...Pigment Color | Pigment Type | Distance Traveled by Pigment / a (cm) | Distance Traveled by Solvent / b (cm) | Rf Value ab | Yellow | Carotene | 6.2 | | | Yellow-brown | Xanythophyll | 4.0 | | | Blue-green | Chloropyhll a | 2.9 | | | Green | Chloropyhll b | 1.3 | | | RESULT: Table 1: The result of the experiment is to determine the colour of the pigment on filter paper by paperchromatography. Besides, the a and b which represents the distance travelled by pigment and distance travelled by solvent were measured and recorded in the table. The Rf value was then calculated by using the formula ab. A= distance moved by the pigment from its original position B= distance moved by solvent from the same position. *Round Rf values to 2 decimal places CONCLUSION: We used paper chromatography to separate the pigments found in spinach. Since plants use several different pigments to capture light energy for the light dependent reaction in photosynthesis, we expected that we would see several different bands of pigments on our chromatography paper. As the data in Table 1 indicates, we obtained four bands of different pigments from the spinach leaf: yellow- brown, light green, green, and yellow. The bands moved different distances up the chromatography paper, and were of different widths. According to the data, our hypothesis was correct. Different types of pigments are present in plants. The distances traveled by the pigments can indicate how big...
Words: 465 - Pages: 2
... Science as Inquiry: 5–8 • Properties and Changes of Properties: 5–8 Suggested Prior Knowledge: concepts of solutions, mixtures, separation of mixtures, solubility Purpose: To give students an understanding of paper chromatography and to allow students to separate a mixture of pigments extracted from leaves. Key Vocabulary: absorbent—material used in chromatography that will attract and absorb the compounds being separated chlorophyll—one of many pigments used by plants to absorb energy from sunlight in the process of photosynthesis chromatography—method used to separate a mixture of compounds based on differing solubilities of the compounds in the solvent being used eluent (solvent)—material used in chromatography which carries the compounds to be separated through the absorbent photosynthesis—process by which plants convert energy from sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide gas into sugar solute—substance dissolved in a solution solution—homogeneous mixture of two or more substances solvent—substance dissolving the solute in a solution Objectives: 1. Students will be able to design and carry out an investigation to separate the pigments from a leaf by paper chromatography. 2. Students will identify a mixture by separating it into different compounds. Materials: - safety goggles - chromatography paper or filter paper cut into strips - chromatography solvent (commercially available: 90% petroleum...
Words: 1387 - Pages: 6
...proteins in plant cells absorb light. Chlorophyll, the most commonly known pigment in plants, absorbs red and blue light, while reflecting the color green. Because of this, many plants are found to be the color green. There are, however, a wide variety of plants that range in color from red to violet. This is due to the different number of plant pigments that compose a plant. One technique that separates and identifies these different pigments is paper chromatography. In paper chromatography, solvent moves up the paper, carrying with it plant pigments. Because plant pigments are not equally soluble in the solvent, they are carried along at different rates, taking up different parts of the visible light system. An interesting question to explore is what other pigments are found in plants besides the obvious, chlorophyll. Using paper chromatography, pigmentation for plant leaves can be determined. Chromatography works because some pigments have a higher affinity for the solvent than others and move at different rates up the filter paper, causing several color bands to be displayed if there is more than one pigment present in the leaves. Based on the bands formed on the filter paper, the retention factor, or Rf , value can be thereby calculated for each pigment. This is done by dividing the distance the pigment traveled by the distance the solvent traveled. In essence paper chromatography will be used to determine what other pigments are found in plant leaves. Hypothesis: ...
Words: 1037 - Pages: 5
...Chem 001: Problem Solving Investigation in Analytical Chemistry PROBLEM Are red flowers really red? Two students were having an argument about pigments in red flower. One said that red petals can only contain the red color, whereas the other students thought that the red color could actually be a mixture of color. Plan an experiment to investigate if the pigment in red flowers consists of one or more colors. In your investigation think about how you can extract the pigment and check whether it consists of one or more color. PLAN FOR INVESTIGATION A. Purpose of the Investigation The purpose of this investigation is to know whether the pigment in red flowers consist one or more colors. The goal of this experiment is to analyze the pigments found in flowers using paper chromatography. B. Materials/ Apparatus The materials used in this experiment include filter paper, scissors, pencil, ruler, clean jar or drinking glass, large- mouth glass jar, water (at least 60 mL, distilled water is preferable, but tap water is also suitable), 70% isopropyl alcohol, measuring cup, piece of scratch paper, coin, timer or clock, and of course red flower petals. You will need at least 2 flower petals from at least 3 different plants. Tip: Larger petals work better than smaller petals. C. Steps/ Procedure Cut the chromatography filter paper into strips that are about 2 cm wide and as long as the large-mouth glass is tall (the strips should all be the same size). You will...
Words: 2026 - Pages: 9
...ULTRAVIOLET/VISIBLE SPECTROSCOPY PURDUE UNIVERSITY INSTRUMENT VAN PROJECT ANALYSIS OF PLANT PIGMENTS USING PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY AND VISIBLE AND/OR UV SPECTROSCOPY (1-31-96) INTRODUCTION We have seen that all cells must constantly consume fuel molecules to maintain themselves, grow, and reproduce. Fuel molecules such as glucose constitute an immediate source of energy for biological work that can be released by catabolic cell processes. However it is necessary that life on earth have a constant source of energy that can be harvested and used to generate complex fuel molecules from simple starting materials. The ultimate energy source upon which all life forms depend is visible light from the sun. Light energy must first be transformed into chemical(bond) energy before it can be utilized by the living cell. This transformation is achieved only in the cells of green plants and certain bacteria. In green plants it is coupled with a transformation of matter in which relatively low-energy compounds, carbon dioxide and water, are converted into high energy chemical molecules that become subunits of carbohydrates. There are four different pigment groups present in leaves of photosynthesizing plants. Studies indicate that only the chlorophyll IS involved in the actual absorption of light energy and later conversion to chemical energy of living cells. The other pigments also absorb light energy, but it is transferred to the chlorophyll for conversion to chemical energy. Biochemists have...
Words: 2526 - Pages: 11
..., Fernando, S., Garcia, D. 2D-Pharmacy, Group 4, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santo Tomas, España Boulevard, 1015 Manila, Philippines ABSTRACT Chromatography was used to separate and determine the purity of the colored components present in a substance. Separation of the colored components of Capsicum fructescens (Red Siling Labuyo) using column chromatography, determining the purity of the components using thin layer chromatography (TLC), and measuring the retention factor (Rf) values of the colored components in TLC were the aims of the experiment. Dichloromethane:Hexane (DCM:Hexane) (1:1) was used to extract the pigments of the red siling labuyo. For the column chromatography, 0.5 mL of the extract was placed on top of the column containing silica gel. DCM-Hexane, DCM, and DCMmethanol was introduced in succession. Colored eluates were collected on separate test tubes and noted the number of drops for each. For the thin layer chromatography, the eluates were spotted on a pre-coated TLC plate and was placed on an equilibrated chamber, with DCM:Hexane as the solvent system. After visualizing the results on the TLC plate, the distance traveled by the pigments were computed for the Rf values. The results showed that the yellow pigment had the greatest distance traveled on the TLC plate and greatest Rf value, which may also mean that it was the least polar component. INTRODUCTION In 1906, Mikhail Semenovich Tswett, a Russian botanist...
Words: 1633 - Pages: 7
...Chromatography which literally means “color writing” was invented by Mikhail Tsvet, a Russian botanist in 1903 while studying the coloring materials in plant life. It is defined as a laboratory technique utilized by scientists for the separation of organic and inorganic mixtures into their respective components in order to analyze, identify, purify and/or quantify the mixture or components. There are different types of chromatography which are use including liquid chromatography, gas chromatography, ion-exchange chromatography, paper chromatography and thin-layer chromatography. In consonance with these, while each type of chromatography uses different methods to separate compounds, all forms work on the same principle. They all have a stationary...
Words: 827 - Pages: 4
...the principles that Gregor Mendel outlined after his experiments with pea plants where he discovered the relationship between physical characteristics, or phenotype, and genetic traits, or genotype. This experiment aimed to reproduce Mendel’s results with the Brassica rapa plant, noted for it’s fast generation time, and anthocyanin, a purple pigment that can be visually tracked through subsequent generations. It is important for experiments resulting in scientific discovery to be replicable and peer reviewed. Since Mendelian genetics are the foundation of scientific education, including answering questions about evolution and heredity of beneficial or fatal genes, his experiment is a valid and important choice. The hypothesis was that the presence of anthocyanin in Brassica rapa follows Mendel’s laws. By germinating the P1 generation and creating the F1 and F2 generations through pollination the hypothesis was tested. The experimental hypothesis was accepted with ------ error and the null hypothesis that these results were due to chance was rejected. Introduction A phenotype provides a clear visual cue for examining the inheritance pattern of genotypes and whether or not these patterns follow Mendelian genetic principles. Gregor Mendel is someone who is often referred to as the “father of genetics,” and discovered important theory pertaining to heredity. He did this by studying traits of pea plants in the garden of a monastery and found two main observations to be supported...
Words: 3273 - Pages: 14
...Beta vulgaris. Beet roots were washed thoroughly, cut into six cylinders and then placed in separate test tubes. We placed each test tube in separate water baths at different temperatures for a specific period of time. The test tubes were then removed from the water baths and the absorbance of the solutions containing betalain pigments was recorded using a spectrophotometer . Maximum absorbance was recorded at -8°C (followed by the absorbance at 78.9 °C) indicating maximum release of pigments from the cell while minimum absorbance was recorded at 8°C. The results of the experiment were mostly consistent with the expectations and it was found that with increase in temperature the absorbance increases and so does the release of pigments from the cell. Introduction Cell is the basic structural and functional unit of life . The word cell comes from the Latin word ‘cella’ , meaning small room. Cell was first discovered by Robert Hooke as a descriptive term for the smallest living biological creature. The cell theory, developed by Schleiden and Schwann states that all cells arise from pre- existing cells by cell division , each cell acts as an elementary organism and all organisms are composed of one or more cells. On the basis of number of cells organisms can be classified as unicellular (consisting of a single cell; including most bacteria) or multicellular (including plants and animals). Humans contain about 10 trillion cells. Cells are of two types – Prokaryotic...
Words: 2164 - Pages: 9
...photosynthesis? Photosynthesis is not only important to the survival of plants, but to the existence of most of life on Earth. Green plants are a vital part of the circle of life because they ultimately provide food for consumers (organisms that rely on eating other organisms, like plants) to survive. Photosynthesis is also important in the exchange of carbon dioxide to oxygen, 2 very important inorganic compounds needed for all life forms. Process of photosynthesis: Heterotrophs, like fungi and animals, must consume to survive, but autotrophs, like plants, algae, and cynobacteria, make their own food. In other words, plants do not grow from absorbing nutrients from the soil, but they also use the process of photosynthesis to make food. Plants “breath in” carbon dioxide (a raw material for photosynthesis) through small openings in their leaves, called stomata. Stomata are responsible delivering carbon dioxide to mesophyll cells. The roots of plants absorb water into a vascular tissue, which travels up to the plant’s leaves. Then the water and carbon dioxide diffuse into chloroplasts. Chloroplasts are the organelles that carry out photosynthesis. Chloroplasts are responsible for giving leaves their green color. This is because chlorophyll, the green pigment found in chloroplasts, is produced because of the sunlight, which absorbs all colors of light but green. Other plant pigments, called carotenoids, are energy-capturing molecules that...
Words: 2640 - Pages: 11
... as a Source of Pigment in Making a Milk Base Paint A Research Proposal Submitted to: Mrs. Irene F. Delios Submitted by: Axel Xamniel Llorente VI - Pearl ABSTRACT Paints make houses and buildings beautiful and colorful which makes them attractive. This study was to determine the effectiveness of Bixa Orellana Linn seeds (Achuete) as a source of pigment in making a milk based paint. The achuete was chosen for the study because it is rich in tannin and can easily be found or bought in the market and found in high land areas. It contains tannin that composes in a pigment that is used in making paint. Achuete seeds contain 70-80% of tannin. Some of the sub-problems were to judge the color of the finish product made out of pigment from achuete seeds so 30 female respondents will be asked to observe the finish product and judege and qualify its color. The researchers gathered all the materials and assured all were cleaned. Achuete seeds were pounded and the powdered form is now the pigment. For the binder, the researchers used skim milk to produce casein which acts as the binder. The pigment were soaked and the skimmed milk was boiled to form a precipitate. Results show that Bixa Orellana Linn seeds can be used as a pigment in making milk based paint. CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Background of...
Words: 4248 - Pages: 17
...AP® Investigation #5 Cell Processes: Photosynthesis –STUDENT GUIDE Kit # 36W7405 Table of Contents Background. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 SAFETY PRECAUTIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Part 1: plant pigments and chromatography (Structured inquiry). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Part 2: floating disc assay (Guided Inquiry) . . . . . . . . . 6 Part 3: design an experiment (OPEN inQUIRY) . . . . . . . . . 9 MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEETS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 **AP® and the Advanced Placement Program are registered trademarks of the College Entrance Examination Board. The activity and materials in this kit were developed and prepared by Ward’s Natural Science Establishment, which bears sole responsibility for their contents. Copymaster. Permission granted to make unlimited copies for use in any one school building. For educational use only. Not for commercial use or resale. US: www.wardsci.com Canada: www.wardsci.ca ©2012, Ward’s Natural Science All Rights Reserved 250-7455 v.7/12 AP® Investigation #5: Cell Processes: Photosynthesis –STUDENT GUIDE Kit # 36W7405 Background OBJEcTIVES ‹ Design a plan for collecting data to show that all biological systems are affected by complex biotic and abiotic interactions. ‹ Use models to predict and justify that changes in the subcomponents of a biological polymer affect...
Words: 3360 - Pages: 14
...BIO TEST 2 STUDY GUIDE CHAP. 5 BIOLUMINESCENCE - Light produced from chemical reactions that change chemical energy to light energy, used by invertebrates and fishes to protect themselves from predators. MEMBRANES – phospholipid bilayer, contains embedded and attached proteins, a fluid mosaic model (phospholipids are in constant lateral motion, but rarely flip to the other side of the layer) PHOSPHOLIPIDS – many made from unsaturated fatty acids with kinks in the tail (kinks prevent liquid from packing tightly, keeps them in liquid form) No unsaturated fatty acids = lower permeability i.e. safflower oil With unsaturated fatty acids = higher permeability i.e. butter CHOLESTEROL – found in animal cell membranes, stabilizes membranes at warm temps and keeps membranes fluid at lower temp MEMBRANE PROTEINS – function 1) help maintain cell shape and coordinate changes inside and outside cell via attachments to cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix 2) receptors for chemical messengers from other cells 3) function as enzymes 4) Glycoproteins involved in cell-to-cell recognition 5) may participate in intercellular junctions that attach adjacent cells to each other SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY – small nonpolar molecules move across quickly while charged or polar molecules cross slowly or not at all DIFFUSION – tendency of particles to spread out evenly in a space, particles move from an area high particle concentration to low particle concentration (diffusing down...
Words: 2290 - Pages: 10
...6 Cellular Respiration: Obtaining Energy from Food Muscles in action. Sprinters, like all athletes, depend on cellular respiration to power their muscles. CHAPTER CONTENTS Energy Flow and Chemical Cycling in the Biosphere 92 Cellular Respiration: Aerobic Harvest of Food Energy 94 Fermentation: Anaerobic Harvest of Food Energy 101 CHAPTER THREAD Aerobic versus Anaerobic Lifestyles BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY Marathoners versus Sprinters THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE What Causes Muscle Burn? EVOLUTION CONNECTION Life before and after Oxygen 91 102 103 Aerobic versus Anaerobic Lifestyles BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY Marathoners versus Sprinters Track-and-field athletes usually have a favorite event in which they excel. Some runners specialize in sprints of 100 or 200 meters. Others excel at longer races of 1,500, 5,000, or even 10,000 m. It is unusual to find a runner who competes equally well in both 100-m and 10,000-m races; most runners are more comfortable running races of particular lengths. It turns out that there is a biological basis for such preferences. The muscles that move our legs contain two main types of muscle fibers: slow-twitch and fast-twitch. Slow-twitch muscle fibers can contract many times over a longer period but don’t generate a lot of quick power for the body. They perform better in endurance exercises requiring slow, steady muscle activity, such as marathons. Fast-twitch muscle fibers can contract more quickly and powerfully than slow-twitch fibers but also...
Words: 24897 - Pages: 100
...Plant Cell Organelles and Their Functions BIO 204 Cell Animation. 1) Golgi apparatus: The Golgi apparatus is flattened sacs involved in storing, modifying, and secreting proteins and lipids. 2) Chloroplast: The chloroplast contains green chlorophyll and is the site of photosynthesis and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production. Mitochondria and chloroplasts contain their own deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules. a) Outer membrane: The chloroplast’s outer membrane is permeable to most ions. b) Intermembrane space: The intermembrane space separates the outer and inner membranes. c) Innermembrane: The innermembrane is specialized and permeable to specific transport proteins. d) Stroma: The stroma is the area of the chloroplast where carbon dioxide is converted into glucose during the light’s independent reactions of photosynthesis. e) Lamellae: Lamellae are connective strands between grana. f) Thykaloid disk: Each thykaloid disk contains chlorophyll, which is the pigment involved in capturing sunlight for photosynthesis. g) Granum (plural grana): Stacks of thykaloid disks where ATP is produced during photosynthesis. 3) Mitochondrion (plural mitochondria): The mitochondrion converts stored glucose into ATP during aerobic respiration. ATP is the energy molecule found in all life forms and is necessary for biochemical reactions in cells. 4) Cell wall: The cell wall is the cellulose...
Words: 447 - Pages: 2
