...Memory Carmela Briggs Psychology111 9/24/13 Memory Long-Term Memory is what stores events, skills, and things that we need for functioning in everyday life. It is how we remember our names and the names of our friends, family, and the people we are often in close contact with. It is vital to remember skills such as how to brush our teeth, get dressed, cook food, ride a bike, drive a car, and learn in our educational system. Without it, we would need assistance just to get through everyday life. On the other hand, short-term memory only briefly stores information. When dealing with short term memory, you may hear something one moment and within a few seconds not be able to recall what you just heard. To go back a day later and try to recall that information may be challenging because the information is no longer there. In knowing this when it comes to studying its best to do it in a repetitive manner. The more you read and look over something, the better chance you have of getting it stored in your long-term memory. So when it is necessary to retrieve the information it is there. Looking over some material only once may serve no purpose when test time comes. The information may be placed in your short- term memory and may be gone moments after reading. So, for best results when trying to retain information at a later date it is always best to do it with the long term memory in mind. Attention Giving focused attention to what is being read helps to make better sense of...
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...Multi-store model of memory in 1968. The model had two distinct stores known as a Short-term store and a Long term store. The model also unravelled a stimulus from the environment known as the sensory register. The memory model elaborates three stages that take place from information passing to the sensory register then to the short-term memory and eventually stored in the long-term memory. The main features of the sensory register is its modality specific, therefore information is held in the same sense it is registered e.g a visual image is held as a picture in the person’s memory and taste is held as a taste. The capacity of the sensory register is quite large however it has a very brief duration of approximately half a second. A series of experiments have been conducted by Sperling in 1960 which discovered that the sensory register can hold at least nine items of modality specific information for a brief period of time. From the sensory register information can be lost or can be passed onto the short-term memory. The research was developed by Miller in 1956 called ‘The Magic Number Seven’ in which he discovered that the short-term memory can hold 5-9 items of information, with a capacity that can be extended by ‘chunking information’, e.g broccoli, cauliflower, Brussels sprouts and peas can be chunked as one item known as vegetables. In 1959 Peterson and Peterson discovered the duration of the short-term memory as approximately 18 seconds. However the Displacement theory states...
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...author will address short term memory, long term memory, and working memory, as well as encoding and retrieval in the memory process. The author will also describe the selected test and analyze the result of the memory test and evaluate variables associated with encoding information and ease of retrieval. Working memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory Working memory is the capacity to actively store information in the mind required to do difficult tasks such as comprehension, learning, and reasoning. According to Terry (2009) working memory can be defined as memory that is operational and can be recall at any given time. There are two distinct phases of storage, short-term memory and long-term memory. Short-term memory is the capability to recall information over a short period. Information is stored for a limited time in short-term memory before transferring to long-term memory. In other others, when information is processed in short-term memory, it then moves the information to long-term memory. Forgetting usually occurs with short-term memory, if information is not moved to long-term memory. Long-term memory is intended for storage of information over a long time. Information from the working memory is transferred to it after a few seconds. Unlike in working memory, there is little decay. The transfer of material from short- to long-term memory proceeds largely on the basis of rehearsal, the repetition of information that has entered short-term memory. Information...
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...Marijuana, which had once been considered as a lethal drug, is now seen as a mild drug and the number of people demanding it to be legalized has skyrocketed over the last couple of decades. And all this thanks to the media, which have played a pivotal role in bringing about a shift in people’s perception of marijuana. Long back, marijuana was considered as a typically lethal drug. Many movies, novels and celebrities were largely responsible for instilling in people such made up facts about marijuana. “Reefer Madness”, the 1936 cult hit, depicted marijuana as the primary cause for turning two teenagers into sex-crazed murderers. Novels such as “Badge of Evil”, “Casino Royale”, etc were used as strong propaganda against marijuana causing it to be considered as a violence inducing drug. Currently, marijuana does not have the lethal drug status anymore. If we happen to see someone smoking marijuana in a television program, we will definitely not get embarrassed. Although marijuana is illegal in many states of America, it is so popular and a recent study reveals that one in fifteen high school students smoke marijuana almost every day. The 21st Century considers marijuana as a medicine for many debilitating diseases and relief for chronic aches. No doubt, marijuana is a best remedy to increase appetite and thus resolve the weight loss problem in HIV patients. Similarly, marijuana is best to alleviate the intensity of pain in cancer patients who undergo chemotherapy. Marijuana...
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...factors that enhance or impede the flow of information in each step of the process and proactive and retroactive interference and how one counteract their effects; while studying in order to facilitate maximum retention via long-term memory. Finally, explanations of other kinds of forgetting and a discussion of strategies that can improve memory consolidation and retrieval will be discussed. A theory of human memory should not only identify a set of processes and stores, but also be able to help answer questions such as how long it will take to retrieve accessible information and when information will be forgotten or inaccessible. To do this, the theory must specify properties of the processes and stores. The basic memory processes are encoding, which is information that is coded or transformed so it can enter your memory. The second is storage. This stores and consolidates the information over time. And there’s retrieval, which allows you to get the information when needed. It’s important to know that when talking about encoding, there are three types: Acoustic meaning sounds, visuals meaning images and pictures, and semantic which gives meaning. The process of the memory model is Sensory Memory, Short Term Memory, and Long Term Memory. Sensory memory holds the sensation of a sensory stimulus for a brief period of time after the stimulus ends (Valdosta, 2011). There are two types of sensory models: iconic and echoic. Iconic holds visual trace for about...
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...EXPERIMENT NO. 1 NAME : BAYHON, AILEEN CLAIRE R. SCORE: DAY / TIME : W / 7 : 30 – 4 : 30 PM DATE : JUNE 25, 2014 INTRODUCTION TO EXPERIMENTATION ABSTRACT The introduction to experimentation aimed to familiarize with some of the logic of research. The materials and apparatuses were pen, paper, and watch with second hand. The procedure of the experiment was that the experimenter instructs the subject to write the alphabet backward (from Z to A) as rapidly as possible. There would be 5 trials of 30 seconds each with a one-minute rest between trials. After the first trial, S would report orally the number of letters written and estimated the number expected in the second trial. After the second, third, and fourth trials, S would report the number estimated, the number achieved and the number estimated for the next trial. After the fifth trial only the estimated and achieved scores were reported. As the trial repeats in the individual’s performance (subject), there was a rising in the achieved score. On the contrary, in trial 5, the achieved score fell comparing to the previous achieved scores in relation to the subject’s estimated score. In the grouped tally, the computation of the average is 0.2 indicated that the mean with its corresponding intervals below the computed average, failed to have a good performance in the experiment. On the other hand, mean with its corresponding intervals above the computed average, passed in having a good performance in the experiment...
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...Outline and Evaluate the Working Memory Model The working memory model (WM) explains why we can do two different tasks at the same time, but not two similar tasks. It replaced the idea of a unitary short term memory (STM) in the working memory model information is passed from STM to the central executive and this decides if the information is visual or auditory. Information is then passed to the corresponding store. The central executive is a key component of the WM. It directs information from STM to one of the "slave systems" It also has a very limited capacity and duration so can't attend to too many things at once. The first "slave system" is the phonological loop. This deals with auditory information and maintains the order of the information. It consists of two stores, the phonological store which is like an inner ear and deals with sounds and the articulatory process is used for words which are heard or seen. These words are silently repeated (looped) like an inner voice. The next "slave system" is the visuo-spatial sketchpad. This deals with visual information and spatial information is the relationship between this information. This store is used when you have to plan a spatial task such as getting from one room to another or counting the number of windows your house has. Hitch and Baddley showed support for the WM by conducting an experiment where they gave participants two tasks to do at the same time. They found participants were slower completing these tasks...
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...10/26/2012 The Positive Aspects Of Online Reading Far Outweigh The Negative Aspects. Many people today are suspicious of certain changes the rapid advancement of technology has brought about… especially modern man’s growing dependence on the Internet. This reaction is nothing new historically, for there have been alarmists at every turning point in human progress. In Nicholas Carr’s article, “IS GOOGLE MAKING US STIPID?” the author voices this same fear. He writes, “When we read online…….we tend to become mere decoders of information.” Carr shares this argument with Maryanne Wolf, a psychologist at Tufts University and author of “Proust and the Squid: The Story and Science of the reading Brain”. Carr’s primary concern is that physical changes to the human brain are caused by heavy use of online technology such as Google. He focuses only on changes to a single aspect of brain function, but these changes may not be even as harmful as he fears. While he did good research, and there is no question about his facts, this paper argues that the positive aspects of online reading far outweigh the negative aspects. Speaking at Asheville-Buncombe Technical Community College on September 28, 2012, Nicholas Carr was quick to acknowledge that Google and the Internet have made many positive contributions to modern life. As a vast and readily available source of information, the Internet has greatly benefited education in particular. Carr’s main concern is that the minds...
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...this question, we must do the fundamental change in the teaching learning process of Education. In the present day, each person including the students and the teachers face anxiety, frustration, etc. Due to these factors, the students cannot keep much interest in their study, academic activity & their performance in the entire exam. Consequently, in this way it is very essential for the students to keep their eyes in their study & academic activity. For the outcome of this predicament, ‘YOGA’ is the recent and excellent way. That is 34 International Journal for Research in Education (IJRE) Vol.1, Issue: December: 2012 ISSN: why; the investigator has found a research gap, to know the Effect of Yoga Exercises on Academic Achievement, Short-term memory...
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...How is aluminum related to Alzheimer’s disease? Dead people who are diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease show a significant amount of aluminum in their blood. Live patients are normally diagnosed with dementia versus Alzheimer’s, because the only true way to be certain you have Alzheimer’s is by an autopsy. It’s proven that most people diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease have a high content of aluminum in their blood, but not all people with a high content of aluminum in their blood have Alzheimer’s disease. Things that contain aluminum that you may want to try to avoid, or at least read the labeling on are as follows: antiperspirants, drinking water, medications, and foods. If you use an antiperspirant deodorant you run into the risk of inhaling aluminum. Some foods that contain high aluminum are: potatoes, cornbread, and processed cheese. Some drinks are as follows: beer, tea, infant formula, and drinking water. As far as medications you want to watch over-the-counter meds especially antacids, and buffered aspirin. The average human intake is between thirty to fifty mg per day and drinking water is less than one forth of the daily intake we consume. There was also research done on aluminum cookware and cans. Researchers questioned whether using aluminum pans or utensils would have an effect of the amount of aluminum in your blood. It turns out that it would not affect on the high aluminum content unless you were cooking acidic foods in an aluminum pan, then...
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...Henry and Lucy enjoyed the company of each other, the next day they have met again but to Henry’s surprise Lucy couldn’t remember a thing. Later did Henry know that Lucy suffers from short term memory loss since the day Lucy and her father had an accident but Henry didn’t see this as a threat since he has already fell for Lucy, since then Henry would always do everything to make Lucy fall in love with him all over again each and every day. Reaction: In the movie 50 first dates Lucy suffered from anterograde amnesia according to my research it is when a person loses the capacity to form new memories (called Goldfield Syndrome in the movie) from an accident. This cause to damage her temporal lobe especially her hippocampal region and to forget a part of her memory of anything between the day of the accident and the present. Because she is incapable of converting short-term memories (can be called "working memory" which refers to our ability to hold on to information we are currently thinking about etc.) into long-term memories (in which data can be stored for long period of time). Lucy’s memories gained or experience prior to the accident is intact including people’s names, past events, where she lives, etc. In reality people who suffer from anterograde amnesia have trouble forming short-term memories after 10 minutes or so, making it impossible for Lucy to remember things from earlier in the day. In the movie, she is able to remember everything from the day up until she...
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...Information The marks for questions are shown in brackets. The maximum mark for this paper is 72. Question 8 should be answered in continuous prose. You may use the space provided to plan your answer. In Question 8, you will be assessed on your ability to: – use good English – organise information clearly – use specialist vocabulary where appropriate. (JUn13psyA101) G/T90614 6/6/6/6/ PSYA1 2 Do not write outside the box Section A Cognitive Psychology and Research Methods Answer all questions in the spaces provided. Total for this question: 4 marks 1 According to the multi-store model of memory, there are several ways in which short-term memory and long-term memory differ. Explain how the findings of one or more studies demonstrate that short-term memory and long-term memory are different. ...............................................................................................................................................
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...evaluate the multi store model? 12 marks. A01: * Found by Atkinson and Shiffrim (1968) and it states that you have three different types of memory; Sensory memory, short term memory and long term memory * It is a linear model. Therefore, information passes in one direction and if one of the memory box gets disrupted, then the others will too. For example, if your short term memory is disrupted, then your long term memory will also be disrupted. * Your first memory storage is Sensory memory. All information from the environment enters your sensory memory, which has a limited capacity and duration that lasts up to 2 seconds. The information you pay attention to, then gets passed to your short term memory. (ionic, echoic and haptic) * Your short term memory receives all the information that you have paid attention to. It has a duration that lasts up to 18 seconds and a capacity that can store 7+/-2 chunks of information. It is encoded acoustically (by sound). * Information only moves to your Long term memory if it is rehearsed. Your long term memory has a duration that is unlimited (up to a lifetime) and the capacity is also unlimited. It is encoded semantically (by meaning) * If the information in your short term memory is not rehearsed, then it can’t move on to your long term memory and later on it will be lost. [+] Glazer and cunitz (1996) gave participants a list of words presented one at a time and then tested their recalls. He found that...
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...Memory, broadly speaking, refers to our ability to retain information. There are various types of memories that a person uses to retain information of his/her interest. Some on permanent basis and rest is on temporary basis. Long term memory which is also a knowledge base of the user stores the information on permanent basis whereas short term memory (STM) allows the person to retain items for a short period of time. As per the research, a typical adult’s memory span is approximately 7 (between 5 and 9) unrelated items, called chunks (Miller, 1956). A person can retain this information in the short term memory for about 18 seconds without paying attention to it. After this period, information can be lost or replaced with new incoming information in the short term memory. Whenever user want to interact with the world using the information from the short term and long term memory, a third type of memory i.e. working memory (WM) comes into picture which helps us make decisions, and remember and retrieve facts. Since user actively use these memories while interacting with the computer systems, a designer have to carefully consider their respective limitations while developing the interface for optimal performance. User satisfaction is one of the key aspects that measures the success and popularity of a computer system or website. One important factor that contributes to user satisfaction is the response time of the system. Response time is generally measured as the number of seconds...
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...camera that takes “snapshots” of your surroundings (Hockenbury, 2014). Once the information is processed, it will transfer the information to the short-term memory. Short-term Memory: Short-term memory is the next stage of our memory. This stage is the working memory. The information in the sensory memory moves to the short-term memory and held for approximately 20 seconds (Hockenbury, 2014). Short-term memory retrieves old information from long-term memory, as well as encoding the information to store in the long-term memory. Long-term Memory: Long-term memory is the last and final stage. This section can hold information for a lifetime and has an unlimited amount of room for storage (Hockenbury, 2014). The reason there is so much room is that it has different memory systems. The most effective way to get the information you receive to stay in your long-term memory is by elaborative rehearse the information. This way you can memorize the information you receive and not have to worry about forgetting it in a few seconds. It is very important to know how the memory works because it does help you learn. The reason I say this is that when we have information that we need to remember for a test or paper, we do not want to forget it right away. Knowing how to analyze the information correctly, will help the information stay in your long-term...
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