bill to congress in 1963. It is put down by the southern democrats. As a result, Leaders of the Civil Rights Movement organize a massive political march in Washington. One of the high points of this march is Dr. Martin Luther King’s speech on the steps of the Lincoln memorial. The efforts come to fruition with the passing of the Civil Rights Bill of 1964, and Voting Rights Bill of 1965. But the Efforts made in the sixties are mere fractions of the total amount of drive from the previous decades. Civil Rights...
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...Segregation was a very substantial issue in the 1930’s to the 1950’s. Segregation is the when people are set apart from others because of anything such as their race, religion, or even gender. In the 1930’s to 1950’s there were separate schools, water fountains, and even bathrooms. These were set apart from each other because of someone’s race. During this time period, many groups were targeted. Even though all groups were affected, African Americans were hit the hardest. In the northern cities, the whites were out of jobs so they wanted all the blacks to be fired so they would have a better chance of getting a job. In the southern cities, they took a much more inhumane approach. The whites started racial violence which included lynching. Jim...
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...and social behavior of human beings. The emergence of the youth counter-culture in the 1950’s is no exception. Jody Pennington and J. Ronald Oakley examine the change in the social behavior of the post World War II generation and discuss whether Rock and Roll was the cause of the dramatic behavioral changes that led teenagers astray from the conservative values of the older generation. While both Pennington and Oakley agree on some of the factors that that led to the sweeping changes in teenage behavior during this time, they differ on the conclusion of whether Rock and Roll was the culprit and whether teenage morals and values truly shifted from their conservative upbringing during this time. Pennington’s essay offers a more unbiased, balanced, substantive and consistent assessment that supports the conclusion that Rock and Roll was indeed the accelerant that ignited 1950s youth and encouraged them to adopt Rock and Roll’s values of rebellion, provocative sexual expression and racial-mixing....
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...previous to the nineteen fifties, African Americans were the subject of more discrimination than any other race or religion in all aspects of being treated both as a person, and a race. These people were up until almost the mid 1900’s as slaves, even though slavery was abolished long before, even in the mid 1900’s, African Americans were still considered “second class citizens”, not seen as equals in the eyes of others. It was during the 1950’s that African Americans, and other racial authorative groups collaborated to change their status in society. This challenge of fighting against discrimination and for racial equality among racial groups became one of the most important times in United States history; it was the beginning of what we know as the Civil Rights Movement. The fight for racial equality started long before the 1950’s, in the early 1900’s, the NAACP (the National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People) was created by Booker T. Washington, and Webb Du Bios, Mr. Washington was actually an ex-slave. As the NAACP grew in numbers and support, the NAACP also published its own newspaper, showing progress, and enticing people to come forward to support for their rights. One of its first victories was the laws of segregation in housing, and also the right of African Americans to jury duty. The NAACP helped in establishing other groups such as CORE (Congress of Racial Equality) which their purpose was to end discrimination. The founders of the NAACP...
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...the schools the same way they separated the neighborhoods and community schools. Michael Fletcher, journalist for the Washington Post says that “Even as racial barriers have been toppled and the nation has grown wealthier and better educated, the economic disparities separating Blacks and whites remains as wide as they were when marchers assembled on the mall in 1963[ for the Martin Luther King Jr.’s I Have A Dream Speech]”(qtd. in“These Ten…”). Economics played a role in the African American for equality in the schools pre Brown just as it is factoring into the integration of schools today. Richard D. Kahleberg, a senior fellow at the Century Foundation in Washington D.C. who has studied the impact of segregation in schools stated:...
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...considered themselves superior to any other race until thing began to change starting with the Civil rights movement. While society has maintained some levels of discrimination towards African Americans and continual African American culture, race relations such as segregation being legally abolished and societies views of African americans in politics and civil rights have significantly changed between 1940’s-2000’s. Throughout American history, African Americans made many sacrifices to get rid of segregation. During the 1950’s segregation was at its peak and African Americans began fight for their rights. During this process they...
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...EDUCATION OF TOPEKA The Brown vs. Board of Education ruling was a colossal influence on desegregation of schools and a landmark in the movement for equal opportunity between the blacks and whites that continues to this day. The Brown vs. Board of Education case was not the first of its kind. Ever since the early 1950s, there were five separate cases that were filed, dealing with the desegregation of schools. In all but one of these cases, the schools for whites were of better quality than the schools for the blacks. The African-Americans argued that this situation was unjust and unconstitutional1. Education has been long regarded as a valuable asset for all of America's adolescence. However, when this benefit is deprived of to a specific group, measures must be taken to defend its educational right. In the 1950's, a courageous group of activists launched a legal attack on segregation in schools. The one who headed this attack was NAACP attorney Thurgood Marshall. We find that his legal strategies would contribute wholly to the closure of educational segregation. After the Civil War ended in 1865, Congress passed the 14th amendment that stated that all people born in the United States are considered citizens. The 14th amendment also proclaims that individual states cannot make any laws to take away a person's right to life, liberty, or property. Segregation laws made it permissible to keep races distant as long as each race had its own access to equal facilities, which...
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...conflict that traversed the nation in the sixties, a time when civil rights in inequality, an unfair situation in which some people have more rights or better opportunities than other people, created division and discord. Injustices such as the denial of full citizenship rights, equal opportunity in education, jobs, access to transportation and public facilities experienced by African Americans led to The Civil Rights Movement in the United States and a time of social unrest. The Civil Rights Movement was about the campaign of African Americans who had visions of equality and sought social change. Janie Mae Overton was an African American woman who, along with many others, was actively involved in the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960’s. Her involvement included participation in non-violent demonstrations, sit-ins and marches against inequality and social injustice which was the African American experience....
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...became a major national political issue in the 1950's and early 1960's. Thousands of Americans, white and black, were demonstrating across the South in an effort to end segregation in stores, restaurants, hotels, libraries, and all public places. Fair housing and equal employment opportunities were also a major concern. The demonstrators used tactics such as picketing, marches, demonstrations, voter registration, and various forms of civil disobedience. Thousands of civil rights demonstrators were arrested, and hundreds were beaten. Those who did not want the old ways of treating blacks to change dynamited scores of churches and homes. It was always important thought that the demonstrators and their acts were none violent, as Martin Luther King Jr. believed that nonviolence could and will overcome violence. Black people faced many hardships when it came to daily living. They were not allowed to attend white schools, they were not allowed to eat or shop in the same places as most white people. Even transportation was segregated so that blacks and whites were separated. One of the biggest blows for black equality came when Oliver Brown challenged the School Board of Topeka so that his child could attend school. The Supreme Court, under Chief Justice Earl Warren, announced its decision in the case of Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas on May 17, 1954. The decision declared that the system of segregated public schools in the United States was unconstitutional. Second...
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... This case dealt with racial segregation in a public school which was the norm across America in the early 1950’s. All schools in a given district were in fact supposed to be equal, however, most black schools were far inferior to white schools. This case was based on a black third grader by the name of Linda Brown in Topeka, Kansas, having to walk a mile through a railroad switchyard to get to her black elementary school even though a white elementary school was only seven blocks away from her home. Oliver Brown, Linda’s father, tried to enroll her in the white elementary school that was one seven blocks away but the principal of the school refused. Oliver Brown then commenced to McKinley Burnett which was the head of Topeka’s branch of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and asked for their help with this matter. The NAACP in fact helped Mr. Brown due to it’s long desire to challenge segregation in public schools. Other black parents joined Brown in the complaint and in 1951; the NAACP requested an injunction that would forbid the segregation of Topeka’s public schools. The U.S. District Court for the District of Kansas heard Brown’s case. At the trial, the NAACP argued that segregated schools sent the message to black children that they were inferior to whites and therefore the schools were inherently unequal along with the curriculum and that any school curriculum cannot be equal under segregation. The Board of Education’s defense...
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...the woman he thought was his siblings Florence was in fact his mother, who’s had rustin with west Indian immigrant Archie hopkins. Bayard Rustin was a Civil Rights organizer and a activist, best known for his work as adviser to Martin Luther King Jr. in the 1950’s and 60’s. He moved to New York in the 1939’s and was involved in pacifist groups and early civil rights protests. Rustin attended Wilberforce University in Ohio, and Cheyney State teachers college( now Cheyney University of Pennsylvania) in pennsylvania, both...
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...Ami Patel Professor Haller Eng-132 22 April 2016 Civil Rights Movement In history there have been many changes socially and physically. In the 1960’s the civil rights movement was significant for the equality of people. After the abolition of slavery in 1853, there had been a continuous conflict between the races of people who lived in the United States. In the United States there have been and still are many hate groups. Many think that after the civil rights movement African Americans and whites people got along perfectly; however, there are many stories on how white people have been disgracing African Americans. There were many types of protesting during this time. Some protest involved violent and some involved non-violent protesting. Many influential people were here at the time such as: Rosa Parks, Malcolm X, and Martin Luther King, Jr. There were also many hate groups at the time that tried to erase the African American population. During this time there were many rights that were violated during the civil rights movement. Many amendments were also made to stop the segregation such as the 14th and 15th amendment. The civil rights movement was a mass protest movement against racial segregation and discrimination in the southern United States that came to national prominence during the mid-1950s. This was in the roots of centuries-long efforts of African slaves. (Carson, 2015) The south was worse than the north about how this. The civil rights movement was about...
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...and challenged the segregation of schools solely on the basis of race. The Brown case was not the only case of its time involving school segregation, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was leading the push to desegregate public schools in the United States (Gold, 2005). Brown v. Board of Education was a consolidation of four cases that had made their way through the court system. It was 1950 and Linda brown was just seven years old, she lived in Topeka, Kansas and was African American descent (she was black). Each mourning Linda traveled 21 blocks and crossed through a dangerous railroad yard to get to school. Her journey to school took an hour and twenty minutes. White children who lived in the same neighborhood only traveled 7 blocks in a considerably less amount of time (Gold, 2005). Linda’s father Oliver filed a lawsuit against the Topeka Board of Education arguing that he wanted the same conditions for his daughter (Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 2009). The case was heard by three judges in Federal District Court, and they ruled against the plaintiffs, the case went to Circuit Court of Appeals and then to the U.S Supreme Court (Topeka, Kansas: Segregation in the Heartland). The second case was Gebhart v. Belton was similar to the Topeka case, a Delaware school bus with all white students would pass Sarah Bulah’s home, so she asked the schools officials to let her daughter ride on the bus. When School officials turned...
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