...The State of Today's Market Kerry S. Atkinson ECO/ 26 June 2012 Daniel Puente The State of Today's Market There are four key factors that should be discussed though there are many to consider when evaluating the state of an economy. The points for discussion will be unemployment, interest rates, expectations, and consumer income. This portion of analysis hits home for most Americans to where they understand the most. For most of the working class of Americans these four topics also dictate to their well being a bit more that of the elite class of society that though these topics may affect their lives and their investments or the corporations they own or take part in but in the lower and middle class these items affect whether or not employment opportunities exist. How goods are purchased or if they are purchased and at what price the goods are attained. These four key components also lend to the scarcity of goods and how they are perceived and purchased. Interest rates The economy is affected by interest rates in relation to mortgages, credit cards, government debt, and corporate bonds to name just a few. To break it down for better understanding, one can view interest rates based on short and long terms. Long-term interest rates are the price paid for the use of financial assets with long repayment periods. Some common examples are mortgages and government bonds (Colander, p. 312, 2010). On the other end of the spectrum, short-term interest rate is determined...
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...living usually around £15,000 pounds a year(gcse sociology ). Child poverty has become a significant issue in the UK. Its definition itself has become quite controversial. This essay will use the definition set by the government. Labour has defined child poverty as any child living in a household with below 60% of average income after housing. (www.society.guardian.co.uk) It has grown substantially in the 1980s and 1990s. The recent increase in child poverty is particularly a British phenomenon. According to figures, the level of child poverty in the UK is very high . Child poverty affects 3.5 million children in the UK. Inner city areas of London, Manchester, Leicester, and Glasgow are among the worst hit areas in the United Kingdom. Many people fail to recognise that here in the UK, that the main causes of child poverty are by issues surrounding the household. The highest affected Those in high unemployment and on low incomes Lone parents with two or more children in the household The essay will try to explain the causes such as unemployment, family structure, marital status, ethnicity, housing...
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...will be hard for new product to keep up with changes in legislations PESTLE analysis Political factors will influence our product as they can create opportunities or obligations to out company. Here are few example: • Legislations such as minimal wage or anti discrimination laws. • Market Regulations • Trade agreements, tariffs or restrictions • Tax levies and tax breaks • Types of political regime – communist, democratic, dictatorship • Economical factors will influence our product as they will be set according to the way economy is doing. National and global interest rates and fiscal policy will be different if the economy is in a boom, recession or slump. During recession it is likely that there will be high unemployment, low spending power and low stakeholder confidence, however during a boom the opposite will be the case. Other examples are cheap labour abroad and credit crunch in different country. Social factors are those affected by consumer preferences and tastes. There might be a trend that people...
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...Invisible Hand in the Vietnamese context Introduction Adam Smith is an infamous political economist in the UK and around the world. He has many valuable arguments among which this essay will refer to the theory of "invisible hand" which was coined in The Wealth of Nations. The invisible hand is essentially a natural phenomenon that guides free markets and capitalism through competition for scarce resources by maintaining equilibrium between the supply and demand of resources. Also, as market participants compete, driven by their own needs and wants, they involuntarily benefit society at large without the help of goverment. This essay will examine the core theoretical ideas behind Adam Smith’s invisible hand theory, focusing on the negative aspects, and show that the negative aspects are more prominent when applied to the article ‘Power trader accused of abusing monopoly position’ Understanding of theory Adam Smith's invisible hand theory sets the foundation for laissez-faire economic philosophy, which describe the self-regulating behavior and minimize the role of government intervention and taxation in the free markets .Smith argued the most crucial variable in the market is the price and its functions is providing information telling people what to do and presenting incentive for them to act on this information. Both companies and workers are guided, as if by an invisible hand, to produce the goods and services that are most desired by consumers, which occurs when all of...
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...SIBU JANUARY 2012 Semester Contents 1. Introduction 2 2. Importan skills that employers looking for in the future graduates. 3 2.1. Communication skills 4 2.2. Critical thinking and problem solving skills 5 2.3. Teamworking skills 6 2.4. Lifelong learning and information literacy 7 2.5. Leadership skills 8 3. Suggestions for future graduates, goverment bodies or educational institutions in Malaysia to ensure that future graduates are equipped with skills 9 4. Conclusion 11 References 12 Introduction Malaysia is now a highly motivated developing country with vision to archieve status as developed country. With the mushrooming of the public and private educational institutions in Malaysia, a huge pool of graduates has been created. Obtaining a degree from institute of higher education in local or overseas has become necessary in order to get a good job with nice salary. However, in this challenging world, competition is everywhere. The excerpt from Education Malaysia, (July, 2006) had indicated that unemployment rate in Malaysia seemed to be increasing. One reason for this problem is that the focus of higher education institutions and the needs of the labour market for graduates are not as compatible as they were twenty years ago. The labour market now is more competitive and volatile. Now, Malaysia is facing a new economic trend based on worldwide demand such as globalization, capital flows, and...
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...10) Financial Sector impact on i) Foreign exchange ii) Banking sector iii) Circular debt iv) Stock market: 11) Inflation 12) Economic business sector impact i) Impact on textile industry 13) Social Sector Impacts 14) Poverty and unemployment: 15) IMF 16) Technique to tackle the situation Reason for choosing this topic: The reason for choosing this topic is that it has a direct relationship with the poverty, unemployment, literacy, wealth distribution and also with the increased level of terrorism in Pakistan. Introduction: Capitalism is an economic system in which land labor production pricing and distribution are all determined by the market. There is a strong history of capitalism that it can shift from extended period of rapid growth to very short periods of contraction The global financial crisis in 2008-09 which are still on the go, they actually started from the 20th century and they have been increasing since then. In the end of 20th century the U.S housing prices after a multiyear started declining, the mortgage prices had been at a very high rise before that and suddenly they started declining at the end of 20th century. Around mid 2008 there was a striking increase in the mortgage delinquencies. This increase was also followed by mortgages and this great loss in value meant an equally great decline in the capital of America’s largest banks and trillion dollar government. This also affected the backed mortgages...
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...Desk research: 7 2.2.2 7 2.3.0 Limitations of the study 7 2.4 Discussion and findings 8 2.4.1Main areas for trekking in Nepal 8 2.4.2 Benefits received from trekking and who gets the benefits 8 2.4.3 Costs of Trekking in rural areas of Nepal 9 2.4.4 Factors that are directly and indirectly affecting trekking in Nepal. 11 2.4.5 Internal and external Political situation 11 2.4.6 Safety of the trekkers: 12 2.4.7 Global recession 14 2.4.8Government polices and infrastructure 15 2.4.9 Other reasons 16 2.5 Effect of these factors 17 2.6 Plan and polices of NTB 17 3.1 Conclusion: 19 3.2Recommendations 20 3.2.1 Construction of the constitution 20 3.2.2 Safety and security 20 3.2.3 Ban on closure and strikes in tourism industry 20 3.2.4 Air accessibility 20 3.3.5 Infrastructure and development 21 Reference list 22 Chapter 1 1.1Problem statement There are lots of factor that have affected the Tourism industry in Nepal ranging from civil war within the country, to global economy downturn or different Flus in the world,. These factors and many others affect the number of people travelling to the Nepal especially for group of people for holiday, pleasure for trekking and mountaineering (Himalayan, 2012). There is a huge time frame(1990-2012) we can see that tourism in Nepal is not developing as it should have like increasing in the number of the travellers though the trekking industry have the big potential of large business (Tourism Board of...
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...Berend (2000) – From Plan to Market, From Regime Change to Sustained Growth in Central and Eastern Europe * After the state socalism collapsed in Central and Eastern Europe in the early 1990s, the Washington consensus of 1989 (a broadly accepted set of criteria for a reform program) was adopted as a blueprint for the process of transformation. * Central elements: * Macro-economic stabilization (for countries with significant inflation and indebtedness) * New institutions * Legislation * Price and trade liberalisation * Radical privatization * Most of the “transformatology“ literature is based on the assumption that the elimination of deformed non-market economies, a restoration of market, and private ownership, paired with a laissez-faire free market system would automatically solve all major economic/social problems of the transforming countries. * The economic crisis within the Central and Eastern Europe area started much earlier – in the mid-late 1970s when growth slowed significantly and the terms of trade for the state socialist countries began to deteriorate (1973 first oil shock 20% decline, for some even 26-32%) Schumpeter’s theory of “structural crisis”: advancements in technology lead to decline of the old leading sectors and export branches based on old technology, generating wide-ranging slow-down and decline and causing an economic crisis even in rich, advanced countries. However, although rising new technology...
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...CHAPTER SEVEN GOVERNMENTAL INFLUENCE ON TRADE OBJECTIVES • To realize the rationales for government policies that enhance and restrict trade • To interpret the effects of pressure groups on trade policies • To understand the comparison of protectionist rationales used in high-income countries with those used in low-income countries’ economies • To comprehend the potential and actual effects of governmental intervention on the free flow of trade • To understand the major means by which trade is restricted and regulated • To grasp the business uncertainties and business opportunities created by governmental trade policies CHAPTER OVERVIEW A government’s political objectives are sometimes at odds with its economic proposals to improve a nation’s market efficiency and international competitiveness. Chapter Seven begins by discussing the reasons why and the ways in which governments intervene in the international trade process. It then examines the economic and the noneconomic effects of those actions upon participants in that process. Finally, the chapter considers the principle instruments of trade control, including both tariffs and nontariff barriers, and concludes with a discussion of ways in which firms can deal with adverse trading conditions both at home and abroad. CHAPTER OUTLINE OPENING CASE: TEXTILE AND CLOTHING TRADE [See Fig. 7.1.] The United States and Europe have a long history of protecting their domestic textile and garment manufacturing...
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...MACROECONOMICS Greek debt crisis: causes Instructor: Mou Hui Student: Galina Bogdanova JX1208903 Contents Introduction 3 Timeline of the Greek Debt Crisis 4 Causes 8 Internal 8 1. GDP growth rates 8 2. Unrestrained spending 11 3. Greek public debt 12 4. Statistical credibility 14 External Causes of the Greek Crisis 14 Influence on the evaluation of the crisis 15 Impact of the crisis on the country's macroeconomic indicators 18 Conclusion 22 References 24 Introduction International crisis 2008 has not only exacerbated the Greek economic situation, but has also intensely brought forward the economy’s deeply rooted and chronic weaknesses. The main argument of the paper is that the main cause of the Greek economic crisis is not the recent global economic instability, neither the outcome of political management practices of the latest Center Right government (2004-2009). Rather, the situation in Greece is the obvious outcome of a series of incorrect government choices and omissions during the last three decades and not a recent phenomenon at all. Greek economy fulfills the main criteria of a “weak economy”. Economic and fiscal measures undertaken by the Socialist government under the guidance of the IMF will fail to succeed unless they are followed by clear, transparent development initiatives, which is not the case until now. The purpose of this paper is to approve that the current Greek crisis is the consequence of inappropriate domestic...
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...Chapter 1: The business systems of Asia Variety in the regional and general features Civilizational traditions • Confucianism • Taoism • Buddhism • Islam • Catholicism Historical external influences • Colonies • India establishing trading connections, mostly in South East Asia • Chinese who left China and settled as business people in the countries around the rim of the South China sea Periods: 1. 1945-1975 After the retreat of colonial powers, countries needed to reestablish their identity and political structures → hostility + Maoist experiments in China 2. 1975-1997 Relative calm period, stable growth, export to foreign countries, rise in FDI a. Mao’s death: collapse of communism → socialist market economy b. Japanese miracle c. Impressive growth of the South-Korean economy 3. Ersatz capitalism → Asian crisis in 1997: inefficient use of capital was covered up by the availability of easy money from governments, optimistic foreign investors lured by the emerging markets. The system could not keep up the pretence as it became sensitive to a downturn in the economic cycle which hit the region in 1997. → End of easy money and beginnings of reforms. 4. After 1997, reforms: • Improvements to accountability and disclosure in the financing of industry • Reduction of favoritism and corruption during control of licenses and capital • Opening of markets to foreign competition • Adoption of international standards in accounting, trading, IPR • General rise...
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...the Rehn-Meidner model represents a unique third way between Keynesianism and monetarism. This essay analyses the application and performance of the Rehn-Meidner model in Sweden. Although never consistently applied, it is possible to distinguish a golden age for the model from the late 1950s to the early 1970s. In the 1970s and the 1980s, governments abandoned the restrictive macroeconomic means of the model and were thus unable to combine low rates of unemployment with low inflation and high economic growth. Since the early 1990s, Sweden has not met the requirement of full employment in the Rehn-Meidner model. Recent declarations by the EU to prioritise full employment once again but without giving up the objectives of price stability and growth legitimise a renewed interest in the model. __________________ JEL classification: E24; E31; E62; J23; J31; J62; O23 Keywords: Swedish model; Rehn-Meidner model; third way; labour market policy; solidarity wage policy; productivity growth, fiscal policy; unemployment; inflation Contact author: Lennart Erixon, Department of Economics, Stockholm University. Tel.: +46 8 16 21 36; fax.: +46 8 15 94 82; e-mail: lex@ne.su.se. 2 1. Introduction In the early post-war period, two Swedish trade-union economists presented a unique...
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...The Eurozone crisis (often referred to as the Euro crisis) is an ongoing crisis that has been affecting the countries of the Eurozone since late 2009. It is a combined sovereign debt crisis, a banking crisis and a growth and competitiveness crisis.[8] The crisis made it difficult or impossible for some countries in the euro area to repay or re-finance their government debt without the assistance of third parties. Moreover, banks in the Eurozone are undercapitalized and have faced liquidity problems. Additionally, economic growth is slow in the whole of the Eurozone and is unequally distributed across the member states.[8] In 1992, members of the European Union signed the Maastricht Treaty, under which they pledged to limit their deficit spending and debt levels. However, in the early 2000s, a number of EU member states were failing to stay within the confines of the Maastricht criteria and turned to securitising future government revenues to reduce their debts and/or deficits. Sovereigns sold rights to receive future cash flows, allowing governments to raise funds without violating debt and deficit targets, but sidestepping best practice and ignoring internationally agreed standards.[9] This allowed the sovereigns to mask (or "Enronize") their deficit and debt levels through a combination of techniques, including inconsistent accounting, off-balance-sheet transactions as well as the use of complex currency and credit derivatives structures.[9] From late 2009, fears of...
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...Internal Version for BBS Use Only Aggi Nauval Hutama Karya Aspal Beton: Entrepreneur Mindset The entrepreneur process includes all the functions, activities and actions that are the part of perceiving opportunities and creating organizations to pursue them (William Bygrave & Andrew Zacharakis,”Entrepreneurship” 2010) Opening Paragraph Budi Prasetyo, CEO of HK Aston, is preparing big agenda that afternoon. He is busy coordinating big projects of his new office HK Aston. As a subsidiary company of Hutama Karya a State Own Enterprises in construction business, HK Aston have specific mission to be a focus company in managing Asphalt and Steel business. One of the big projects on the pipeline is Tanjung Benoa Toll Road in Bali. First of all HK Aston is a newly startup company set up in 2009 with mission to differentiate services and bring more value to the industry towards better services as a group of businesses. Main purpose setting up subsidiary company with core business of specific services is to gain focus in asphalt services which value added perceive values. HK Aston business operation is still active during the process of spin off from division under Operation Directorate to become full fledge company. Even though setting up a good foundation of strong business need more than just a legal documentation and given business, moreover they must have a strong entrepreneurial spirits towards vision of the new company. In this case Budi will have to manage the three basic questions...
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...UNIT 40 INVESTIGATING INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS BTEC NATIONAL INTRODUCTION. The international nature of business is evident to anyone who, for example, buys an iPod from Apple or insurance from Aviva. Many brand names are recognised throughout the world as organisations increase demand for their products by expanding from a national to an international market. Initially, the nature of the international business environment will be considered by looking at the size and importance of international markets. Governments encourage businesses to trade internationally but protectionism is also common. International business is regulated not just by national governments but also by transnational trading arrangements promoted by trading blocs such as the European Union and global agencies such as the World Trade Organization (WTO). Both large and small businesses trade internationally but doing business internationally is often more complex than doing business in the home market. Consideration will be given to the issues facing a domestic (UK) business when it expands its operations into the international sphere. However, some insights can be made by considering issues faced by overseas businesses as they have expanded their operations by moving into the UK market. Tesco has had very limited success in extending operations into France and Carrefour has had similar problems in establishing operations in the UK. However, they both have had more success in Malaysia and...
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