...Introduction To Open Source – Open source media means media software with no restrictions There are open source forms of media and closed source forms of media. Open source has been growing more and more rapidly in the past decade as most forms of media we have discussed in class on Friday mornings. With an open source form of media software, programmers share their codes freely in order to be modified and used by others. They are allowed to alter and change software with improved features. For open source programs to be reliable, licensing has to be approved by Open Source Initiative, which is a corporation that certifies shares and promotes open source software. Where Open Source Came From Open Source began with the Hacker’s society of the United States computer science lab in Stanford MIT in the late 1960’s. It was a collective were members shared their code with other members. This would allow members to use each other’s knowledge to improve their own interest. In the 1980’s the Hackers Society began to fall apart after the members were hired by commercial companies to produce systems that required users to purchase a license in order to use them. Later they left those commercial companies and recreated the hackers’ society. One of the first open source systems was a Unix compatible operating system named GNU by Richard Stallman. What The Open Source Is Open source is similar to “free software”, but the open-source users are generally able to view...
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...OPEN-SOURCE MOVEMENT AND THE FUTURE ITSU1003 INTRODUCTION TO OPEN-SOURCE Generally computer software sources (the human readable version of the software) are of two kinds; closed and open. Open-source programming has been prominently growing in the past ten years. In this model, programmers share their codes freely in order to be modified and used by others. They are allowed to alter and change the original software as much as they like. This in turn will produce higher quality software with improved features. For the open-source programs to be reliable, some sort of licenses has been approved by Open Source Initiative (OSI) which is a “non-profit corporation dedicated to managing and promoting the open-source definition for the good of the community, especially through the OSI Certified Open-source software certification mark and program.” HISTORY OF OPEN-SOURCE Open-source began to form in the hacker’s society of the United States computer science laboratories such as Stanford and MIT in the late 1960’s. Programmers were members of societies in which each member was expected to share his or her code among the society members. This would apply improvements on different codes by members of the society. In addition, programmers were able to use each other’s knowledge in their own interest mutually. By the early 1980’s the university hacker societies began to collapse, and the hackers were hired by commercial companies producing proprietary systems (systems that required...
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...a term increasingly used in commerce to designate a business model using two products or services, or a combination of products and services. In such combination, one item is provided at no charge while a complementary item is sold at a positive price. Unlike what economists call tying, the free and commercial items are softly connected: the complement is not indispensable. The practice has existed for decades, although it carried different names and forms. The term Freemium was coined by venture capitalist Fred Wilson in 2006 and is gradually becoming a model that businesses identify with. Freemium relies on a free version of a product or service, and by design there are complements that can take various forms . Commercial transactions happen outside of what is given away. The delta between what is free and what is paid is called product differentiation. Freemium is sometimes mistaken with two-sided platforms. In the latter case, a company deals with different groups of customers. Each constitutes a market side that is statically established. There is no transition or conversion from one side to the other. In freemium however, free and paid users may constitute one general group. Each free user can become a paid user, and vice versa. However, we’ll see that even if not a platform, freemium may have similar attributes to two-sided markets. Types of freemium There are four differentiation strategies: by quantity, feature, or distribution. Quantity differentiation is the most...
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...Closed source systems. Software is identified in two forms, source and binary. Source is the form in which users write software. This is where Open and Closed source systems/software come in. While they both deal with the way systems are accessed, and the software, and the rights and restrictions of that software, they are complete opposites when it comes to what each (Open and Closed) does and protects. Open Source systems and software are those in which the software has no real restrictions on what a user may do with the software. The most common names for Open source systems are free software, Public Domain Software, GNU software and copylefted software. When this type of system or software was first brought to the public most commercial software vendors and users ignored it, claiming it was a fad, and would quickly disappear. Unfortunate for them, Open source systems and software have actually become one of the most prevalent forms of software available to the public, and a lot of “techie” companies and users use it, due to the fact that the source code is open, therefore, the software can be changed and used as the user sees fit. Closed source systems and software are the complete opposite of the Open source systems and software. Closed source systems and software that is sold by commercial vendors and users is sold with the source closed, and in binary form, hence the name “closed source.” Since binary prevents users from seeing how the system or software works, the user is...
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...of operating system we have two options to choose from these is Unix/Linux which is an open source, meaning that its source code made available and licensed with an open source license in which the copyright holder provides the rights to study change and distribute the software to anyone and for any purpose. The other option is the closed source such as Microsoft’s Window which is software released or distributed without the corresponding source code. Generally, it means only the binaries of a computer program are distributed and the license provides no access to the program's source code. The source code of such programs might be regarded as a trade secret of the company. Access to source code by third parties commonly requires the party to sign a non-disclosure agreement. I also will like to discuss what source codes are and why having the right combination will give us free bees. What some of the major differences between an open source and a closed source? I see it all over the internet the heated debate of which is better open source or closed source and even though both sides have good supporting evidence to back up their claim about every from which is more secured to who has the better functional software. The argument of Windows vs. Linux is a greatly debated one, and in recent years has become quite heated. Because Microsoft's attempt to recover from its bruises from Windows Vista. Microsoft, being a proprietary company, has dominated the computer market for well over...
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...Economics of Open Source Software Development Jiirgen Bitzer and Philipp J. H. Srhroder (Editurs) O 2006 Published by Elsevier B.V. Linux vs. Windows: A Comparison of Application and Platform Innovation Incentives for Open Source and Proprietary Software Platforms Nicholas Economides and Evangelos Katsamakas ABSTRACT The chapter analyzes and compares the investment incentives of platform and application developers for Linux and Windows. We find that the level of investment in applications is larger when the operating system is open source rather than proprietary. The comparison of the levels of investment in the operating systems depends, among others, on reputation effects and the number of developers. The chapter also develops a short case study comparing Windows and Linux and identifies new directions for open source software research. Keywords: Open Source Software, operating systems, technology platforms, Linux, innovation incentives. JEL Classification: L 10, L86, L3 1. 10.1 INTRODUCTION Open source software is an emerging type of software that may fundamentally affect the business and economic features of the software industry. Linux, an open source operating system, has been the prominent example of the potential of the open source movement, competing against Microsoft Windows, the incumbent operating system. 208 Nicholas Economides and Evangelos Katsamkas This chapter analyzes the incentives to invest in application software and an operating system...
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...We look for lessons in the actions of great leaders. We should instead be examining what goes on in their heads – particularly the way they creatively build on the tensions among conflicting ideas. How Successful Leaders Thınk by Roger Martin 60 Harvard Business Review 1179 Martin.indd 60 | June 2007 | Alex Nabaum W E ARE DRAWN to the stories of effective leaders in action. Their decisiveness invigorates us. The events that unfold from their bold moves, often culminating in successful outcomes, make for gripping narratives. Perhaps most important, we turn to accounts of their deeds for lessons that we can apply in our own careers. Books like Jack: Straight from the Gut and Execution: The Discipline of Getting Things Done are compelling in part because they implicitly promise that we can achieve the success of a Jack Welch or a Larry Bossidy – if only we learn to emulate his actions. But this focus on what a leader does is misplaced. That’s because moves that work in one context often make little sense in another, even at the same company or within the hbr.org 5/2/07 8:11:11 PM _ / / / g g hbr.org 1179 Martin.indd 61 | June 2007 | Harvard Business Review 61 5/2/07 8:11:25 PM How Successful Leaders Think experience of a single leader. Recall that Jack Welch, early in his career at General Electric, insisted that each of GE’s businesses be number one or number two in market share...
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...Survey of Open Source Integrated Library System in Thai University Libraries in Bangkok and Pathumthani / Pranee Kiriyanant. Kyoto : The Library of Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University, 2012 CSEAS Bibliographical Series No. 10 ISBN 978-4-906332-07-6 Published by The Center for Southeast Asian Studies Library Kyoto University 46 Shimoadachi-cho, Yoshida Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan Copyright © 2012 Pranee Kiriyanant Contents Acknowledgments Abstract Abstract (in Thai language) Chapter 1 Introduction Chapter 2 Literature Review Open source software Integrated library system History of open source software Origin of open source software Adoption of open source software in libraries Open source software use in Thailand Descriptions of open source software Brief descriptions of integrated library system products Advantages and Disadvantages of open source software Chapter 3 Research method Chapter 4 Results Chapter 5 Conclusion References Appendix Appendix A: Request letter for participation (in Thai language) Appendix B: Request letter for participation (translation copy in English) Appendix C: Survey questionnaire (in Thai language) Appendix D: Survey questionnaire (translation copy in English) Appendix E: Government university libraries participating in survey Appendix F: Private university libraries participating in survey Appendix G: Koha users in Thailand iii iv v 1 5 5 8 9 9 13 14 18 18 25 27 29 39 ...
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...Critique #4 Android Insecurity Source: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1353485811701040# Generally speaking, almost every issue comes up with double-edged sword. In today’s society, Android operating system is also no exception. Along with its open source code released by Google under the Apache license, the security issue is becoming more and more significant and emergency. Whether or not the Android operating system is designed with any intrinsic security initially, from this article’s perspective, the author may state a negative answer of Android as a failure both the operating system and the hardware. We can get start from an overview about what the author listed through the beginning to end in the article. At first, the initial reason and environment about why Android developed appear to us along with the so called wrong policy-atypia at the beginning in the development cycle. It’s precisely because these non-mainstreams such as true multi-tasking that cause the current insecurity issues including multifariously malicious malware, e.g. Trojan-SMS, Fake Player, Droid Dream malware and so on. Meanwhile, the author listed the cause for concern, and also some tests on Android from the analyst view to test the security. There are two points in the article leave me a deep impression. The first one is a series of atypical and nonstandard design of Android. To come the first, its main kernel is just a branch of mainstream in Linux research and development...
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...can be a disadvantage or an advantage of software development and cost sharing. The initial step is to recognize what it means to have a closed or open system, and what components are needed and will make up the requirement for software or an application to function. With both closed and open sources functioning differently as to how the system is programmed and structured and how the system will function within a software application or program. OPEN SOURCE Operating systems of an open source can be defined as free software developed by corporations or individuals to develop an alternate to not having to rely on any individual or one company to modify or change the software and maximize its used for the individuals or companies' advantages. Open source are typically free to use by each individual or companies to modify and changed without having to worry about the licensing and compliance to the original developer of the software being used. These are the advantages to an open source system. * Unlimited Community Support: With the public support, the alteration and transformation of the system is more frequently, more elaborating on time to develop a greater system and advance the code ("Open Source", n.d.). With the unlimited resources, it is simple to follow the revisions and updates that the community examines, debugs and operates the source code and will be successful in completing the modification to the software. * Customization: Having total control...
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...Research Paper: Free and Open-Source Software NT1430 – Linux Networking Research Paper: Free and Open-Source Software As the name so aptly implies FOSS is software that is both free and open source. It is liberally licensed to grant users the right to use, copy, study, change, and improve its design through the availability of its source code. This practice is becoming increasingly widespread and gaining acceptance because of the potential benefits that could arise from its use. The “free” part of the title refers not to price, but more so to the idea of freedom for the user. The user of this type of software has the ability to copy and to reuse the software which usually is not the case. The open source part of the acronym refers to the use of the peer to peer model of development. In the 1950’s to 1970’s, advanced user privelages in reference to software were the norm. Most software allowed the user to share and copy at this time, since most of the companies who dealt in the field were more focused on marketing the hardware the software was almost always complimentary. This however, began to change when software development costs began to escalate and companies began competing for the software market. Linus Torvalds, the creator of the Linux kernel began to shift things back in 1991. His software was a freely modifiable source code. Over the years the idea gathered much more momentum. It has burgheoned so that now major IT companies are now developing projects...
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...Source One of the biggest questions when choosing an operating system is whether it is free or not. Let’s face it cost face it cost is always going to be part of a deciding factor when it comes to making a decision in business. And free always sounds good but usual comes with some type of string attached. In this paper I will discuss what are open and closed source operating systems (better known as OS) and how they differ. As well I will discuss some of what you can expect and what not to expect from open and closed operating systems. And lastly I will give examples of each a closed and open OS. OS is often confused with things like word and excel but those are really applications that run within an OS. These applications are members of the Microsoft Office suite that is compatible with the Windows OS. The windows OS is an example of a closed operating system. What is a closed OS? A closed OS is an OS that the source code is kept private. Closed OS’s are typically made by one company and only the final product is made public. (You will see beta versions but typically these are close to final products). With closed OS’s you need to by licensing to make it work, without a valid license the OS may become inoperable thus rendering your computer useless when the companies “trail” period ends (usual within 30 days of installation). After purchasing closed software you will typically get a period of free support, so when trouble arises you can go see the “experts” for assistance. After...
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...costumers. Open Innovations give the companies a chance to let their customers participate in their innovation process (Thomke & von Hippel, 2002). Open Source is one of the most controversial phenomena of IT-industry nowadays. Confrontation of its supporters and opponents is perhaps the most noticeable trend in the soft world recent years. And it is not surprising because as soon as someone starts to speak about Open Source, the rest remember Microsoft and its products, which are common examples for proving inferiority and inadequacy of proprietary software (i.e. programs with closed-source) (Sharma, Sugumaran, & Rajagopalan, 2002). Open Source is a method of programs’ development and licensing, in which everyone is entitled to a free application use or sale, a free modification (keeping the information about the authors of the programs’ in the code), a free publication of personal improvements and free access to programs’ source code (Mockus, Fielding, & Herbsleb, 2002). In the following report, the authors are going to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using an Open Source. They are going to link the Open...
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...of the phenomena. This paper aims at giving a contribution to the ongoing discussion about open source business implications. The research hypothesis is that open source represents a disruptive innovation for the software industry. The purpose is to understand, through case study research, how open source companies can develop successful business models. Funambol provides an interesting example of an optimized business model, able to leverage the open source advantage in an emerging market. The paper is structured in three main parts: the first one aims at outlining the research hypothesis and methodology. The second part identifies the unique competitive factors distinguishing open source business and the main business implications. The final part focuses on the analysis of the Funambol business case. Fabrizio Capobianco Funambol Inc Redwood City, CA, USA info@funambol.com Zend engine) and multiple commercial tools around it. - Dual licensing business model: the dual license approach is not based on one integrated license. It is rather a business policy that permits a customer to choose one of two licenses: either the GPL (typically) or a commercial license. For organizations developing open source applications, the dual license allows them to use the software at no charge under the condition that the complete source code for their application is available and freely redistributable; organizations that do not want to release the source code for their applications as open...
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...Free and Open Source Software (FOSS), by 2006, had allegedly violated 235 patents that Microsoft was in possession of, including the Linux Kernal, Samba, OpenOffice.org, and others. Three contracts were struck up between Novell and Microsoft, most notably, a patent agreement that stated, “Don’t sue us and we won’t sue you.” When this happened, some dire consequences were predicted for FOSS, however, it hasn’t exactly gone as predicted. FOSS has blossomed since then. It is my opinion, that in entering these contracts, Microsoft put more of a light on Open Source, which then attracted the attention of other programmers, and in general, people who like free things. There is a very strong market for Linux going right now with GUI enabled operating systems including Red Hat/Fedora, and Ubuntu. They are having great success and continue getting updates, and users, on a growing basis as people experience, and learn how to use the command line. It doesn’t seem like much impact has been made, other than most companies have started using Open Source as a way to make their product better and more efficient. A few years back both MySpace and Facebook open sourced Qizmt and Tornado, respectively, not to garner any love from the people, but to try and make them better, and more efficient (Asay Sept. 16, 2009). More than anything, I would say Microsoft is feeling the hurt, they are losing money with so many people looking toward the Free and Open Source Software markets. Who would want...
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