...Diversification Strategies Diversification strategies are used to expand firms' operations by adding markets, products, services, or stages of production to the existing business. The purpose of diversification is to allow the company to enter lines of business that are different from current operations. When the new venture is strategically related to the existing lines of business, it is called concentric diversification. Conglomerate diversification occurs when there is no common thread of strategic fit or relationship between the new and old lines of business; the new and old businesses are unrelated. Diversification is a market strategy, which is about expanding the business of the company in some way. It stretches from adding new products or services, which in some way are related to the corporation’s previous products or services on the market, too establish oneself with new, on a from the corporation’s point of view, completely unknown market (Grant). Although the idea of diversification as a strategy for growth and risk reduction is rather old, it was only after 1950 it became popular to let the corporation expand over different markets and product lines. This growth strategy continued to attract more and more companies, until it culminated in the 1970s when it became popular to build conglomerates, that is, companies expanding by adding more and more unrelated business to the corporation, often via acquisitions. In the following decades, the...
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...question one and either question two or three question on the next page. Please be as direct and to-the-point as possible, and remember to use correct grammar and punctuation. According to a 1996 fiscal report in the Wall Street Journal, venerable Chicago-based Quaker Oats Company was in the midst of a financial downturn caused by serious planning snafus. In particular, Quaker had lost $47.8 million in the second quarter of 1995, largely because of restructuring charges necessitated by its Snapple division’s poor performance and the company’s unsuccessful efforts to improve overseas sales. Quaker did not expect 1996 to be any better. Throughout the 1900’s Quaker Oats was in many businesses including Aunt Jemima pancake flour, Cap’n Crunch cereals, Fisher-Price toys, restaurants and candies. Until 1990 Quaker was still adding new products – everything from clothiers and opticians to Stokely-Van Camp, Gatorade, and Gaines dog food. A prime acquisition was Anderson Clayton & Company, a Houston food-products company that boasted such popular brands as Seven Seas salad dressings, Chiffon margarine, and Igloo ice chests. Then a downturn in 1990 convinced management to refocus the company on food. Quaker implemented this new strategy by increasing its advertising budget, reformulating its dog foods, and launching new products. Determined to emphasize its core food...
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...There is an important response or factor to debate regarding this observation which is consequences. We make free choices that are morally responsible for our consequences, “With the possession of free will, it is suggested, there is always at least the possibility of misusing it to do evil.” (The Problem of Evil pg. 25). The consequences can be so negative that they can be considered in some cases a catastrophe, affecting people's lives and some times even the...
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...The Purpose and History of Penitentiaries Would you be able to envision what it would be like if we lived in a world where there are no consequences for law and or rules that have been broken? Our current Criminal Justice System is the aftereffect of changes that have occurred over a period of time. Throughout the years, components have been created to uphold rules and regulations and laws as well as punish criminals. Throughout this paper I will discuss the history of punishment and how prisons were developed. The impact and involvement of prison labor overtime and the Pennsylvania and Auburn system. History of Punishment Penology the study of punishment evolved in the 1950s. During this rehabilitation replaced the punishment of offenders and became the main objective. Also during this time the term penology was replaced by the term corrections. Corrections is defined as the supervision and monitoring of offenders, the secure holdings of inmates in prisons, and the treatment of problems such as drug addiction, mental illness and other services (Seiter, 2014, “Chapter 1, The History of Crimes and Corrections, What is Corrections?”). In the eighteen century an Italian theorist founded the classical school of criminology. His first theory of crime causation was linked to appropriate punishments. “Beccaria suggested that the purpose of punishment is utility or the prevention of crime. Included in his principles are that crime is an injury to society, that prevention is more...
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...possibility of rehabilitation; their aim was to frighten the offender into law abiding behavior. Unlike today where prisons are viewed as instruments of punishment, this has not always been the case. The common jail dates back hundreds of years, but was used solely as a means of detention, a temporary place for the prisoner until acquitted, fined, or subjected to corporal punishment (Schamalleger, F. 2010). Pennsylvania was determined to be different from other colonies. Founder William Penn brought his Quaker values to the new colony, relying on imprisonment with hard labor and fines as the treatment for most crimes, while death remained the penalty only for murder. In 1790 Philadelphia’s Walnut Street Jail became the first prison by the Pennsylvania Quakers. In the Penitentiary Era, which lasted from 1790 to 1825, prisoners were housed in penitentiaries, where they were supposed to do penance and be rehabilitated into productive citizens (Schmalleger, F. 2010). The Quakers hoped to use religious and human principles to rehabilitate the inmates. The philosophy of the prison was to have prisoners accept responsibility for their actions and make amends to...
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...HISTORY NOTES SLAVERY IN THE BAHAMAS. CONTINUED The Haitian Revolution- The Haitian Revolution was the only successful revolution in the Caribbean in which slaves totally overthrew the shackles of slavery. It started in 1791 in the French Colony of St.Domingue (Haiti).The whites and Mulattoes (mixed race) were at war over privileges by the revolutionary government of France. The people wanted three major things: Freedom, Equality and Fraternity (unity). The slaves under the leadership of Toussaint L’Ouverture, seized the opportunity to capture vital areas and to fight the French .By 1795, he became known as “Master of the Colony”. He encouraged the ex-slaves to restart the development of the economy. However, he was captured in 1801 by the French and placed in a French prison until he died of Pneumonia in 1803. [pic] Fighting continued until January 1, 1804, when the island was declared independent by Jean-Jacque Dessalines. He renamed the island “Haiti” which means “Mountainous” in Arawak language. The island serves as a beacon of hope to slaves in other islands of the Caribbean who were still living in bondage. HAITIAN SOCIAL HIERARCHY GRAND BLANCS [Equality with whites in France] | PETITE BLANCS [Equality& Fraternity] | MULATTOES [Equality] | SLAVES [Freedom] Dutty Boukman- He was a voodoo priest whose death was largely...
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...JAIL AND PRISON Every year the number of prisoners increase and their sentences are longer. The expenses continue to be high maintaining prisons, work farms and other secure facilities. Budgets now are tighter than ever and expectations continue to get higher. Private prisons opened after the civil war encountered legal problems for leasing convicts to replace slave labor, and civil right issues for cutting corners on food and living conditions but by the 1980’s, every state had private contracts. During Colonial America public humiliation, work houses and corporal punishment such as stock, whipping were used to punish criminals. Quakers believed that honest labor was more humane way to deal with unsocialized behavior. In 1786 convicts were provided familiar ball, chain and bright, unstylish clothes. That way if they ever tried to escape it would make it harder. As time passed by colonies began to replace public humiliation with incarceration. During this time convicts were accused women, men, petty thieves with violent offenders and all in the same prison. The Penitentiary Era in the 1790’s they separated the convicts and they all had to be silent. They sought penance in total solitude, created or aggravated mental instabilities and handicrafts introduced to help maintain sanity. The Mass Prison Era in 1825 they were congregated but silenced. Prisoners had communal meals and worked during the day. They were not allowed to speak or make eye contact with anyone. Vocation...
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...in compliance with workplace harassment and discrimination laws as the workforce includes many more and diverse cultures in the ranks. This country was built on Judeo-Christian dominations and sects, but as the workplace expands, more and more non-Christian cultures are included that have different and more complex requirements. Christian culture dominates the American workplace and business and has since American’s colonial beginnings. Religious groups that enjoyed the highest standing during America's colonial period are still favorably positioned in the religious hierarchy. Studies in the 1990s show that Americans are much more likely to claim affiliation with groups ascendant during the colonial period (Episcopalians, Presbyterians, Quakers, and members of the United Church of Christ) than one would expect based on the representation of these groups in the general population (Davidson, 2003). Muslims have required times of prayer during the day and people of the Jewish faith are required to not work on Saturday to honor the Sabbath (Stern, 2011). Just these two examples have flown directly in the face of much of business schedules and practices in the past, and have required people who hold to these faiths to choose between their job and their religious beliefs. Business did not recognize the benefits of employing different faith paradigms as most business did not have an international component to it other than the occasional supplier of goods. Today, religion has asserted...
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...-Corrections is a booming business prisons + crime = profitable industry we have an Increasing number of people under correctional supervision 6 million people under the correctional system by the end of the century - Tough on Crime Political Stance popular public policy 20 million victimizations in 2009 repeat violent felons off of the streets treat minors as adults create mandatory sentencing laws reduce time-off-for-good-behavior - Shift in Public Opinion 4.3 million violent crimes 33 million personal theft crimes - 7.2 million 3% (1 in 33) of adults in the U.S. are under some sort of correctional supervision -Probation (community sentence) and parole are NOT the same thing -1.3% average annual increase from 2000 to 2009 But declined 1.3% in 2010 to 2009 “has the correctional population supervision increased or decreased from 2000 to 2009?” Answer: INCREASED - the majority of people in the corrections system are on PROBATION - Percentage breakdowns for types of offences: 9% Public Disorder (35% federal) DUI, indecent exposure, drunken disorderly, prostitution, etc. 18% Drug Offence (51% federal) 19% Property Offense (less than 10% federal) 53% Violent Offenses (less than 10% federal) - Regions highest to lowest South West Midwest Fed? North East - Top 5 States Federal Texas California Florida New York Notes From Ch. 1 in Textbook- - Penology the study of the use of punishment for criminal acts - Penitentiary typically used...
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...Capital punishment, also called death penalty, is the execution of an offender sentenced to death after conviction by a court of law of a criminal offense. The practice of executing people for certain crimes is very old; in fact, the term itself dates to a Latin root, capitalis, which means “of the head,” a reference to a common execution method used in Roman times. Currently 58 nations actively practice it, 97 countries have abolished it, and the remainders have not used it for 10 years or allow it only in exceptional circumstances such as wartime. However, It is a matter of active controversy in various countries as it violates human rights. What Is Capital Punishment Capital punishment is a practice in which prisoners are executed in accordance with judicial practice when they are convicted of committing what is known as a capital crime or capital offense. In other words, capital punishment or the death penalty is a legal process whereby a person is put to death by the state as a punishment for a crime. The judicial decree that someone be punished in this manner is a death sentence, while the actual process of killing the person is an execution. History Of Capital Punishment Early Laws The first established death penalty laws date as far back as the Eighteenth Century B.C. in the Code of King Hammaurabi of Babylon, which codified the death penalty for 25 different crimes. The death penalty was also part of the Fourteenth Century B.C.'s Hittite Code; in the Seventh...
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...Naomie Fleurjuste 3/23/12 Midterm The difference is that, Atlantic slave trade was very important for 18 century World Economy, because it was one of the three elements of so-called Triangular trade, a three-way exchange between America, Europe, and Africa. European traders would ship textiles, muskets, and manufactured merchandize to Africa and exchange it for slaves. Then they would take slaves to the West to Americas and exchange them for cotton and tobacco, and sail home. On each side of the triangular trade ships made huge profits plus they carried different valuable merchandize from both African continent and the New World. Thus, Atlantic slave trade was vitally important for 18th century sailors . The origin of Atlantic slave trade – and slave trade in general – is mainly associated with the shortage of labor in the developing New World. Contemporary European population in the Americas was not sufficient to support the plans of development. Even criminals that were sentenced to labor ran away, and could easily blend into white masses forever. Native Americans were not efficient as slaves either, because they were not that numerous and did not have immunity for diseases brought to the New World by Europeans . In addition, native Americans could easily escape because they knew the land well, their home were close, and they knew how to survive in the adjacent territories . But labor requirements...
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...Yuxing Tang Rebecca Watkins Mark Kapadia Shane Reigert Zihao He Dr. Robert D. Russell BA. 462 10 December 2014 Learning organization project: PepsiCo Industry analysis Market Overview PepsiCo is operating in the food and beverage industry. PepsiCo merged with Pepsi and is the parent company that owns a variety of other companies such as, Frito Lay, Quakers, and ocean spray just to name a few. Pepsi alone is considered to be in the soft drink industry. (The PBG Inc. 2013). In accordance to Kpmg LLP, PepsiCo's operations are organized into four business units: PepsiCo Americas Foods (PAF), PepsiCo Americas Beverages (PAB), PepsiCo Europe, and PepsiCo Asia, Middle East and Africa (AMEA). These four business units comprise six reportable segments: Frito-Lay North America (FLNA), Quaker Foods North America (QFNA), Latin America Foods (LAF), PAB, Europe, and AMEA. Pepsico is in 200 countries. Prior to their merger in February 2010, PepsiAmericas (PAS) and Pepsi Bottling Group (PBG), the two North American bottling units of PepsiCo, operated as the company's independent bottling subsidiaries. They were the major distributors of the finish goods. Since the merger, PAS and PBG are operating as a unit of Pepsi Beverages Company (PBC). PBC operates in the US, Canada and Mexico and encompasses approximately three-fourths of PepsiCo's North American beverage volume.(Kpmg 1). Other than producing, marketing and selling PepsiCo's global beverage brands, the PBC also manufactures...
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...the balanced scorecard method to create an individually responsive and responsible organization that exceeds our upcoming aggressive performance targets. The balanced scorecard is a tool that we believe will align individual objectives with business objectives to ensure the continued success of PepsiCo. The following information describes where we are today as an organization, what the balanced scorecard can do for our organization, and some critical success factors to address during implementation. PepsiCo in brief: PepsiCo was founded in 1965 through the merger of Pepsi-Cola and Frito-Lay. In the year of 1998 PepsiCo then acquired Tropicana and in the year 2001 Quaker Oats and Gatorade. The company consists of four subsections; Frito-Lay North America, PepsiCo Beverages North America, PepsiCo International and Quaker Foods North America. The products are available in 200 countries and even have some brand names that are more than 100 years old. PepsiCo employs 153,000 people that follow a mission, "To be the world's premier consumer products company focused on convenient foods and beverages. We seek to produce healthy financial rewards to investors as we provide opportunities for growth and enrichment to our employees, our business partners, and the communities in which we operate. And in everything we do, we strive for honesty, fairness and integrity.” (http://www.PepsiCo.com) In 2004 PepsiCo generated $29 billion in...
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...Running head: WORLD RELIGIONS REPORT World Religions Report University of Phoenix World Religions Hum 130 July 30, 20XX World Religions Report The Church. There is only one faith that is so recognizable that no other description is required. Movies have been made with The Church as the villain behind massive conspiracies. Stories have been told of Cardinals and Bishops that were the real power behind Kings. The Church owns what amounts to a sovereign country as its headquarters. The leader of The Church is treated, world wide, in the same manner as a Head of State, even enjoying Diplomatic Immunity in foreign countries. The Church owns one of the largest and most valuable private art collections in the world. The Church owns one of the largest and most valuable private libraries in the world. The Church owns one of the largest and most valuable collections of ancient writings and texts in the world. The Church has, through the centuries, been rocked by persecution, wars, and scandal, but has survived and thrived. To its members, The Church is a living, breathing line, unbroken, from today back through the decades and centuries to Jesus Christ. The Church is a symbol of traditional faith, an icon of traditional values, and a sanctuary from the evils of the world. To outsiders, looking in, The Church is a dichotomy of imagined and real legends and myths. But to the members, it is their faith and their anchor. The Catholic Church. I was fortunate to visit...
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...Within the past 100 years organisations have seen significant changes in the markets they operate within. Increasing flexibility, globalisation and fierce competition from emerging economies have been the fundamental drivers modelling the human resource management field to become what it is today. Motivation has always been an issue for many businesses, and the ‘traditional’ methods of attempting to solve this problem have been to slightly increase the employee’s wages, in the hope that they would respond by increasing their effort. However in the UK, nearing the end of the nineteenth century, firms such as Cadburys and Quakers began providing accommodation and education for their workers (Wilton, 2011). This marked the initial shift in the nature of the employment relationship, and drawing on Maslow’s hierarchy of needs it can be seen that this would help satisfy the two basic tiers of ‘psychological’ and ‘safety’ (Maslow, 1954). This essay aims to critically evaluate the concept of the psychological contract, then analyse why in managing the modern day employment relationship and understanding of the psychological contract is important, relevant theories and academic models will be used where appropriate. The question will be addressed in three sections; firstly the concept and history of the psychological contract will be briefly covered, secondly and critical focus will be shown towards the concept of the contract, and finally we will examine the practicality of utilising...
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