...Yuan per U.S dollar to 8.11 Yuan per U.S dollar. It implied other consequences on doing business with and “against” China. 2 - How is China’s exchange rate policy linked to its development strategy? How would changes in exchange rate policy impact growth in China as well as the rest of the world? Is the current exchange rate policy sustainable in the long run? China has known a relatively fast economic growth, becoming one of the leading exporting nations. Over the few last years, China has known a rapid growth in productivity relative to its competitors. Unlike the Euro, the Chinese Yuan is not on a floating exchange rate with the dollar; China keeps it exchange rate fixed against the U.S dollar. Fixed exchange rate helps China to devalue its currency due to a weak economy....
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...------------------------------------------------- Balance of payments From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Balance of payments (BoP) accounts are an accounting record of all monetary transactions between a country and the rest of the world.[1] These transactions include payments for the country's exports and imports of goods, services, financial capital, and financial transfers. The BOP accounts summarize international transactions for a specific period, usually a year, and are prepared in a single currency, typically the domestic currency for the country concerned. Sources of funds for a nation, such as exports or the receipts ofloans and investments, are recorded as positive or surplus items. Uses of funds, such as for imports or to invest in foreign countries, are recorded as negative or deficit items. When all components of the BOP accounts are included they must sum to zero with no overall surplus or deficit. For example, if a country is importing more than it exports, its trade balance will be in deficit, but the shortfall will have to be counterbalanced in other ways – such as by funds earned from its foreign investments, by running down central bank reserves or by receiving loans from other countries. While the overall BOP accounts will always balance when all types of payments are included, imbalances are possible on individual elements of the BOP, such as the current account, the capital account excluding the central bank's reserve account, or the sum of the two...
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...EXORBITANT PRIVILEGE EXORBITANT PRIVILEGE The Rise and Fall of the Dollar and the Future of the International Monetary System Barry Eichengreen Oxford University Press, Inc., publishes works that further Oxford University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education. Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offices in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Copyright © 2011 by Barry Eichengreen Published by Oxford University Press, Inc. 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016 www.oup.com Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Oxford University Press. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Eichengreen, Barry J. Exorbitant privilege : The Rise and Fall of the Dollar and the Future of the International Monetary System / Barry Eichengreen. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-19-975378-9 1. Money—United States—History—20th century. 2. Devaluation of currency—United States—History—21st century. 3. United States—Economic...
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...Introduction: The purpose of this report is to consider The Russian Crisis of 1998. What events led to this crisis, how it affected ordinary citizens and the effect it had on the world capital markets. We will also discuss the role IMF and other countries played in helping with the crisis. What the Russian government did in order to stabiles the situation and what role politics played in the process. We will use a number of sources in order to complete this report. Question One: What event is recognised as the beginning of the crisis? The Russian crisis begun on August 17th 1998 when the central bank of Russia announced that it would widen the intervention bands from ruble. It meant that the ruble was allowed to fluctuate against dollar. As a result, the exchange rate of the ruble fell steadily which led to a collapse in Russia economy. However, the crisis was not caused by a single event. It was a consequence of a continuing downward trend in Russia economy since its economic reform in 1991. The crisis’s seeds were sown from that day. The main causes of this crisis could be divided into 3 timelines: * Period 1991 – 1996: In 1991, Russia changed from a very strictly centralized economy to a market economy. Up until then, the Soviet played the most important role in subside all the state sectors. It consumed one-third of GDP and supported at least every third man, woman, and child (Roman, G & Robin, M – 1999). When the real prices were introduced, these state sectors...
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...T H E I N T E R N AT I O N A L M O N E TA R Y S Y S T E M AGENDA • Definition • History • Fixed Vs. Floating • Coalitions • Roadmap • Q&A DEFINITION • Sets of internationally agreed rules, conventions and supporting institutions, that facilitate international trade, cross border investment and generally the reallocation of capital between nation states. H I S T O R Y O F T H E M O N E TA R Y S Y S T E M Gold Standard 1870 1944 Nixon Shock 1971 1976 Bretton Woods Jamaica Agreement T H E G O L D S TA N D A R D T H E G O L D S TA N D A R D • When International trade was limited in volume, payment for goods purchased from another country was made in gold or silver. • As the volume of international trade expanded in the wake of the Industrial Revolution, a more convenient means of financing international trade was needed. T H E G O L D S TA N D A R D • The solution adopted was to arrange for payment in paper currency and for governments to agree to convert the paper currency into gold on demand at a fixed rate. = T H E G O L D S TA N D A R D • 1880: Most of the world’s trading nations including Great Britain, Germany, Japan, and USA adopted the Gold Standard. • Given the Gold Standard, the value of any currency in units of any other currency was easy to determine. T H E G O L D S TA N D A R D • The Gold Standard acts as an adjustment mechanism, which achieves the Balance-of-Trade Equilibrium...
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...For the exclusive use of D. LEE 9-204-037 JANUARY 6, 2004 MIHIR A. DESAI MARK F. VEBLEN Exchange Rate Policy at the Monetary Authority of Singapore Dr. Khor Hoe Ee, Assistant Managing Director, Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS), reviewed the year-end economic data for 2001. He had just met with a number of his colleagues and now paged through the statistics they had discussed. Dr. Khor wondered whether the monetary system that has served Singapore so well since the late 1970s—and had filled the void left by the collapse of the Bretton Woods currency system—was still the best model for Singapore to follow. Singapore’s managed float, sometimes referred to by journalists as a “dirty float,” stood in contrast to the systems used by some of its neighbors: Hong Kong had remained strongly committed to its peg against the U.S. dollar, and Australia had just recently shifted to a completely floating regime. A key item on the agenda for the Monetary Policy Committee meeting at the end of January was to review and set monetary policy in response to the changing economic environment. As head of the MAS’s Economics Department, Dr. Khor knew that he was responsible for recommending a policy response that would be consistent with Singapore’s strategy for sustainable economic growth with price stability as well as supporting Singapore’s role as a major global financial center. A great deal had happened in the domain of monetary policy in the last five years, much...
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...Pls explain what is the difference between RFC(Resident Foreign Currency) account and EEFC (Exchange Earners Foreign Currency) account? EEFC Accounts:- Residents can retain upto 50% of foreign currency remittances received from abroad in a foreign currency account, viz., EEFC account, with an authorised dealer in India. Funds held in EEFC account can be utilised for current account transactions and also for approved capital account transactions as specified by the extant Rules/Regulations/ Notifications/ Directives issued by the Government/RBI from time to time. RFC Accounts :- Returning Indians, i.e., those Indians, who were non-residents earlier, and are returning now for permanent stay, are permitted to open, hold and maintain with an authorised dealer in India a Resident Foreign Currency (RFC) Account to keep their foreign currency assets. Assets held outside India at the time of return can be credited to such accounts. The foreign exchange (i) received or acquired as gift or inheritance from a person referred to sub-section (4) of section 6 of FEMA,1999 or (ii) referred to in clause (c) of section 9 of the Act or acquired as gift or inheritance there from may also be credited to this account. The funds in RFC account are free from all restrictions regarding utilisation of foreign currency balances including any restriction on investment outside India. The facility is also available to residents provided foreign exchange to be credited to such account is received...
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...How China rises What lessons can be drawn from China's spectacular and sustained economic growth? As Hu Jintau remarked at the 17th Congress of the Chinese Communist Party, the period since the previous Congress five years ago has been extraordinary. China's economic achievements have been arousing not only astonishment and admiration but also some anxiety. In the past twelve months alone, The People's Republic of China (PRC) has overtaken Canada as the biggest source of imports to the USA, and overtaken the USA as the biggest source of imports to the European Union. Concern about the low level of investment in Africa has been displaced by concern about the effects of the high level of Chinese investment in Africa; there is now even anxiety about the effects of investment by Chinese state-owned firms into the Western economies. The Chinese Communist Party is also expressing concerns. The themes of its 2007 Congress included protection of the environment and the achievement of social harmony. According to some estimates, China has displaced the USA as the world's biggest source of greenhouse gases. Inequality is rising as fast as pollution: China now has over 800 individuals with a personal wealth of more than a hundred million US dollars each, up from 500 in 2006; while the average income in rural areas of China is 480 dollars per year. Made in China. Hu Jintau's remark on the extraordinary nature of the most recent years can be faulted in only one sense: China has...
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...INSTRUMENTS OF MONETARY POLICY IN CHINA AND THEIR EFFECTIVENESS: 1994-2006 No. 187 February 2008 INSTRUMENTS OF MONETARY POLICY IN CHINA AND THEIR EFFECTIVENESS: 1994–2006 Michael Geiger No. 187 February 2008 Acknowledgement: The author is grateful to: Kang Yitong, Yin Xiaobing and Chao Chen from the Graduate School of the People’s Bank of China (PBC) for all the help and discussions during his stay in Beijing, the Deutsche Bundesbank, the People’s Bank of China and the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) for making this stay possible, an anonymous referee, Nicolas Schlotthauer and Zhang Bin for their valuable comments. In particular, to Peter Bofinger and Heiner Flassbeck for their helpful comments and suggestions. The views expressed and remaining errors are the author’s responsibility. UNCTAD/OSG/DP/2008/2 ii The opinions expressed in this paper are those of the author and are not to be taken as the official views of the UNCTAD Secretariat or its Member States. The designations and terminology employed are also those of the author. UNCTAD Discussion Papers are read anonymously by at least one referee, whose comments are taken into account before publication. Comments on this paper are invited and may be addressed to the author, c/o the Publications Assistant, Macroeconomic and Development Policies Branch (MDPB), Division on Globalization and Development Strategies (DGDS), United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), Palais des...
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...PAUL KRUGMAN WINNER OF THE NOBEL PRIZE IN ECONOMICS THE RETURN OF DEPRESSION E C O N O M CS AND T H E C R I S I S OF I 2 0 0 8 ISBN 9 7 8 - 0 - 3 9 3 - 0 7 1 0 1 - 6 W USA $24.95 CAN. $27.50 hat better guide could we have to the 2008 financial crisis and its resolution than our newest Nobel Laureate in Economics, the prolific columnist and author Paul Krugman? In his prescient 1999 classic, The Return of Depression Economics, Krugman surveyed the economic crises that had swept across Asia and Latin America and pointed out that they were a warning for all of us: like diseases that have become resistant to antibiotics, the economic maladies that caused the Great Depression were making a comeback. In the years that followed, as Wall Street boomed and financial wheeler-dealers made vast profits, the international crises of the 1990s faded from memory. But now depression economics has come to America. When the great housing bubble of the mid-2000s burst, the U.S. financial system proved as vulnerable as those of developing countries caught up in earlier crises—and a replay of the 1930s seems all too possible. In this new, greatly updated edition of The Return of Depression Economics, Krugman shows how the failure of regulation to keep pace with an increasingly out-of-control financial system set the United States and the world up for the greatest financial crisis since the 1930s. He also lays out the steps that must be taken...
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...EAST ASIAN DEVELOPMENT NETWORK (EADN) INDIVIDUAL RESEARCH PROJECT EXCHANGE RATE ARRANGEMENT IN VIETNAM: INFORMATION CONTENT AND POLICY OPTIONS Research team∗ : Vo Tri Thanh (principal researcher) Dinh Hien Minh Do Xuan Truong Hoang Van Thanh Pham Chi Quang HANOI December 2000 ∗ We would like to thank the EADN for financial support. We have benefited very much from the valuable comments from EADN on our interim report. We also thank Dr. Ivo Havinga, Dr. Perter Sturm, and Ms. Anna Lennblad for reviewing our drafts and providing valuable insight comments. In carrying out the research we have owed debts to the General Statistic Office and the State Bank of Vietnam, which provided us with data and inspiration. Finally research assistance by Do Chu Dat and Do Thi Thu Huong is highly acknowledged. Table of Contents Table of Contents List of Tables List of Figures Abbreviation Summary Chapter I Introduction Chapter II The Economic Reforms and the Exchange Rate Arrangement since 1989 II.1 An Overview of the Economic Renovation and the Financial Reforms during the period of 1989-1999 II.1.1 The Economic Renovation (Doimoi) II.1.2 Financial Sector Reforms and Monetary Instruments II.2 Exchange Rate Arrangement during the Period of 1989-1999 Chapter III Exchange Rate as a Policy Tool during the Economic Reform, 1989-1999 III.1 Exchange Rate and Inflation III.2 Exchange Rate and Economic Growth III.3 Exchange Rate and Money Supply Chapter...
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...012-IBE-CaseStudies.docx Academic Year 2011-2012 International Business Environment Jean-Guillaume DITTER, PhD Groupe ESC Dijon Bourgogne – Burgundy School of Business SUPPORT DOCUMENT I - CASE STUDIES The texts making-up this document review and emphasize significant issues covered during the sessions. The questions asked at the beginning of each set of texts are meant to help students identify the issues that they should pay attention to. Students will work in teams on one single case study (see class outline for number of students per team). Each team will produce a presentation slideshow of its case study (7-10 slides per presentation, depending on the size of the case). Slideshows will be presented orally during sessions, according to the class outline (1520mn per presentation). Each team member will actively participate in his/her team presentation. Page 1 of 35 012-IBE-CaseStudies.docx CONTENTS Case Study 1. Text 1. Text 2. Text 3. Case Study 2. Text 4. Case Study 3. Text 5. Text 6. Text 7. Case Study 4. Text 8. Text 9. Text 10. Text 11. Text 12. Text 13. Case Study 5. Text 14. Text 15. Text 16. Text 17. Text 18. Text 19. Case Study 6. Text 20. Text 21. Case Study 7. Text 22. Text 23. Text 24. Text 25. Chinese Mercantilism .................................................................................................... 3 Chinese New Year ............................................................................................................
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...PART 2 The Global Marketing Environment CHAPTER 2 The Global Economic Environment Case 2-1 The Global Economic Crisis I n his 1997 book One World, Ready or Not, William Greider described the United States as “the buyer of last resort.” Greider explained that, for many years, the United States was the only nation that was willing to absorb production surpluses exported by companies in Europe, Asia, and Latin America. Greider asked: “Who will buy the surpluses when the United States cannot?” The conventional wisdom has long held that strong spending by consumers in other nations would keep the world economy humming. However, by 2008, Greider’s question was taking on a new urgency and the conventional wisdom was being tested. An economic crisis that had its roots in lax subprime mortgage lending practices began to spread around the globe. In the United States, where the crisis began, economic misery was widespread: The housing market collapsed, real estate values plummeted, credit tightened, and job growth slowed (see Exhibit 2-1). As the price of oil passed the $100 per barrel benchmark, the average price of a gallon of gasoline rose to $4. American consumers were, indeed, less willing and less able to buy. However, the crisis was not confined to the United States alone. Consumer-goods exporters in Asia, which Exhibit 2-1: The bursting of the global real estate bubble was only one aspect of the worst recession in decades. The ripple effects from the economic...
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...CHAPTER 2 Strategy, Operations, and Global Competitiveness 2: Strategy, Operations, and Global Competitiveness Global Competition Strategy Formulation and Implementation Global Trends International Markets and Products Formulating the Business Strategy Strategic Frameworks Focus Critical Value Factors Quality, Functionality and Customization Core Capabilities The Sand Cone Model Quality Market Evolution Outsourcing and Offshoring Performance Frontiers and Improvement Trajectories Functionality Generating New Market Ideas Business Strategy Disruptive Technologies Business and Product Strategies Commercialization Operations and Global Competitiveness Strategy Implementation The Balanced Scorecard Transformation Process Characteristics Example Lean Management Dependability and Speed Cost and Productivity Strategy maps Supply Chain Management Customization Stages of Operational Effectiveness The Aggregate Project Plan Shaded headings indicate especially timely topics. 21 CH A P T E R IN PERSPECTIVE This chapter describes the critical role of operations to the global competitiveness of the organization. We start the discussion with a review of global trends in the economy, the evolution of international markets and products, and the impact of operations on competitiveness and the global supply chain. Next we describe the process of...
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...FROM THE AUTHOR OF STANSBERRY'S INVESTMENT ADVISORY PORTER STANSBERRY THE SURVIVAL BLUEPRINT Published by Stansberry Research Edited by Steven Longenecker and Fawn Gwynallen Copyright 2014 by Stansberry Research. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, scanned, or distributed in any printed or electronic form without permission. About Stansberry Research Founded in 1999 and based out of Baltimore, Maryland, Stansberry Research is the largest independent source of financial insight in the world. It delivers unbiased investment advice to self-directed investors seeking an edge in a wide variety of sectors and market conditions. Stansberry Research has nearly two dozen analysts and researchers – including former hedge-fund managers and buy-side financial experts. They produce a steady stream of timely research on value investing, income generation, resources, biotech, financials, short-selling, macroeconomic analysis, options trading, and more. The company’s unrelenting and uncompromised insight has made it one of the most respected and sought-after research organizations in the financial sector. It has nearly one million readers and more than 500,000 paid subscribers in over 100 countries. About the Author Porter Stansberry founded Stansberry Research in 1999 with the firm’s flagship newsletter, Stansberry’s Investment Advisory. He is also the host of Stansberry Radio, a weekly podcast that is one of the most popular online...
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