...Imagine if you are a professional athlete that is very small and looks weak, would you consider using steroids to become stronger, bigger and better at what you play? The answer is NO! Many professional athletes such as Lance Armstrong, David Ortiz, Alex Rodriguez and Lyle Alzado decided to take them. But after all those drugs, what happened to them all? They all got penalized and some, even death. For example, Lance Armstrong was tested four times for steroid use and his results came out to be positive. Immediately after testing positive, he was stripped of his four Tour De France titles and his 2000 Summer Olympics bronze medal. Also, Armstrong was dropped by popular brands, such as Nike and Oakley, just to name a few; and is banned...
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...Another question throughout this study is, how do young athletes communicate about banned substances’ in sport? There has been little effort within the social sciences to provide insight into whether and how athletes communicate among themselves about morally contested topics. In an article, A Frame Analysis of Communication About Doping Among Talented, Young, Norwegian Road Cyclists by Renslo Sandvik, Ase Strandbu, and Sigmund Loland from the Norwegian School of Sport Science attempts to fill this gap in the literature. Through focus group interviews, the authors explore how a group of young, Norwegian road cyclists communicate about doping. The article demonstrates that this communication is strongly norm-regulated and often appears as brief,...
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...in the post World War 2 era, there has been an ever increasing use of performance enhancing drugs in all avenues of sport. Sports have become money making machine for both athletes and big business and the “win at all costs” attitude which has permeated itself into all aspects of professional and college level athletics. Winners make money, losers don’t. The temptation of fame, notoriety and million dollar contracts in all venues of sport is a lure for many athletes. Elite professional athletes are worshiped in today’s society. This paper will elaborate on the use of performance enhancing drugs in the sporting world and the associated sports ethical issues. It is a majority belief in all sporting circles that the “true” spirit of sportsmanship does not allow any aspect of performance enhancing drugs. There are several arguments both in favor and against the use of performance enhancing drugs which will be presented and discussed in this paper. While addressing this ethical issue, we need to define the term ethics. Ethics can be defined as the socially accepted norms and values. These norms and values are varied from society to society and are based on culture and tradition. Ethics also could be defined as the unsaid, un-written and understood laws that prevail in a society. Ethics also cover what is right and what is wrong in society and teaches individuals to act in the right manner and remain committed towards it. Taking performance enhancing drugs has a long history in...
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...Performance enhancing drugs have been used by athletes for decades. In ancient Greece, some of the earliest Olympians used substances in an attempt to gain a competitive advantage. The drugs that they would use would either be plant seeds or extracts of mushrooms. Later in Rome, gladiators were known to have turned to drugs. The gladiators would dope for many different reasons, from dulling pain to creating a bloodier spectacle for viewers. In professional baseball, players like Barry Bonds and Jason Giambi were called in front of Congress to discuss steroid use in baseball for two weeks. Congress insisted that steroids were ruining the sport and needed to be banned when, in reality, reported revenues were vastly increased during the steroid era. Congress also preached about a level playing field, but the New York Yankees have a payroll three times that of average teams so how fair can the league really be without a salary cap. This research paper is not on the fairness of baseball though; it is about why a person would choose to do PEDs and how it affects society. Looking at some of the influences presented; it is shown that winning is a major force, a motive and drive; going deeper into winning we conclude that money is one of the major rewards for winning. These are seen as endorsements, contracts, and advertisement opportunities that are very profitable and also sponsor individual players and teams in sports. These revenues influence and encourage individuals in sports to preform or...
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...OUTLINE RESEARCH PAPER Can Performance Enhancing Drugs (PED) actually be positive and beneficial for Major League Baseball? “As the likes of Barry Bonds, Mark McGwire, Sammy Sosa, Roger Clemens and Alex Rodriguez saw their usage exposed, the sport fought back with tougher drug testing and after the 2005 season produced a program punitive enough to minimize the game's doping culture.” (Braun's test result gives MLB major jolt; With MVP under cloud, steroid era is revisited Bob Nightengale, USA TODAY), "Probably the biggest sentence to which he was subjected is the impact on whether he'll be a lock for the Hall of Fame and the stigma that is now attached to his name and his records."(Barry Bonds is sentenced in enduring BALCO saga; No end in sight to BALCO's reach by: Jorge L. Ortiz, USA TODAY). Quotes like these could have been seen all over newspapers and magazines all throughout the past decade. Yes, these athletes did use Performance Enhancing Drugs (PED), but a debate has raged on about just how right are we to scrutinize them for those actions and just how inappropriate their actions were? With baseball professionals on both sides arguing how much of an impact they really had on the game. More so, I'd like to ask the question of whether what they had done was actually in a way good for baseball, and whether Performance Enhancing Drugs should even be banned from baseball? Which, I believe they shouldn’t be for numerous reasons. In order to understand just how...
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...Drugs and Athletes: The Constant Battle Nicholas DiPetrillo MSA 6702 Fairleigh Dickinson University Dr. Kim April 25, 2016 Drugs have been an issue in our society for a long time. They have been utilized and manhandled by numerous gatherings, including proficient professional athletes. It is surely entirely regular to catch wind of or read about professional athletes and drug use. In spite of the fact that drugs have an extensive history of utilization by professional athletes, they have a various affect on the body and different preventions. A significant part of the world's supply of cocaine is delivered in South America. A huge number of years prior, the old Incas of Peru bit coca leaves since they made it feasible for them to work in the high heaps of the area for more timeframes. In the 1880's Bolivian fighters were given the drug to offer them some assistance with gaining continuance and overcome weariness. One hundred years after the fact upwards of 90 percent of the locals of the Andes Mountains in Peru frequently bit coca clears out. It wasn't until the early years of the twentieth century that cocaine expanded in notoriety among professional athletes. Cocaine is an actually happening alkaloid, separated from the leaves of the coca plant. It is a superb neighborhood soporific and a broadly manhandled illegal drug. Cocaine is an unscented, white powder. The numerous road names of cocaine incorporate "coke," "snow," "woman," and "gold dust." Street...
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...(“Hero”) Even though doping was banned, the sport is still extremely painful and there is still roughly eighty six percent of competitors that still try to use drugs and get away with it. An athlete's goals was to dope and hope they did not get caught. (“Hero”) Which leads into the case of Lance Armstrong and his drug scandal. He was doping and hoping that he was not going to be caught. Lance Armstrong is an amazing athlete. He has won seven Tour De France titles and also trains for triathlons. Not only is he a good athlete, he has also overcome testicular cancer. (“Hero”) How the whole scandel started is when, Lance Armstrong would meet up in a hotel outside of town with a doctor. The doctor would take some of his blood and resupply him with new blood which was equipped with...
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...you go to win? The culture of sports revolves around the goal of winning, this mindset forces athlete to take risk; however, does this ideology cause athletes to make bad decisions. One of the biggest issues in sports today is the use of performance-enhancing drugs as a way of “cheating” in order to get an edge on opponents. From the high school level all the way up to the professional level, men and women have been caught using these drugs, which are banned. It is easy to see the positive effects of using these performance-enhancing drugs with athletes becoming faster, bigger, and stronger; however, these athletes and there spectators don’t realize why these performance enhancing drugs are actually illegal, especially college students who are the major risk takers. Attached to the natural benefits of these drugs that make athletes feel closer to achieving their dream of winning are health risk, reputation risk, and loads of other negative effects of using PEDs. Enrolled in the University of North Texas, the authors of this paper have created a blog in order to appeal to the athletes here at UNT in order to help educate them on the exact reasons why these performance-enhancing drugs are illegal and to help persuade them against using them. In addition to reading and learning about the negative effects of PEDs, we have also included a pledge onto the page that athletes can sign to pledge not to use PEDs. Audience The main audience that we are trying to appeal here is the athletes...
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...pick it up with bare hands. * Sweep the glass into a dustpan and place in broken glass bucket. * Be careful when pouring acid or base. * If any is spilled on hands, wash thoroughly with soap and water. Materials * * Safety glasses * Tap water * Masking tape * Precision scale * Pen/pencil & paper * Egg * Buret * Buret clamp * Retort stand * 3 Erlenmeyer flasks * 10 mL graduated cylinder * Wash bottle * Distilled water * 3 Beakers * 250 mL beaker for base * 100 mL beaker for acid * 500 mL beaker for waste * Ethanol * Phenolphthalein * Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) * Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) * Hot plate * Hot hands * Scoopula * Break the egg, and get rid of the yolk and egg whites into a large beaker. Break the egg, and get rid of the yolk and egg whites into a large beaker. Wash the shell with tap water and peel off the membranes with your fingers. Wash the shell with tap water and peel off the membranes with your fingers. Pat dry with paper towel and allow the shells to dry for a few days. Pat dry with paper towel and allow the shells to dry for a few days. Crush the shells to a fine powder with a mortar and pestle. Crush the shells to a fine powder with a mortar and pestle. Procedure—Prelab Procedure—Prelab Weigh between 0.450g and 0.550g of dried shell into each Erlenmeyer flask. Weigh between 0.450g and 0.550g of dried shell into...
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...performance enhancing drugs will help in promoting player health and recovery and that sports in general will benefit overall. In this paper, I will argue that the argument in favor of performance enhancement drug use is not valid because performance enhancing drugs are unethical, create unfair competitive advantages and do not promote the very essence of the value of sports which is hard work and team work. Team and individual sports in the United States is a very important part of culture. Athletes are revered for their prowess and mastery of their respective sports and are at times treated as demi-gods. Individual teams and entire leagues depend on these very athletes to compete at the highest level and with the utmost sense of integrity in order to show that their leagues are played ethically. So not only are athletes expected to be at their very best, they are also expected to do so without compromising the integrity of the sport such as cheating by using PEDs. In the article “Drugs, Sports and Ethics,” Thomas H. Murray, Ph.D. argues against the use of these illegal drugs. As the former President of the Hastings Center, Murray uses his position as a subject matter expert on performance enhancing drugs use to highlight the negative attributes that arise from performance enhancing drug use. The Hastings Center describes itself as “a non-partisan research...
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...Running head: DOPING IN CYCLING 25 June 2014 Utrecht School of Economics The Economics of Doping: policy advices to create a level-playing field in professional cycling. Authors: Danilo Fattorini (3790215) Orkhan Hajizada (3773663) Supervisors: Drs. Erwin van Sas (USE) Dr. Tineke Lambooy (RGL) Group Supervisor: Drs. Erwin van Sas Table of Contents Abstract3 Introduction4 1. Institutional Framework7 1.1. Embeddedness7 1.2. Institutional Environment9 1.2.1. Formal Institutions9 1.2.2. Informal institution – the doping market112 1.3. Governance14 1.4. Resource Allocation and Employment16 2. Decision-making process16 2.1. Prize money and Doping17 2.2. Health and Doping22 2.3. Size of Punishment and Probability of Detection 23 2.3.1. Doping game: introduction26 2.3.2. Theoretical example using real numbers 30 2.4. Number of participants and Doping 34 2.5. Conclusion 37 3. Policy advices38 3.1. Efficiency Comparison 38 3.2. Application of Criminal Law 41 Conclusion42 Bibliography44 Appendix A: Interview with Filippo Simeoni49 Appendix B: Interview with Axel Dekker55 Abstract Sports victories are often strived to at the cost of sportsmen’s integrity, reputation, health, security, or even life. The tendency to use performance-enhancing drugs is shaped by factors characterizing the institutional framework. In particular, the prize money, health costs, severity and frequency of punishment, and number of participants are...
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...associated with direct interference with the endocrine reproductive axis. Examples are those with estrogenic activity or the potential to interact with the aryl hydrocarbon (Ah) receptor. Exposure to toxicants during development is of particular concern because many feedback mechanisms functioning in the adult are absent and adverse effects may be noted at doses lower than those observed in the adult. Endometriosis is a painful reproductive and immunologic disease of women characterized by aberrant location of uterine endometrial cells. It affects approximately 5 million women in the United States from 15 to 45 years of age and often causes infertility. The etiology of this disease is unknown. In a single study with a small number of animals, research has suggested a link between dioxin exposure and the development of endometriosis in rhesus monkeys. The severity of this lesion was dependent on the dose administered. Recently, a small pilot study to test the hypothesis that serum dioxin concentrations have an association with human endometriosis has been reported. No statistically significant correlations between disease severity and serum levels of halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons were found. These preliminary data, admittedly on a limited population, suggest that serum dioxin concentrations may not be related to human endometriosis. Human breast cancer is a major health problem in the United States. While considerable information is available on risk factors for human...
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...BUILDING EVIDENCE-BASED ARGUMENTS DEVELOPING CORE PROFICIENCIES ENGLISH LANGUAGE ARTS / LITERACY UNIT GRADE 7 “Doping can be that last 2 percent.” OD LL DUCATION www.odelleducation.com OD LL DUCATION Page 1 EVIDENCE-BASED ARGUMENTATION Literacy – the integrated abilities to read texts closely, to investigate ideas and deepen understanding through research, to make and evaluate evidence-based claims, and to communicate one’s perspective in a reasoned way – is fundamental to participation in civic life. Thus, the importance of a literate citizenry was understood and expressed by Thomas Jefferson early in the life of our democratic nation. Today, students face the prospect of participating in a civic life that stretches beyond the boundaries of a single nation and has become increasingly contentious, characterized by entrenched polarization in response to complex issues. Citizens have access to a glut of information (some of which is nothing more than opinion passed off as fact) and are often bombarded by bombast rather than engaged in reasoned and civil debate. Learning the skills and habits of mind associated with argumentation – how to conceive and communicate “arguments to support claims, using valid reasoning and sufficient evidence” [CCSS W1] as well as how to “delineate and evaluate the argument[s]” and “the validity of the reasoning and relevance and sufficiency of the evidence” presented by others [CCSS R8] – is therefore...
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...Abstract This paper discusses the sensitive and controversial topic of horse slaughter for human consumption and zoo animals, although, currently banned in the United States due to key legislative acts in 2006-2007. The argument addressed will touch on the advantages, and disadvantages of lifting the horse slaughter ban in the U.S. The advantages include but are not limited to, horse welfare, economic revenue and profit, and restoration of the failing horse market. Disadvantages are, again, welfare depending on how you view the topic, as well as drug and medication regulation due to the fact that horses are not raised specifically for their meat products. Introduction Horses have been used for numerous activities, duties, and jobs over thousands of years. These uses in early years range from field work like plowing, to transportation, as well as aiding and assisting during war. As civilization became more advanced, horses were needed less and less for utility. Horsemanship slowly converted into more of an art form with the purpose of enhancing the horse’s strength and beauty (Mutsune, 2012). In the modern world of 2015, horses are purchased as equine athletes for many different horse events such as showing, racing, or rodeo to name a few in general. Most of the time, these animals are being used for recreational hobbies or pure enjoyment, as economic profit in the horse industry is rare. Most equine businesses struggle to operate due to the current economy. Horses can...
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...Fooling the Bladder Cops: The Complete Drug Testing Guide Justin Gombos June 1, 1999 2 Contents 1 Introduction 2 Detection Times 2.1 Halflife of TetraHydraCannabinol . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2 Approximate Detection Times of Various Substances 2.2.1 Frequency of Intake . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.2 Amount of Body Fat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.3 Predicting Detection Period . . . . . . . . . . 2.3 Positive (defined) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.1 Passive smoke and positives . . . . . . . . . . 2.4 Decreasing detection times . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4.1 Physical Activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4.2 Diet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4.3 Using Drugs to Reduce Detection Times . . . 3 Test Methods 3.1 Substances that are Detectable . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2 DrugAlert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3 Gas Chromatography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4 Gas Chromatography / Mass Spectrometry . . . . . 3.5 Hair testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.6 High Performance Liquid Chromatography . . . . . 3.7 ImmunoAssay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.7.1 Radio ImmunoAssay (aka AbuScreen) . . . 3.7.2 Enzyme Multiplied Immunoassay Technique 3.7.3 Fluorescence Polarization ImmunoAssay . . 3.8 PharmChek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.9 TestCup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 11 13 13 13 15 16 16 16 17 17 18 18 18 19 19 21 21 21 22 24 24 25 25 25 26...
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