...Development of Sexual Identity Development of Sexual Identity This paper will discus the following things about sexual identity: development factors, such as biological sex, gender identity and roles, sexual orientation, and the relationship between these factors. One would have never assumed that sexuality would be a topic of great conversation and questions. Over time we have became a society made up from a melting pot not only of different ethnic groups but of sexual orientation. Sexual Identity Development Factors There are several factors that influence a person’s sexual identity. The first factor that affects sexual orientation is biological sex. Biological sex is determined by a person’s chromosomal make up along with hormones. Females are typically born with XX chromosomes and males are born with XY chromosomes. Although in some situations there can be a mutation of the Y chromosome, the SRY gene which is the sex determining portion of the Y chromosome can be missing in XY girls’ Y and is present in the XX boys’ X (Offner, 2010). Chromosomes alone cannot determine gender identity hormones also help in determining gender identity. The SRY gene codes on the Y chromosome cause the indifferent gonads to become testicle which then secrete testosterone which then causes the Wolffian duct system to develop which is the male structures (Offner, 2010). So as you can see together with the SRY gene and specific level of testosterone within an embryo...
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...Childhood Development and Sexual Behavior Chari Kelley PSY 265 August 16, 2012 University of Phoenix Childhood Development and Sexual Behavior It has been said that we engage in sexual behaviors as young as 0-2 years old. Fetuses can actually express sexual behaviors. During an ultrasound it has been seen by many that male fetuses can have erections. May boys are born with erections and they can also have them during their first few weeks (Rathus, Nevid, & Fichner-Rathus, 2011). It is far more difficult to detect any sexual arousal in the female infant; however evidence of genital swelling and lubrication has been reported (Rathus, Nevid, & Fichner-Rathus, 2011). Infants can show pelvic thrusting as soon as 8-10 months and they begin to masturbate between 6-12 months (Rathus, Nevid, & Fichner-Rathus, 2011). Throughout the early childhood years children start to wonder about their bodies. They begin to explore one another’s bodies and play games like “doctor”. At this time they will also begin to masturbate by touching their private parts. Not knowing that they are actually masturbating but knowing that they like the feeling they receive when touching themselves. For the period of preadolescence, which ranges from ages 9-13 (Rathus, Nevid, & Fichner-Rathus, 2011) some sexual behaviors are sexually related rather than sexual (Rathus, Nevid, & Fichner-Rathus, 2011). Children will typically form a bond with a “best friend”. This best friend will...
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...Our sexual behaviors are part of our humanity. Fetuses can actually express sexual behaviors prior to birth. This is seen more often in males than females. In infancy, our sexual behaviors start to emerge. This continues on through our childhood as we develop. Baby boys can experience erections prior to birth. Baby girls can experience vaginal lubrication and swelling prior to birth. Infants start to show pelvic thrusting at 8 to 10 months and begin masturbating between 6 and 12 months (Nevid,Rathus & Fichner-Rathus, 2005).Sexual curiosity and behaviors are a normal part of early childhood development. Kissing is a game that young children play at together. They may also try same sex experimentations. Preadolescence is the stage between age 9 and 13. During this stage, masturbation emerges as a key sexual behavior. A child will continue to evidence sexual curiosity throughout preadolescence, including male-female and same sex experimentation. This experimentation may consist of mutual masturbation or genital touching (Nevid, Rathus & Fichner-Rathus, 2005).During adolescence, puberty takes place. This is the stage during which reproduction becomes biologically possible. The secondary sex characteristics start to appear. This stage ends when no further bone growth is evidenced (Nevid, Rathus &Fichner-Rathus, 2005). During adolescence, females start menstruation. Young women’s bodies produce estrogen allowing for breast growth at this stage. Young men produce higher levels of testosterone...
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...Childhood Development and Sexual Behavior Infancy (0-2 years old) Fetuses use sucking fingers as teachings for sucking on a bottle or nipple for nourishment. Males have erections while in the fetus stage and according to Freud it could be because of the mouths sensitivity. In the infant stage males continue to have erections and females have vaginal lubrication. Around 8 – 10 months old babies begin pelvic thrusting, though this is a sign of affection not sexual interest. By the time children are 12 months old they have started to explore their own bodies and rubbing against soft objectives to feel pleasure. Children may or may not start genital play by age two depending on what countries they live. Early Childhood (3-8 years old) During this age the child begins to explore their bodies as well as their friend’s bodies, male or female. Children between the ages of 3 and 4 show their affection by kissing. Between ages 6 and 10 children begin to play doctor with friends, males and or females playing together. Boys start the let’s see who can urinate the highest or the farthest while girls learn about menstruation and act out the roles of sexuality that’s age appropriate. Preadolescence (9 to 13 years old) At this stage children begin to see out long lasting same sex friendships, finding the best friend and telling secrets to them. Peer pressure starts to rear its head in this age group. As with masturbation around 15% of females and 45% of males will continue...
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...UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY DIPLOMA IN SOCIAL WORK AND DEVELOLPMENT STUDIES NAME: HEZEKIAH KELLY .O. COURSE CODE: SWD114 DATE: MAY 25TH 2013 SIGMUND FREUD’S STAGES OF PSYCHO-SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT Sigmund Freud (1856–1939) observed that during the predictable stages of early childhood development, the child's behavior is oriented towards certain parts of his or her body, e.g. the mouth during breast-feeding, the anus during toilet-training. He proposed that adult neurosis (functional mental disorder) often is rooted in childhood sexuality; therefore, said neurotic adult behaviors were manifestations of childhood sexual fantasy and desire. That is because human beings are born "polymorphous", infants can derive sexual pleasure from any part of their bodies, and that socialization directs the instinctual libidinal drives into adult heterosexuality.[3] Given the predictable timeline of childhood behavior, he proposed "libido development" as a model of normal childhood sexual development, wherein the child progresses through five psychosexual stages – the oral; the anal; the phallic; the latent; and the genital – in which the source pleasure is in a different erogenous zone. Freudian psychosexual development Sexual infantilism: in pursuing and satisfying his or her libido (sexual drive), the child might experience failure (parental and societal disapproval) and thus might associate anxiety with the given erogenous zone. To avoid anxiety, the child becomes fixated...
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...Sexual development and behavior in children Name University Course Tutor Date Sexual development and behavior in children Introduction Childhood is a special time in human life. It is a period of learning and exploration. Children would want to learn, discover and explore things about themselves and other people as they grow up. Like other body parts, children’s sexual parts develop over time as they grow. There is a normal way by which this sexual development happens. The normal development is generally natural in nature. This development is usually associated with certain behaviors that also change as the child grows. The normal sexual development and behavior is a healthy process in a child’s life and is principally driven by the child’s curiosity. However, some behaviors can appear to dominate a child’s life and may become worrisome to the parents. It is therefore important for parents, teachers, guardians and even the whole society to be able to demarcate what can be considered a normal sexual behavior and behaviors that can put a child’s life at risk. According to Rich, normal sexual behavior is usually more exploratory and playful in nature, non hostile, and shows no preoccupation with sexual interaction (Rich, n.d). It is somehow natural. The behavior is experienced within the same age groups, children of same size, and in most cases the children will be friends. On the other hand, inappropriate sexual behaviors in children are characterized by...
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...Childhood Development and Sexual Behavior In my text I have come to realize many things about sexual behavior in children, from infancy to adolescence. Many parents like me have no clue how to handle situation with their children when it comes to sex. Sexual behavior can start as soon as the child is born. In some cases when you notice that your child smiles and giggles when you are changing their diapers, well it is because you are stimulating the babies and it is a degree of masturbation for them. Also in this stage (0-2 years old) curiosity is common and you will notice the child touching their private areas. Sexual behavior in children ages 3 to 8 years old can also be confusing for parents as well. During this stage you might notice your child touching themselves and how curious they will become about the opposite sex. Masturbation will start to take place and it is perfectly normal and should not be handled as they are doing something wrong. At the ages of 9 to 13, this is the best time to talk to your children about sex and their bodies. They are going to learn from other children and I feel that it is best to tell them than let their friends tell them. At this age the child will masturbate in order to reach orgasm. When the child reaches adolescence the parent will know that the child shows a lot of attention to the opposite sex and that the teenager has begun puberty. Boys and girls handle puberty different and so does their bodies, so the parents need...
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...Childhood Development and Sexual Behavior PSY/265 Childhood Development and Sexual Behavior Sexual behavior begins during infancy. Ultrasounds have shown erections in male infants and sucking reflexes in both male and female infants. Infants experience genital stimulation when they are bathed or changed by their parents. Masturbation is common for infants 6 to 12 months. The infant may use a blanket, towel, or doll to stimulate the genitals until they possess the capability to manually stimulate themselves (Rathus, Nevid, & Fichner-Rathus, 2005). Pelvic thrusting, typically when held by a parent or loved one, occurs between 8 to 10 months of age (Rathus, Nevid, & Fichner-Rathus, 2005). Sexual responses that resemble orgasm occur as early as 5 months in boys, 4 months in girls. Most infants and young children experience sexual curiosity and genital play with others between 12 months and 2 years. During early childhood children begin to experience curiosity about the genitals. Sex games such as “playing doctor” typically occur in the company of a child of the same sex. Touching is a common activity, although oral and anal contact occurs as well (Rathus, Nevid, & Fichner-Rathus, 2005). Sexual behavior during preadolescence typically revolves around groups of same-sex peers. At this stage, boys and girls segregate themselves according to gender and believe the opposite sex is gross or “nerdy” (Rathus, Nevid, & Fichner-Rathus, 2005). Image and peer approval...
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...Childhood Development and Sexual Behavior To parents of infants and toddlers, their children's sexual development may seem a long way off. But actually, sexual development begins in a child's very first years. Infants, toddlers, preschoolers, and young school-aged kids develop an emotional and physical foundation for sexuality in many subtle ways as they grow. Just as they reach important physical and emotional milestones, like learning to walk or recognize mom and dad, young kids hit important milestones in how they recognize, experience, and feel about their bodies, and how they form attachments to others. The attachments established in these early years help set the stage for bonding and intimacy down the line. Babies' earliest emotional attachments are formed with their parents through physical contact that expresses their love. Being held and touched, kissed and hugged, snuggled and tickled allows babies to experience comforting, positive physical sensations associated with being loved. The unique type of physical intimacy and emotional attachment between parent and infant can be the early foundation of more mature forms of physical intimacy and love that develop later as part of mature sexuality. As kids continue to understand and experience their bodies, and the physical changes of puberty emerge, your attitude and acceptance will continue to play an important role in their healthy development. As kids mature sexually, they're often both excited and scared about...
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...I am making an attempt to narrow down my topic for the next essay assignment. I find myself curious about the impact of childhood sexual abuse on adolescent’s sexual development. This theme stands out as I have been working with a sexual abuse survivor in my practice. Firestone, Firestone, and Catlett (2006) as well as Maltz (2012) discussed the impact such violation has on survivors’ sexual relating and function. Perhaps, negative implications of abuse on survivors’ sexuality are not surprising; however, they are not fully recognized by the society at large as well as clinicians who treat them (Maltz, 2012). Sexual feelings and relating suggest people’s vitality. However, acknowledging individuals’ will to live can also mean that they are...
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...The Gender and Development approach is a method of determining how best to organize development projects and programs based on analysis of gender relationships. This approach was developed in the 1980s as an alternative to the Women in Development approach that was commonly in use (http://en.wikipedia.org). This approach acknowledges that to address women’s concerns and needs, development assistance must take account of both women’s and men’s roles and responsibilities within the community and their relationship to each other. It requires the active participation of men as well as women in order to raise the status of women and bring about sustainable development (Development bulletin, January 1996). Gender is defined according to Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO, 1997) as the relations between men and women, both perceptual and material. Gender is not determined biologically, as a result of sexual characteristics of either women or men, but is constructed socially. These are learned, Change overtime, and vary within and between countries and cultures according to social, religious, historical and economic factors. Although gender is often misunderstood as being the promotion of women only, looking at the definition of gender by the (FAO) it is seen that gender issues focus on women and on the relationship between men and women, their roles, access to and control over resources, division of labor, interests and needs. Development on the other hand is an elusive concept...
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...biologically, as a result of sexual characteristics of either women or men, but is constructed socially. It is a central organizing principle of societies, and often governs the processes of production and reproduction, consumption and distribution’ (FAO, 1997). Development is a process of structural societal change. Thomas (2000, 2004) refers to this meaning of development as a process of historical change. The essay shall look at Women in Development, Women And Development and Gender And Development and give their contributions to development as well as their strengths and limitations. The term "women in development" came into use in the early 1970s, after the publication of Ester Boserup's Women's Role in Economic Development (1970). Boserup was the first to systematically delineate on a global level the sexual division of labour that existed in agrarian economies. The Women in Development concept is based on a recognition of the importance of the roles and status of women in development process. It is meant to give special attention to the women's role, while extending development assistance. For the effective and efficient implementation of assistance, it is essential to ensure that the women should have the opportunities to participate positively as important players in development process. Such enlargement of opportunities will also pave the way for the enhancement of women's status. Boserup's documentation of the regressive impact of development on women's lives and livelihoods...
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... International Development Research Centre Ottawa * The views expressed here are those of the author and This paper was do not necessarily reflect those of IDRC. originally presented at the meetings of the Canadian Institute for the Advancement of Women held in Quebec City, November 1988. 2 During the past few years, the term "women in development" has become common currency both inside and outside academic settings. But while "women in development" or "WID", is understood to mean the integration of women into global processes of economic, political and social growth and change, there often is confusion about the meaning of two more recent acronyms, "WAD" and "dAD". This paper will begin with in an examination of meanings and "WAD" and "GAD" and assumptions embedded look at the "WID," then will extent to which differing views of the relationship between gender and development have influenced research, policymaking and international agency thinking since the mid1960s. it is suggested that each term has been associated with a varying set of assumptions and has led to the formulation of different strategies for the development strategies. participation of women in ORIGINS 1. women in Development The term "women in development" came into use in the early Women's Role in 1970s, after the publication of Ester Boserup's Economic Development (1970). Boserup was the first to systematically delineate on a global level the sexual division of 3...
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...International Management Homework Completed by : Christiana Wijaya Kinshi Perdana Cari info 6 besar FDI di Indonesia ( 6 negara besar yang investasi di Indo & apa investasinya ) ! Being a developing country, Indonesia requires a substantial amount of cash for national development. This large amount of fund is there as there is a need to catch up with other developments, especially in developed countries, either regional or global. Indonesia is not being capable enough in providing the funds for those developments. Besides digging up domestic incomes, the government has also tried to invite financing from other countries which is called Foreign Direct Investment According to Krugman (1994), FDI is a flow of international capital whereby a company from a country sets up or widens its company in another country. Hence, not only there is a redeployment of resources, but also there is an implementation of control towards companies abroad. The main objectives of FDI are to look for resources, look for market, look for efficiency, and also to look for political security. In short, Foreign Direct Investment is known as an investment made by a company or entity based in one country, into a company or entity which is based in another country. * According to BKPM (Indonesia Investment Coordinating Board), the realization of Foreign Direct Investment, usually mentioned as FDI, could be differentiated based on several aspects, namely sector, location, and also country...
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...Essay preview AS and A Level Sociological Differentiation & Stratification "Compare and contrast modernisation theory and dependency theory as explanations of development and under-development" The two theories, modernisation and dependency both give valid and just explanations for development and underdevelopment. There is a notable likeness in them both but there are also many differences and neither escape criticisms. Modernisation theory was before dependency theory and was developed in the 1950/60s; the theory is based on 4 main assumptions. Western societies are the most advanced in terms of technological, social and political terms, countries go through a series of stages on their route to becoming advanced, this path is a 'natural' form of development and there must be something preventing them from doing this and finally, these underdeveloped nations can advance without an changes taking place in the finance and trading patterns of the capitalist world. The modernisation theory is politically conservative as it sees nations being undeveloped because they lack the qualities that developed nations have, this is compared with the dependency theory who see this underdevelopment due to the exploitation of advanced nations. W.W. Rostow is one of the most notable modernisation theorists; he argued that there are a number of stages that a traditional society has to pass through to become a modern society. His work is combined with the four key elements above and his...
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