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墨菲详解通用汽车中国为何被架空(上)
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入库时间:2005年5月25日 | |
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| 相关:墨菲详解通用汽车中国为何被架空(上) |
| 墨菲详解通用汽车中国为何被架空(下) |
| 到底是什么令墨菲终结自己在通用30年的职业生涯,又是什么让他甘心放弃整个通用汽车最炙手可热的中国公司CEO职位,为什么他会说|
|自己做出了“艰难”而又“正确”的选择?GM是一个孤独的个案吗?从摩托罗拉、沃尔玛等公司传来的最新消息,不断验证着本刊提出的一个观 |
|点:亚太区逼宫中国区。 |
| “亲爱的通用汽车中国公司的员工们”,2005年3月28日,通用汽车(中国)投资有限公司董事长兼首席执行官墨菲(Phil Murtaugh)以 |
|这样的称呼给自己的下属们写下了一封告别电邮。 |
| “今天早上,你们中有许多人已经从媒体报道中得知了我将离职的消息。我想向你们表示歉意,因为在消息泄露之前我还没有亲自向你们|
|传达这一信息。” |
|他写道,“我决定离开通用汽车中国公司是由于个人原因。这是一个非常困难的决定,但我认为这是在我为公司工作了30年后的一个正确选择|
|。” |
| 第二天晚上,通用汽车中国正式发布“通用汽车中国换帅”的消息。第三天,总部位于底特律的通用汽车宣布,墨菲将于近日离职。第四 |
|天,通用汽车欧洲业务部副总裁兼通用汽车英国公司及沃豪汽车公司董事长凯文·瓦勒(Kevin E. Wale) |
|被任命为通用汽车中国公司新任总裁兼总经理。在其到任之前,通用中国公司宏观层面的事务由通用亚太区总裁兼通用汽车公司集团副总裁 |
|卓亦凯(Troy A Klarke)过问,日常事务由上海通用汽车公司执行副总裁高博文负责。 |
| 墨菲离职令整个汽车业界感到震惊。眼下正是全球头号汽车厂商通用汽车最为艰难的岁月,也是作为通用汽车唯一亮点的中国区面对低 |
|速市场考验的关键时刻。对于离职原因外界议论纷纷。通用亚太区总裁卓亦凯否认是业绩原因所致,相反他高度评价了墨菲在中国的功绩, |
|底特律的新闻发言人更是表示:“在通用没有人会把墨菲推出门外。” |
| 一种比较令人信服的解释把墨菲离职看作是今年1月份才全部搬到上海的通用亚太区与中国区职能重叠的结果。4月21日,上海车展开幕 |
|。通用汽车参加上海车展,原定墨菲任主持人,由他先介绍通用汽车在合作伙伴上汽集团的共同努力下取得了很多成果,然后引出上汽集团 |
|总裁胡茂元讲话。离职事件发生后,上汽突然取消了车展上这一面对记者的亮相计划。只留下通用亚太区总裁卓亦凯出席,好在通用全球研 |
|发副主席鲍伯·卢茨(Bob Lutz)前来捧场,否则颇显形单影孤。 |
| 宣布离职之后,墨菲继续在通用坚持工作大约两周时间,处理遗留的通用中国事务。期间,上海市府领导多次宴请墨菲,称赞其为上海 |
|汽车工业所作的贡献。4月21日上海车展正式开幕之前,昔日的明星墨菲飞回美国老家。 |
| 自1996年1月来到上海,墨菲在中国的汽车生涯已往第10个年头奔去。而自1973年毕业于通用汽车学院,墨菲已经为通用汽车整整服务32|
|年。他在给员工的信中这样写道:“从我个人感情的角度出发,说出‘再见’这两个字是需要很大勇气的。这些年来,我不得不看见许多我的好|
|朋友离开中国。而离开像通用汽车中国公司这样的一个大家庭,是更为艰难的一次抉择。” |
| 2005年4月20日,通用汽车公告称其第一季度亏损高达11亿美元,因其北美销量下滑及中国利润锐减,这家美国汽车巨头还收回了对全年|
|的收益预期。通用汽车称,第一季度中国合资公司收益为3300万美元,大大低于去年同期的1.62亿美元。标准普尔将其对通用汽车信用评级 |
|前景已从稳定降为负面。就在此时,通用汽车中国主帅墨菲的离开,意味着将有更多变数出现。 |
| 而据消息灵通人士透露,墨菲极有可能加盟上汽集团,为后者操盘海外业务的拓展。 |
| 中国区尴尬 |
| 如果以所谓的业绩不佳来揣度墨菲此次的离职可谓差矣。2004年通用汽车在中国市场整车利润下降19.17%的情况下,仅上海通用就获得 |
|了近80亿元的利润。实际上,如果为了冲量,通用汽车在2004年可以把车卖得更多,但是因为利润没有下降,所以并未如那些竞争对手那样 |
|在年末疯狂甩货。2005年2月初,墨菲甚至明确表示:“坦率地说,我们在中国已经重创了丰田……,我们的市场份额从零增长到10%,而丰田不|
|过是从零增加到2%而已。” |
| 确实,2005年头两个月上海通用罕见地仅仅销售汽车2.5万辆,要知道这年上海通用的全年销售目标是30万辆。但是上海通用新任总经理|
|丁磊4月中旬在北京接受《环球企业家》采访时解释说:“这一方面是赛欧停产了两个月,另外就是二月份正值春节,同时我们也把自己的步子 |
|调整了一下,但是三月份市场给我们以前的努力作了很好的回报,做了25400台。感觉上我们品牌框架搭好以后,我们将会更好。” |
| 至于上汽通用五菱的微型车,今年一季度增长幅度超过了占据中国微型车市场份额第一的长安集团。因此在实际销售业绩方面,通用汽 |
|车亚太区总裁卓亦凯也不吝美言:“在墨菲先生的领导之下,通用汽车在中国以近50万辆的产品销量创下了历史新高,以高于9%的市场份额和|
|持续稳定的收益率引领着中国汽车市场。我们今年的销量还将实现又一个两位数的增长。” |
| 2004年,通用汽车25%的利润来自中国市场。2004年6月,通用决定亚太区总部从新加坡搬迁到中国,总裁瓦格纳特意跑到上海来宣布这|
|个消息。显然,通用汽车认定能否在中国取得长期成功和业务的可持续发展已经成为通用汽车公司整体翻身的一个关键因素。 |
| 通用汽车在亚太区业务的85%都集中在中国、韩国、日本等亚太东北部地区,因此,瓦格纳认为,将亚太总部移师中国上海,将有助于通|
|用汽车更靠近业务中心,与亚太地区的战略合作伙伴们更紧密地合作,从而得以更高效地拓展今后的业务。 |
| 新的构架将通用中国区总部摆在了一个尴尬的位置上。通用亚太区总部迁来上海后,通用的管理中心、投资中心都会跟着进行这种转移 |
|,这必然对通用中国总部产生影响,亚太区总部对中国事务插手管理肯定是在增加而非减少。那么,作为直接管理中国事务的通用中国总部 |
|,势必与亚太区总部业务多有重叠。另外从成本以及管理效率方面而言,作为下级机构,通用汽车中国总部逐渐被架空应在意料之中。 |
| 从个人角度,这是墨菲难以接受的。他曾经多次对记者表示,“通用在中国的战略不是在美国底特律的总部作出的,而完全是依据中国的|
|实际情况得出的。”墨菲的言下之意是,他所领导的通用中国公司在通用中国事务上占据重要的话语权,尽管按照通用汽车的管理模式,墨菲|
|做什么决定都是首先要报告给通用亚太区总部的,从来未有直接向底特律总部报告的特权。 |
| 当然通用中国的意见也从未被忽视,一方面毕竟以前亚太区总部不在上海,另一方面,其时中国的战略布局还没有形成,有众多实质性 |
|工作需要墨菲亲力亲为。但是在通用中国完成对上海通用的塑造,整合烟台、沈阳两个生产基地,联合上汽重组上汽通用五菱之后,它的重 |
|大使命已基本完成。 |
| 而随着亚太区总部来到中国,今后,通用中国在决策、管理方面的职能将被通用亚太总部取代,而它在采购、营销等具体层面的工作很 |
|多已经下放到上海通用以及上汽通用五菱身上,通用中国区作为一个单独的机构将显得无足轻重。这从凯文·瓦勒的任命就可以显示出来。他|
|被封的职位是通用中国公司的总裁兼总经理,而墨菲离职前是董事长兼首席执行官。 |
| 2005年1月,通用亚太区总部的搬迁工作结束,装饰一新的办公室占据了浦东外滩中心地带的震旦大厦第22层和第23层。颇具戏剧色彩的|
|是,在通用亚太区宣布搬到中国后不久,通用中国区总部转移到了上海著名的金茂大厦第10层,冲突似乎已显端倪。 |
| 一家曾为通用汽车进行市场调研的咨询人士透露,通用汽车在华业务现在“比较混乱”,尤其是在内部职能的设置上,各方职责划分不清 |
|晰,造成人员之间的冲突,部分中层管理者已经相继投奔福特、丰田等竞争对手的团队。外界普遍认为,墨菲的离职很大程度上也源于此。 |
| 通用中国的内部人士有点感伤地告诉《环球企业家》:“中国业务的职能不可能取代,至少暂时不会有这种考虑。未来即使中国区合并掉了|
|,但是在亚太区里面肯定有一块中国业务区。亚太区不可能取代中国区的所有职能。” |
| 主设计师 |
| 1999年,在建立了上海通用、金杯通用之后,通用汽车开始在中国谋求微型车基地,并盯上了柳州五菱汽车,但是因为种种原因特别是 |
|一家外国汽车公司不能拥有两家以上合作伙伴的政策限制而未果。当时,墨菲给了柳州五菱负责人半张名片,另半张撕下后放进了自己的口 |
|袋。他说:“如果成了,我们再把名片粘起来。 |
| 他实践了自己的诺言。2000年6月,墨菲出任通用中国区总裁之后,首先说动上汽集团先重组五菱,然后通用再参与进去,以绕开政策壁|
|垒,实现曲线救国。2001年7月,上汽与五菱签订资产重组合作协议,组建上汽五菱汽车股份有限公司;2002年6月,上汽、通用、五菱三方 |
|以总资金9960万美元联合打造上汽五菱,三方分别持有50.1%、34%和15.9%的股份。 |
| 当时,墨菲这样阐述通用进入五菱的战略意图:“通用希望通过发挥通用的全球资源及技术开放的作用,利用上汽的资本运营实力和五菱|
|‘低成本、简单化’的产销平台,把五菱共同创建成一个国内最大、世界领先的国际汽车制造基地……” |
| 墨菲离任之际,目睹了上汽通用五菱对原青岛颐中汽车产业园的颐中汽车生产基地的秘密收购基本完成。通过此次收购,这家微型车公 |
|司不仅生产能力从30万辆将扩大到45万辆,而且迈出了从西南边陲向北部扩张图谋全国的步伐。这或许是送给墨菲的最好的离别礼物,显示 |
|的是他作为一个战略家的荣耀。 |
| 当大众汽车面对两个互不服气的合作伙伴一筹莫展的时候,墨菲仅仅依靠上汽就完成了通用在中国的扩展计划。2002年12月,上汽、通 |
|用、上海通用三方共同出资9亿元,收购原山东烟台车身有限公司的全部股权。该基地首先成为赛欧的生产基地,2005年2月又成为通用汽车 |
|的雪佛兰品牌汽车的生产基地;2004年2月,又是这三方联合将金杯通用中无暇顾及合资汽车的中方股份拿了过来。原先金杯通用靠雪佛兰开|
|拓者已经奄奄一息,重组后现在暂时成为别克GL8的生产基地。由此,通用汽车在中国的轿车生产基地基本统一到了上海通用的旗帜下,由上|
|海通用协调资源、统一运作,最大程度地减少合作上的阻力。 |
| |
| 通用汽车董事长和首席执行官瓦格纳认为这是通用汽车奉行的管理哲学的胜利。他说:“我们如果要想在一个市场上获胜,最好的方法就是|
|把自己当成一个本地的企业。”而墨菲则找到了更为可行的战略,即找到一个愉快的合作伙伴。 |
| 现在通用汽车在中国的制造基地的布局已经显示了大模样,而品牌布局也大致成型。在上海通用旗下,从大众需求的雪佛兰品牌、到 |
|中高级的别克品牌、再到高端的凯迪拉克品牌已经顺利实施。当然还有通用中国旗下的萨博和欧宝品牌汽车的进口业务。另外与上汽合资的 |
|泛亚技术中心的建立也是墨菲在底特律力争的结果,这个中心现在已经成为通用汽车在中国推出新品的重要“加油站”,而通用在美国占有绝 |
|对优势的汽车金融业务也被他带到了中国。 |
| |
| “墨菲的战略思想是非常强的。他主张没有保留地与中方加强合作。与上汽全心合作的战略实际上收到了一石二鸟的效果,一是紧紧拉住了|
|上汽,扩大通用在中国的影响;二是打击了竞争对手、上汽集团的另一个合作伙伴德国大众。”通用中国公司的一位员工说,“通用这些并购 |
|策略之所以能够非常成功,还因为他有非常过人的一点就是能够做到双赢,把很多矛盾的东西解决得非常好。”( |
| |

事实上,墨菲让人印象深刻的还有那种不达目标绝不罢休的执行力。2001年上海通用发展遇到停滞的时候,出任中国区总裁不到1年的墨菲适时地从台湾通用调来了营销和产品规划高手刘曰海,墨菲甚至自己提出了“10万元家轿”的概念,打破了中国车坛当时眼睛只顾往上的狭隘视野。通用汽车中国在墨菲治下持续保持增长势态。 因此,墨菲告诉员工:“我也很高兴看到通用汽车的中国家庭从浦西的假日酒店中只有20个职员的代表处,发展到今天,拥有7家合资企业,2个独资企业,总共将近1万4千名的员工。” 在这个意义上,可以说通用汽车亚太区总裁卓亦凯对墨菲的评价非常公允。他在对外发出的一份声明中说:“墨菲不仅是我们在华业务快速发展的成功战略的主设计师之一,也是这些卓著成就的最主要的建设者……” 2005年2月,墨菲被美国权威汽车杂志《MotorTrend》评选为全球汽车工业最具影响力的50位人物之一。他的老板通用汽车公司总裁瓦格纳也同时入榜。 通用的政治 在这个全球最大的公司之一呆了32年的墨菲已经相当明白公司政治的游戏规则。在写给通用中国员工的离别信中他没有透露出丝毫抱怨:“对于大家为通用汽车中国公司所做的一切,还有你们将要把它带入的新阶段,我都感到非常的自豪。我带着微笑离开这里,因为我看到通用汽车中国公司正走在更加辉煌的道路上。我可以向诸位保证,现有的通用汽车中国公司的领导队伍是非常有能力的。我们都一致认为,通用汽车中国公司的正常经营将不会受到任何影响。” “他是一个非常有原则的人。”墨菲的身边人士作出了这样的评价,“墨菲及其管理团队不会因为一时的得失,不会因为亚太搬了一次家,换了一次领导就离开。”除了可能认为亚太区的人员对中国业务不如通用中国的人来得清楚以外,相信墨菲并不会不清楚瓦格纳将亚太区总部挪到中国来的良苦用心。 墨菲的离开可能更多地如他自己所说是因为“个人”的原因。这个原因表面上是未来作为中国区领导,他的工作失去了以往那种挑战性;深层的原因是他不再有升迁至更高平台上来展示人生抱负的机会。 这个伏笔在2004年上半年通用亚太区总部宣布搬迁之前就打下了。当时,通用亚太区总裁换人,前总裁韩德胜调任通用欧洲总裁。中国作为通用亚太区的利润支柱,头号功臣墨菲的升职在外界看来天经地义。而如果想到随后亚太区总部从新加坡迁到上海,墨菲更有地利之便。但是他落选了,比墨菲小1岁的来自通用汽车北美制造业务及劳资关系负责人卓亦凯胜出。众所周知,通用北美业务每况愈下。如此情况下,不要说卓亦凯搬到了墨菲身边,就是远在新加坡,彼此合作也不会愉快,以致坊间传出韩得胜与墨菲配合得比较默契,而卓亦凯与墨菲的沟通则“不太顺畅”的消息。 按理,墨菲当时就应该萌生退意,但显然他对瓦格纳的变革还心存念想。墨菲曾经历任通用汽车海外公司日本业务部的制造总监、五十铃汽车公司产品计划执行总监的执行助理、以及英格兰卢顿IBC公司总裁等职务。在通用汽车和上汽集团谈判成立合资公司时,墨斐是谈判小组成员,随后任上海通用汽车公司执行副总裁、通用汽车中国公司上海代表处总经理,直到通用中国区最高首脑。他希望攀上新的高峰。 2005年3月上旬,在底特律发生的通用汽车最新人事变动彻底打消了他继续服务通用汽车的念头。通用中国的人士告诉《环球企业家》:“为加强全球资源共享,通用按照全球职能调整领导人选。分别有了四个负责全球制造的头,四个全球研发的头,四个全球营销的头,四个全球公关的头以及四个全球采购的头。他们将直管所属领域的全球事务。这意味着通用将加强对世界各地业务的直接领导,在这个意义上,不要说通用中国区,通用亚太区的权力也将大为削弱。” 最引人注目的是通用北美三位高层的人士变动。约翰·史密斯(John Smith)出任全球计划副总裁,吉姆·奎恩(Jim Queen)出任全球生产制造副总裁,埃德·魏伯恩(Ed Welburn) 出任全球产品研发副总裁。这三个此前都是通用北美地区的官员,将在全球研发副主席以及通用北美副主席鲍伯·卢茨的领导下工作。 墨菲的心彻底凉了。1977年开始通用汽车生涯、曾经任过通用汽车巴西区总裁的瓦格纳从来没有把他放到心上。2000年墨菲因为在上海通用汽车4年出色的表现被瓦格纳的前任杰克。史密斯提升为中国区董事长和首席执行官。当他在中国区最高领导位置上已经有了4年出色的表现后,却没有被瓦格纳提升为通用亚太区总裁。现在最新的选秀大会,他依然被打入冷宫。瓦格纳喜欢的是那些有财务背景和来自底特律的老人,而多年在海外无美国本土根基的墨菲想要进入高层根本无望。 因此不难理解墨菲写给员工信中的这段话的深意:“很高兴自1996年有关建立上海通用汽车公司的谈判开始,作为通用汽车中国公司的一分子,我已经在这里工作了将近十年。当我追忆往昔,想起上海通用汽车只是一块制图板上的蓝图的时候,我真的为我们所取得的进步而感慨万千。为了实现当时的总裁杰克。史密斯的构想,这些年来, 我们打消了很多人的怀疑(其中包括我们公司自己的员工),克服了许许多多的困难,终于建立起了当代中国最先进的汽车生产设施,并在行业内树立起了标准。” 墨菲信中提到了杰克·史密斯,却只字未提瓦格纳。作为一个服役多年的通用老兵,墨斐不会不知道在车展前断然离开将让通用汽车陷入被动。但他依然如此而为,显然已经不愿再顾及通用方面作如何想。接近墨菲的人说,尽管如此,他不希望看到中国媒体写他和瓦格纳个人的矛盾或者和卓亦凯的个人矛盾。 一个时代的开始? 只有50岁的墨菲选择离开通用汽车,未来他又将如何选择方向?关于他会跳槽到通用的老对手福特中去的消息很快被福特中国的领导人否决。他们笑言,他来了,我们到哪里去?眼下一个同他意外离职一样令业内震惊的消息是,这位通用汽车元老即将加盟到原来的合作伙伴上海汽车工业集团中去。 据消息灵通人士透露,墨菲进入上汽集团,为的是运作双龙和罗孚这样两个海外汽车项目。尽管上汽收购罗孚的谈判已经宣告失败,罗孚汽车停产进入破产程序,但是这并不意味着上汽对罗孚就不再有野心。联想到当年通用汽车收购大宇汽车历经一波三折最终低价收购的成功案例,此间观察人士表示,上汽对罗孚的拥抱并未结束。 2004年上汽出资收购韩国双龙汽车,并准备与英国罗孚汽车合作时,由上汽集团老干部组成的专家咨询委员会向上汽集团董事长陈祥麟和总裁胡茂元提出警示:目前上汽缺乏具备企业国际经营经验和资本运作经验的高级管理人才,收购双龙、罗孚后,由谁去管理将是一个很大的问题。上汽集团在一份内部报告中称:“随着公司国际化,公众化程度的不断提高,高层次、专业化的管理人员严重匮乏的问题也日益突出;随着海内外兼并重组力度的加强,配置相应涉外管理的各类专业化人才已刻不容缓。” 如果说普通人才尚能找到的话,领军人物则极难寻觅,而墨菲正是上汽越过海外扩张收购这道门槛的不二人选。2002年,上汽以5970万美元代价获得韩国大宇汽车10%的股权。那次上汽集团首次成功的借船出海,充当舵手角色的就是墨菲。上汽集团通过分享通用汽车的调查数据和材料,也得以在前期以极低的成本获得对大宇的成功收购。 墨菲坚持通用在中国发展紧紧依靠上汽集团的一系列战略赢得了伙伴的心。最简单的一例就是1999年上海通用推出别克———新世纪之前,墨菲作为上海通用汽车中的董事会成员,在底特律的一次会议上费尽口舌说服其他董事,同意在该款车身尾部标上中文“新世纪”字样。 上汽集团的任何领导在提起墨菲时都会加以盛赞,尤其是胡茂元。当年在上海通用,胡茂元是总经理,墨菲则是执行副总经理。一位不愿意透露姓名的上汽人士说:“我觉得墨菲跟胡茂元的关系没法再好了。胡茂元很多场合公开说,我们像兄弟一样。但是胡茂元从来没有跟大众的人说过我们是兄弟。” 国泰君安分析师张欣认为,墨菲思想开放、注重结果,善于听取合作伙伴的意见,使上海通用在很多方面都是汽车合资企业中效率最高、步伐最快的。现在直接加入上汽,双方的沟通成本将大大降低。事实上,上汽也确实值得墨菲驻足。 在墨菲的人生中,上海正无意中成为他的福地。鉴于他对当地汽车工业的贡献,他受到上海市的相当礼遇,在政府部门有相当人脉。在2004年10月1日,他更是成为第一个拿到中国“绿卡”的在沪外籍人士。 当然更为重要的是上汽是个有梦想的中国汽车公司。如果说跻身世界第六大汽车集团有点不切实际的话,那么英国的Autopolis汽车咨询公司的分析师Graeme Maxton的话可能更为公允。他说:“上汽在未来10到15年时间里,将跻身世界10大汽车公司之列。在10年内,欧洲或者美国的青少年将考虑拥有一辆上海汽车。” 2005年3月28日,墨菲离职后,曾专程到威海路的上汽集团大厦拜会胡茂元,无从知道这两个小个子强人将会联袂扮演一个什么角色。事实上,双龙和罗孚项目的难度之大对于墨菲绝对构成了挑战与诱惑。这是再次证明他自己的机会。一旦行事果断、作风硬朗而外表却非常温和的墨菲能够带领上汽集团在国际市场立足,那么足以令他在底特律的老东家深感遗憾。 上汽集团人士对于墨菲是否加入上汽集团的直接追问始终采取模棱两可的回答。无论如何,墨菲离开通用中国令人产生一个时代结束了的感觉,而一旦他加入上汽集团,那么这个在通用中国时代乘坐别克GL8陆地公务舱的美国人将开启一个新时代。

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