...In the myth, “Women Talk Too Much,” Janet Holmes discusses the misconception that women talk more than men. Throughout the myth she proves that this overused statement is false. She finds that the environment, and different situations are what women’s discussions depend on, and ironically men tend to dominate them. Holmes discusses numerous studies that measured the amount of talking used by men and women in different contexts. The first study, which she called the “New Zealand Study,” found that men dominated talking time. This generally starts when children are attending elementary school (formal contexts). They found that two-thirds of the classroom discussion is taken by teachers and the rest is taken over by male students. The explanation for these findings is that males are more concerned than females about earning status and power. So they feel that by, “participating and verbally contributing,” will help to gain more status in formal contexts. Formal contexts meaning public situations (i.e. business meetings, seminars, committee meetings, etc.) The study also found that men tend to dominate discussions by patronizing women. For example, in this chapter they give a scenario of a work meeting. In the meeting the woman discusses an issue and is interrupted by a male colleague. He interrupts by saying, “I think what Anne is trying to say Roger is….” By interrupting, he’s putting across a message that he knows better (a way of trying to achieve higher status), and...
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...Evaluation Wal-Mart is an organization that believes in having an effective evaluation process for its managers. An effective process will provide the necessary needs for learning and improvements on how to be a manager. Wal-Mart training process provides opportunities for managers throughout their careers. The organization will first look at the reaction to do the process. Questions will be asked about how the process went and how the individuals feel about the training. Exploring females in management, it is important for the company to gather facts and get reactions on how the individual was treated and how the training process felt. “As an organization it is stated that the cost of employing women in management is far greater than the cost of employing men so it is important that the evaluation process is effective.”(Harvard Business Review, 2011) As an organization we will provide our managers with experiences involving walkthroughs to stores that they are familiar with to test effectiveness of the training. The organization will provide stores consistent with diversity so that a male or female will feel comfortable in their environment. The organization will also test some of the qualities learned in the training by putting individuals in hands on situation that involves what managers do every day in certain situations. Since there have not been many females in higher position such as managers, interactions with other employers will be involved in the evaluation...
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...1. Abstract This study looks at differences in male and female wages using data from Statistics Canada’s annual Survey of Consumer Finance (SCF) and Survey of Labour Income Dynamics (SLID). In addition to information on annual income, this study also looks at hourly wage data, which is a more precise measure as the earnings data series takes into account the price of labour as well as quantity (i.e. individuals’ work/leisure preferences). This study looks at the variables of race, highest achieved level of education as well as age to examine the existence of a wage gap. Like other studies, we have found that males have a higher wage in each of these areas, with females earning an average of 80 – 87% of the males’ average. Furthermore, we have examined the existence and size of a wage gap in three industries; law, nursing and the education industry. Finally, we looked at the Canadian gender-based wage gap statistics compared to International gender-based wage gap statistics. We deduced that there is, indeed, a wage gap in each of the mentioned industries, and can be partially attributed to human capital theory and occupational segmentation theory, however, a substantial portion of the gap remains unexplained. 2. General Existence of Gender-Based Wage Differentials in Canada The existence of gender based wage differentials in North America have been well documented for decades. Although female-male wage ratios have closed significantly since the mid 1980s, progress in wage...
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...How do sociologists draw a distinction between sex and gender? The difference between sex and gender causes much controversy between sociologists. The definition of sex does not cause much debate: Sex is physical and refers to biological differences. On the other hand, gender is psychological and so causes more disputes as interpretations differ between societies and cultures. This is due to the common sense ideas societies have regarding culture and additionally whether gender is nature or nurture. It can also be said that gender is socially constructed which will also be looked at. Sex is easily defined as “the biological distinction between females and males” and is commonly seen to have six main factors associated: chromosome make up (females having XX and male having XY), reproductive organs, external genitals, hormonal states, internal genitals and secondary sex characteristics. Sex is commonly seen as a biological term based on nature which is why there is not much argument over the definition. People are either classified as male or female, however, there are some exceptions as if a child is born with too many or too few X or Y chromosomes they may have the chromosome make up of one sex and the genitals of another. However, gender is not seen as an inbuilt trait but instead refers to “the social aspects of differences and hierarchies between male and female” which means that gender suggests the behaviours and aspects a particular group (society or culture) consider...
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...Gender Wage Gap, and Sex Segregation Gender Exercise #1 During my investigation I noticed that the occupations that I am interested in pursuing cater mostly to males. The professions that interest me are Engineering, Chemistry, and Anesthesiology. I came across an article that discussed the pay differences between male's, and female's in the Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) profession's. According to a data study provided by the American Chemical Society (ACS) male chemists earned thirty percent more than female chemists. The findings of their research showed that eighty-three percent of the wage gap is due to differences in work ethic, and productivity, while the remaining seventeen percent is because of discrimination, and other unmeasured allegations. The information that I obtained from the National Society of Professional Engineers, in 2004 there were approximately 192,900 female engineers (62,000 were software engineers) throughout the United States, compared to the overwhelming number of men in this profession, at over 1,515,000. Women are more likely to get hired in the environmental, and chemical engineering fields than men are. However, women are less likely to get hired in the mechanical engineering, and electrical engineering professions than men. In 2006 females made up approximately one quarter of all engineers under the age of 25 in the United Stated. After researching the field of Anesthesiology I found that...
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...BUSN311 – Quantitative Methods and Analysis Instructor: Dr. Bari Courts Regression Analysis DB5 Tracie Tindsl Correlation is when there is a relationship between variables that will vary or be associated together in one way or another (Segal & Cernauskas, 2011). This type of variable is very popular, it used in many different ways. There is a wide spread of use when using the correlational research and many industries are very favorable to it. This is very reliable method and it supportive. However, it is not known to prove a relationship. There are three possible results of a correlational study: positive correlation, a negative correlation and no correlation (New York Times, 2012). One variable from the AIU course data set would be gender. Male and female is a basic variable with a positive outcome. Tenure is a variable that may be used in the workplace, the length of time an individual is an employee at a company or business. The questions that others would ask would be “How many males or females stay as an employee with any company. There correlation research between gender and tenure, along with male to female. I feel that these two variables is a way that companies would review that equal opportunity Act. As we all are knowledgably to the fact that there are issues in this area. Reviewing the tenures and coming to a decision that males and females would be comfortable in the workplace. Females should never feel that males are more respected...
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...Statistics from the National Registration Department shows that more than 3000 students are being raped to death in a year in average. Raping is now classified as the top rated crime in Malaysia. Every individual especially the male genders are crazy for sex relationship. Rape can also be defined as the condition where a male forces a female for sex. The following paragraphs shed some light on the causes of raping, the effects and the solution to this problem. One of the major causes of this incident is the will of male to try out new things. Most male nowadays are very aggressive and tend to be daring as well. They do not care about the consequences they will face if get caught doing wrong. Other than that, they are also influenced by the female appearance which makes them difficult to control their emotions. For some males, raping is considered as an act of taking revenge on a female they dislike, while on the other hand they are influenced by bad friends to indulge in free sex. This case also leaves its effects. The primary effect will be the rise in HIV and AIDS disease. The only good news in this is that it only spreads through sexual intercourse with the infected person. Besides that, females will be more prone to stay at home due to the feeling of scared of being raped by anyone. The rise in this incident also causes the disgrace to the male gender, especially the good ones who do not involve in this activity. In addition to that, the future of the victim also will...
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...Collusion and Critique Assignment Collusion: Selena Gomez "Come and Get It" Selena Gomez's "Come and Get It" represents collusion. She is reaffirming many normative beliefs within society about women and their sexuality. Women in society are many times viewed as sexual objects and Gomez's song is strongly reasserting this viewpoint. In the song she states things like "When you're ready come and get it" and "You ain't gotta worry, it's an open invitation." These lyrics insinuate sexual desirers that attract male attention. The wardrobe and makeup she used in the video were very seductive and sensual and should have ben meant for a mature/older audience and not that of her younger fan base. She essential gave the indication that women should be open to sexual practices and activities with men at any time they please. Collusion is again reaffirming the ideologies already placed in our society and she continues the discourse that relates to it. Critique: Beyonce " If I were a Boy" Critiques like Beyonce's "If I were a Boy" are songs that critique the normative attitudes and beliefs in society. This song address and explores the males ability to act without consequence in relationships while the women is forever cognizant and fearful of her actions. The male is able to stay out late, befriend and hang out with whomever he pleases, cheat even and not get confronted for his behavior. Her song critiques these actions from a female perspective. In the song, Beyonce's lyrics...
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...Sociology – Dan Monaghan. Domestic violence is a major problem in the UK. It contributes to 1/6 of all violent crime in the UK. Some people have different opinions on what they feel if violent crime and what is not. The term domestic violence is when violent or aggressive behaviour within the household from your partner, usually the male but there are cases of females contributing to domestic violence. In the UK altogether there are around 6.6 million assaults per year, the majority of the time these are violent acts from men towards the opposite sex, this is from a study created by Mirrless Black. The study showed that 99% of the violent acts where carried out by men towards women. The explanation for this is that the men want to be more superior than the female, this is an idea which is traditional that the man would generally always be more superior and also do not like when there superiority is challenged. Radical feminists would argue that domestic violence is a way for the male to oppress their partners and keep up the patriarchal within the marriage or the relationship. Overall this shows us how males are very much more involved with dishing out domestic violence and the general pattern is the factor of the male abusing the female, we also understand that the male is more dominant because of the traditional values that have been shared for a long period of time of the male race being more powerful than the female race an example of this is the matter of how many...
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...That Can’t Be the Only Reason Although there have been many discussions in class about the wage differentials between men and women I thought it would be interesting to hypothesize that there is research to prove that the world is analyzing the facts on why men make more than women and what is attempting to be done to correct the outdated and long-standing issue. I hypothesize that although there is data showing that the wage difference between sexes has already began to decline there are many reasons why there is a wage differential besides the obvious that “men are superior”. The gap between earnings of male and female workers has declined significantly over the past 30 years. The Bureau of Labor Statistics reports that in 1979 median weekly earnings of full-time female workers were 63.5 percent of male workers' earnings, implying a gap of 36.5 percent. The earnings gap dropped to 30 percent in 1989 and to 23.7 percent in 1999. In the second quarter of 2011, the gap reached a low of 16.5 percent. (BLS) Despite the accuracy of these numbers, many researchers believe that the mere comparison of median weekly earnings of male and female workers (represented in graph 1) presents an incomplete picture. First, women are likely to work fewer hours than men, which would make a gap in weekly earnings between the two groups substantial even if their hourly wages are the same. Most economic studies of a gender gap use hourly wages instead of weekly earnings as a measure. Second...
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...Our brain consists of two halves known as the left and right hemisphere. The two halves of the brain are not exactly the same: the left side of the brain is normally larger. The two halves of the brain process information in different ways. Although one side (usually the left) is dominant in most people, nobody is totally right-or left-brained-just as no one is totally right-or-left handed. Did you know that women's brains are smaller than men's? The average male brain weighs about 1.3 kilograms, while the average female brain weighs ten percent less. The brain consists of 'grey matter' (the part of the brain that helps us think) and 'white matter' (the part that helps us transfer information). And while men have more of the latter, the amount of 'thinking' brain is almost exactly the same in both sexes. It has been suggested that, in the case of human brains, smaller may also mean 'more efficient', perhaps because the two sides of the brain appear to be better connected in women. This means that little girls tend to learn to speak earlier, and that adult women can absorb all sorts of information from different sources at the same time, making them more adept at multi-tasking. When it comes to talking to the boss on the phone, cooking dinner and keeping an eye on the baby all at the same time, it's women who come out on top every time. Men seem to do better tackling one job at a time. There are other important differences that distinguish male and female brains. White matter...
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...Honest signalling was termed “ubiquitous” in a recent game theory paper modeling signal evolution [1]. Biological signals are considered honest when they provide useful information to the receiver [2]. More specifically, sexual signals are considered honest when they indicate the potential benefits that a female could receive by mating with an advertising male [3]–[10]. Sexual signals may indicate mating benefits because (1) preferred signals are often costly to produce; (2) only males good at acquiring nutrients or using them efficiently may be able to support the costs of signal production; and (3) males with more nutrients may be of higher fitness or may be able to invest more in providing benefits to females. Males that are able to obtain more nutrients may have greater energy stores, and several studies have found a positive relationship between dietary nutrient availability and sexual signalling [11]–[16]. Given these points, females may benefit from selecting mates that exhibit condition-dependent signals. Here condition is defined as variation in resource acquisition ability [17], which may result from differences in resource availability in the environment and/or individual physiological differences in the ability to assimilate and utilize resources. The cost of producing sexual signals is often dependent on available nutrients, which in turn is subject to life-history trade-offs. Allocating nutrients to sexual signalling must, therefore, be balanced against the nutrients...
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...like puberty, growth, and physical changes. Hormones help the body maintain homeostasis or a state of balance within the body. When the body produces to much or to little of a hormone it can cause both physical and emotional problems. What are the interactions between hormones and do these interactions affect determination of gender identity? Hormones are responsible for sexual dimorphism (phenotypic sex differences) in the structure of the body and its organs. For example, hormones affect the internal sex organs, including genitals, and secondary sex characteristics that can operate to influence a person's behavior. Thus some research indicates that hormones are responsible for the gender makeup that acts as determinants of feminine and masculine traits. In addition, hormones affect behavior by interacting with the nervous system through androgens during prenatal development. Thus, sex hormones affect the adult nervous system, which in turn influence physiological processes and behavior. Hormones influence sex in two ways: by influencing the development from conception to sexual maturity of the anatomical, physiological, and behavioral characteristics that distinguish one as female or...
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...There is high prevalence of FGM expected in Upper Egypt which is an area with low socioeconomic class, high illiteracy rates and low gdp per capita. It is expected that working women who hold an educational degree even the circumcised from them will refuse to continue the practice of FGM. The occupational status of females is expected to have a direct relation with FGM practice and the prevalence is expected to be high among unemployed females. The relation between access to information and prevalence of FGM can be anticipated, areas with little to no access to information or awareness programs will have the highest prevalence. Messages delivered through internet or television may not be accessible to these areas. The study is hoped to stress on the importance of delivering awareness messages not only through media but also through regional home visits, seminars and events for areas with little access to information. It is anticipated that the research will have a clear direct correlation between female education and practice of FGM. It is hoped that the local authorities and public education sectors will take in consideration female education and facilitating continuing education for those who have dropped out. Ethical concerns Researchers will need to go in pairs having at least one female in each pair to be able to hold private interviews with females as the social background of interviewed sample may not accept women talking to strangers. The permission of...
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...I don’t think there need to be employment laws put in place for people with tattoos. Unfortunately today tattoos are still looked down upon. When someone gets a tattoo, they know what the consequence may be for them; and that is not being able to get a certain job. I don’t see not allowing someone to get a job because of his or her tattoo as a form of discrimination. In most cases they are not hiring the person because they believe that with the tattoos the employee is not able to upkeep the image that their employer desires. The classes of discrimination include what people have no control over: race, nationality, gender, religion, sexual orientation, and disability. People with tattoos have voluntarily chosen to get them. In addition, employers have the legal rights to create a work and dress code that can include legal provisions on the visibility of tattoos. It would hurt companies because this may give employees another reason to sue them. A reason certain companies may require body art to be covered is that they are trying to keep a certain corporate image which is important for their presentation of the company. They want their employees to be clean and presentable and fit into the image they are trying to convey. This may be important for jobs in which you are required to work and present products to others; which is a large amount of jobs. Also companies may be against tattoos if they want to keep a traditional, clean image; in which they try to appear to...
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