In 1996, academics Rob Gray, Dave Own and Carol Adams published a book titled “Accounting and Accountability; changes and challenges in corporate social and environmental reporting.” They outlined seven positions on corporate social responsibility or CSR. The attempt was to outline a diverse range of positions stakeholders might take when broaching the subject of social responsibility. The seven positions range from a minimal view to the extreme, written from the viewpoint that organizations need to shift from purely economic agendas to social and economic agendas. Their viewpoint also emphasizes reliable CSR reporting, due to concerns of current CSR reporting lacking objectivity.
Pristine Capitalists • This viewpoint emphasizes that stakeholders view CSR as an impediment to business and emphasizes no responsibilities beyond that of shareholders and creditors. Although pristine capitalists recognize there are social and environmental costs of doing business, they view this as a responsibility of society, not of organizations. However, such a position may allow for governmental regulation that translates social costs to real costs for use in maximizing profits.
Expedients • Expedients are willing to move a bit beyond the pristine capitalists and consider CSR objectives if it contributes positively to the economic interests of the organization. They often have a long-term view that investing in CSR is good for the bottom line, returning money to the investors based on a solid reputation and good public relations.
Supporters of Social Contracts • Organizations fitting into this category are inclined to take into account the concerns of all those affected by their decisions. This is accomplished through contracts with those affected by decisions of the organization. Those contracts are enforceable through a variety of mechanisms.
Social Ecologists • Social ecologists mark the turning point in CSR, viewing current organizations as wasteful, exhausting important resources and contributing to pollution problems. As such, organizations must modify their approaches and consciously embrace CSR as the model going forward. This position postulates that commercial enterprises and large organizations are primarily responsible for environmental destructions and should take center stage in fixing the issues resulting.
Socialists • Organizations with a socialist bent seek to create an egalitarian equality within the organization and with its social and economic interests. Socialists most often view the capitalistic system as exploitive and unstable, opting for a society that shares risk and reward equally.
Radical Feminists • This position doesn't have any ties or connections to women’s movements. Rather, a radical feminist organization theoretically seeks to implement feminine values, such as cooperation in all organizational dealings. The view is that business dealings are over-masculine in nature, resulting in many of our social problems, and that feminist values at the center of the organization are the answer.
Deep Ecologist • The position of a deep ecologist organization stresses that human beings are of no more importance than other living organisms and therefore don't have rights to resources or life above those any other being. Deep ecologists often question the need for industry and commerce, instead promoting self-sufficiency and sustainability.
