...Policy Research – Implications of Liberalization of Fish Trade for Developing Countries Trade Issues Background Paper: The Impact of Dumping on Trade in Fisheries Products Nigel Peacock Project PR 26109 July 2004 Support unit for International Fisheries & Aquatic Research SIFAR Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, Rome 1 THE IMPACT OF DUMPING ON TRADE IN FISHERIES PRODUCTS This report forms part of a wider study on “Policy Research – Implications of Liberalization of Fish Trade for Developing Countries”, comprising five trade issues background papers and five country case studies. The trade issues background papers are dealing with the following topics: • Sanitary and Phyto-Sanitary (SPS) Measures and Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) • Ethical/Social/Eco Certification, Labelling and Guidelines • The Impact of Subsidies on Trade in Fisheries Products • The Impact of Dumping on Trade in Fisheries Products • Fiscal Reforms and Trade in Fisheries Products The case studies cover the following countries: • Bangladesh • Guinea • India • Uganda • Vietnam For a synthesis of the entire study including policy recommendations, see: Bostock, T., Greenhalgh, P. and Kleih, U. (2004), Policy Research – Implications of Liberalization of Fish Trade for Developing Countries – Synthesis Report. Chatham, UK: Natural Resources Institute. ISBN 0 85954 560-1. Copies of the various reports are available on the following websites: • www.onefish.org/id/225570...
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...research was done on the topic until pioneering paper of Finger, Hall, and Nelson (1982). The study focuses on the period prior to 1980 and revels the following: the number of antidumping investigations conducted in the late 1930s and the late 1950s and early 1960s are surprisingly large and comparable to the post-1980s levels of activity; most antidumping investigations prior to the 1970s were dismissed by the Treasury Department as lacking evidence of less-than-fair-value (LTFV) sales; by contrast, now virtually all petitions move on to the injury-determination stage of the process; the increase in antidumping cases since the early 1980s is related to the rise of multiple petitions—that is, petitions citing several source countries of dumping the same product in the U.S. market; in fact, the number of products targeted in antidumping cases has fallen since the mid-1980s; the proximate determinants of the annual number of antidumping cases are the unemployment rate, the exchange rate, import penetration, and a 1984 legal change that encouraged the filing of multiple petitions. Antidumping decisions and macroeconomic determinants (Mah, 2000) In the United States, domestic firms can file an antidumping petition under the regulations determined by the United States Department of Commerce, which determines "less than fair value" and the International Trade Commission (ITC), which determines "injury". There are many macroeconomic factors which explain antidumping decisions in...
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...DIPLÔME DU BI PROGRAMA DEL DIPLOMA DEL BI M06/3/ECONO/HP3/ENG/TZ0/XX 22065103 ECONOMICS HIGHER LEVEL PAPER 3 Tuesday 9 May 2006 (morning) INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES Do not open this examination paper until instructed to do so. Answer three questions. Use fully labelled diagrams and real-world examples where appropriate. 2206-5103 11 pages –2– Answer three questions. Each question is worth [20 marks]. 1. Study the extract below and answer the questions that follow. M06/3/ECONO/HP3/ENG/TZ0/XX Drug companies bring hope for HIV/AIDS sufferers “Industry puts the average cost of developing a new drug at around US$800 million. Were it not for a patent system that rewards companies for risking millions on research, anti-HIV/AIDS drugs would not exist”, said World Trade Organization’s (WTO) director general, Mike Moore. 95 % of individuals worldwide who are infected with the HIV/AIDS virus live in poor countries, with almost no access to life-prolonging treatment because of barriers such as the high cost of drugs. One possible solution to the high cost of drugs seems to be through differential pricing schemes that charge poor countries less than the rich. This form of legal price discrimination is already used for vaccines and contraceptives, with prices as low as 1 % of those in the USA. Major pharmaceutical companies have recently promised to cut prices to cost levels in Africa. The aim is to cut the price for HIV/AIDS therapy by as much as 95 %. The big...
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...1. US sets preliminary anti dumping duties on steel rebar from Mexico and Turkey Source: www.steelguru.com - Wednesday, 23 Apr 2014 Reuters reported that the US Commerce Department set preliminary duties on millions of dollars worth of imports of steel rebar from Mexico and Turkey after a complaint by US producers about price undercutting by foreign competitors. The department set dumping duties of up to 66.7% on imports from Mexico and duties of up to 2.6% on Turkish imports after American producers alleged companies from the two countries were selling steel rebar, which is used to reinforce concrete, at unfairly low prices. A final decision is due on July 2. The US International Trade Commission and the Commerce Department launched investigations after a petition was filed last year by Nucor Corporation, Commercial Metals Company and other manufacturers. The trade commission found there was reasonable indication the imports are harming local firms. Mr John Ferriola CEO of Nucor said that “Imports from Mexico and Turkey had doubled since 2010 and were having a devastating impact on the industry”. Commerce said that in 2013 imports of steel concrete reinforcing bar from Mexico were valued at an estimated USD 182.1 million and from Turkey at USD 381.3 million. The manufacturers accuse Mexican and Turkish competitors of unfairly undercutting US prices to grab sales and market share, a trade strategy known as dumping. US manufacturers also claimed rebar imports...
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...Porter's Diamond of National Advantage (Part I) Classical theories of international trade propose that comparative advantage resides in the factor endowments that a country may be fortunate enough to inherit. Factor endowments include land, natural resources, labor, and the size of the local population. Michael E. Porter argued that a nation can create new advanced factor endowments such as skilled labor, a strong technology and knowledge base, government support, and culture. Porter used a diamond shaped diagram as the basis of a framework to illustrate the determinants of national advantage. This diamond represents the national playing field that countries establish for their industries. The complete Porter’s Diamond system (Porter, 1998, pg 127) The individual points on the diamond and the diamond as a whole affect four ingredients that lead to a national comparative advantage. These ingredients are: The availability of resources and skills, Information that firms use to decide which opportunities to pursue with those resources and skills, The goals of individuals in companies, The pressure on companies to innovate and invest. The points of the diamond are described as follows: I. Factor Conditions A country creates its own important factors such as skilled resources and technological base. The stock of factors at a given time is less important than the extent that they are upgraded and deployed. Local disadvantages in factors of production force...
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...Core WTO Agreements: Trade in Goods and Services and Intellectual Property Arvind Panagariya Contents 1. Introduction 1 2. Trade in Goods 2 2.1 The Most favored Nation Principle 5 2.2 National Treatment 7 2.3 Tariffs 9 2.4 Customs Procedures 10 2.5 Quantitative Restrictions 11 2.6 Subsidies 13 2.7 Anti-dumping 16 2.8 Safeguards: Emergency Protection 20 2.9 Trade Related Investment Measures 22 2.10 State Trading 23 2.11 Preferential Trade Areas 25 2.12 Non-application of the Agreement and Security and Environmental Exceptions 26 2.13 Government Procurement 28 3. Trade in Services 30 3.1 Scope and Definition 31 3.2 The MFN Provision 32 3.3 Market Access, National treatment and the Schedule of Specific Commitments 32 3.4 Preferential Trade Areas 34 3.5 Mutual Recognition of Qualifications 36 3.6 Transparency, Domestic Regulation and the Status of Monopolies and Exclusive Service Suppliers 37 3.7 Restrictions to Safeguard the Balance of Payments 39 3.8 General and Security Exceptions 39 3.9 Issues for Future Negotiations: Emergency Safeguards, Subsidies and Government Procurement 40 3.10 Developing-Country-Specific Provisions 40 3.10 Other Provisions 41 3.11 Annexes 42 4. Intellectual Property Rights 43 4.1 General Obligations and Basic Principles 44 4.2 IP Standards 44 4.3 Enforcement 46 4.4 Dispute Settlement and Transition Arrangements 46 1. Introduction Prior to...
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...Answers to eThemes of the Times for Krugman/Obstfeld International Economics: Theory and Policy, 7e Chapter 1: Introduction "U.S. and Trade Partners Maintain Unhealthy Long-Term Relationship" By Louis Uchitelle, New York Times, Saturday, September 18, 2004 1. The subject of this article centers on the current account balance. Does this seem like an "international trade" or an "international money" issue? Answer: Aspects of the issue seem to overlap with both areas of international economics. The article discusses goods and services transactions [trade], as well as international borrowing and exchange rates [money]. 2. Many economists seem to be giving the issue of the current account a lot of thought. Does there seem to be a consensus in the article? Does your answer surprise you? Answers will vary. If anything, the consensus is confusion—confusion at how the deficit has persisted for so long with no severe consequences. Bergsten stands out as the most alarmed, though almost every economist seems a bit concerned about the trade deficit. This economist, on the contrary, is not concerned at all about the current account deficit, and you may come to your own conclusion upon reading further chapters. In general economists tend to agree about many big-picture issues, but may disagree occasionally where the data is open to interpretation or when more ideological considerations come into play. 3. Near the end of the article there is a logical fallacy...
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...Answers to eThemes of the Times for Krugman/Obstfeld International Economics: Theory and Policy, 7e 2 Krugman/Obstfeld, International Economics 7e Chapter 1: Introduction "U.S. and Trade Partners Maintain Unhealthy Long-Term Relationship " By Louis Uchitelle, New York Times, Saturday, September 18, 2004 1. The subject of this article centers on the current account balance. Does this seem like an "international trade" or an "international money" issue? Answer: Aspects of the issue seem to overlap with both areas of international economics. The article discusses goods and services transactions [trade], as well as international borrowing and exchange rates [money]. 2. Many economists seem to be giving the issue of the current account a lot of thought. Does there seem to be a consensus in the article? Does your answer surprise you? Answers will vary. If anything, the consensus is confusion—confusion at how the deficit has persisted for so long with no severe consequences. Bergsten stands out as the most alarmed, though almost every economist seems a bit concerned about the trade deficit. This economist, on the contrary, is not concerned at all about the current account deficit, and you may come to your own conclusion upon reading further chapters. In general economists tend to agree about many big-picture issues, but may disagree occasionally where the data is open to interpretation or when more ideological considerations come into play. 3. Near the end of the article...
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... Rahman M.M, Z.A Chowdhury and M.N.U Sada. 2003. Coastal resources management, policy and planning in Bangladesh, p. 689 - 756. In G. Silvestre, L. Garces, I. Stobutzki, M. Ahmed, R.A. Valmonte-Santos, C. Luna, L. Lachica-Aliño, P. Munro, V. Christensen and D. Pauly (eds.) Assessment, Management and Future Directions for Coastal Fisheries in Asian Countries. WorldFish Center Conference Proceeding 67, 1 120 p. Abstract This paper reviews the coastal fishery resources of Bangladesh emphasizing the coastal environment, capture fisheries and management issues relative to the sector. Bangladesh’s Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) covers an area of about 166 000 km2. This area has abundant natural resources such as fish, shrimps, crabs and other marine products. Shrimp and fish trawling is the most important economic activity in this area. The fishery sector makes a significant contribution to the national economy in terms of foreign exchange, income generation and employment. It is very important in nutrition, especially in providing animal protein. In 1997 - 99, the marine fisheries sector contributed 22% of the total fishery production of 1 373 000 t. However, the resources are being destroyed in many ways. The fisheries resources have declined and fishers are getting poorer. The decline is partly due to estuarine set bag net, push net, and beach seine fishing, which result in recruitment over-fishing. A multiplicity of factors adversely affect the coastal fishery resources of Bangladesh...
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...Corporate environmental governance of TNCs in developing countries: case of Vedan Vietnam 1. Overview of corporate environmental governance * The term ‘corporate environmental governance’ (‘CEG’) implies ‘a range of internal and external hard and soft rules, such as laws, regulations, policies, practices and social understandings, which shape and constrain corporate behaviour.’ * Factors driving and shaping corporate environmental behaviour: * Internal factors: unique resources, business strategies, organisation structure, business philosophy, etc. * External factors: * Legal pressure from legal stakeholders such as regulators, legislators, etc. * Social pressure from social stakeholders such as the neighbours, environmental activist organizations, etc. * Economic pressure from economic stakeholders such as consumers, investors, business partners, etc. 2. Vedan case 3.1. Background information of Vedan * Name: Vedan Vietnam Enterprise Corporation Limited (Vedan Vietnam), a company wholly owned by Taiwanese investors. * Year of establishment: 1991 in accordance with Investment Certificate No. 171/GP issued by the State Committee of Copperation and Investment on 08/-3/1991. * Location: Phuoc Thai Commune, Long Thanh district, Dong Nai Province, Viet Nam. * Principal activities: production of monosodium glutamate (MSG), lysine, and modified starch. * Business philosophy: “Taking roots in Vietnam- Developing...
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...Page 1 Copyright (c) 2011 Suffolk University Suffolk Transnational Law Review Summer, 2011 Suffolk Transnational Law Review 34 Suffolk Transnat'l L. Rev. 403 LENGTH: 9744 words NOTE: UNITED STATES-CHINA TRADE WAR: SIGNS OF PROTECTIONISM IN A GLOBALIZED ECONOMY? NAME: Kara Loridas LEXISNEXIS SUMMARY: ... Among the aims of the Doha Development Round are a rejection of protectionism and an attempt to ensure fair application of trade rules to developing countries. ... China argued that the increased tariffs imposed by the United States on Chinese tires exceed the permissible maximum tariff rates that the United States may impose on Chinese imports. ... An example of effective negotiations is the settlement of the U.S. complaint alleging a Chinese violation of the national treatment concept by its preferential treatment of domestic products over "like" imported products. ... Cooperative trade relations between the United States and China are important to the global community because the economies of each country are dependent on the rest of the world and the global economy will be harmed by protectionist measures from the first and third largest trading powers. ... Moreover, multilateral negotiations, as opposed to bilateral trade negotiations, are better suited to resolve the United States-China trade disputes because the disputes affect other WTO members in ways beyond the immediate economic impact. ... The most effective way to combat the rapid escalation and retaliatory nature...
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...1. Introduction Bangladesh faces the challenge of achieving accelerated economic growth and alleviating the massive poverty that afflicts nearly two-fifths of its 135 million population. Strategies for meeting this challenge have included a shift away from state-bureaucratic controls and industrial autarky towards economic liberalization and integration with the global economy. These policy reforms were initiated in the mid-1980s against the backdrop of serious macroeconomic imbalances, caused in part by the declining level of foreign aid and in part by a preceding episode of severe deterioration in the country’s terms of trade. The policy reforms in the 1980s included the withdrawal of food and agricultural subsidies, privatization of state-owned enterprises, financial liberalization, and withdrawal of quantitative import restrictions. The beginning of the 1990s saw the launching of a more comprehensive reform program, which coincided with a transition to parliamentary democracy from a semi-autocratic rule. These later reforms were particularly aimed at moving towards an open economy – such as making the currency convertible on the current account, reducing import duties generally to much lower levels, and removing virtually all controls on the movements of foreign private capital. Besides, fiscal reforms were undertaken including the introduction of the value-added tax. During the 1990s, notable progress was made in economic performance. Along with maintaining economic...
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...[pic] Student Details: Name : Nyakeriga Bilha K. Student I/D : 621839 Course : IBA 4010 Lecturer : Dr. Simiyu Wambalaba Semester : Summer 2008 Term Paper – World Trade Organization (WTO) TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 INTRODUCTION 4 1.1 What is WTO? 1.2 History of WTO 1.3 Mission 1.4 The Structure of WTO 2.0 WTO SYSTEMS 11 3.0 CONITIONS FOR MEMBERSHIP 17 4.0 OBJECTIVES OF WTO 24 5.0 WTO DISPUTE RESOLUTION SYSTEM 27 5.1 Governing Principles 5.2 Stages Of Dispute Resolution 6.0 SUCCESS AND FAILURES OF WTO 29 7.0 WTO AND 3RD WORLD RELATED ISSUES 35 7.1 Who are the Least Developed Countries? 7.2 Who Are the Developing Countries? 7.3 Issues Relating to 3rd World Countries 7.4 Action Plan for the Least Developed Countries 8.0 CHALLENGES FACED BY WTO 42 8.1 Overloading the WTO 8.2 Decision Making 8.3 The role of overlapping unimplemented commitments from the Uruguay Round with new issues from the Doha Round 8.4 Regionalism 8.5 Eroding national sovereignty 8.6 Asymmetry between goods and service liberalization 8.7 Protecting intellectual property 8.8 Asymmetry between public and private trade restrictive Measures 8.9 Shooting at a moving target: Protectionism in disguise 8.10 Doha Development Agenda 8.11 A Healthy WTO 8.12...
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...BANGLADESH TRADE POLICY SUPPORT PROGRAMME Comprehensive Trade Policy Of Bangladesh - Draft Final, 15.09.14 - Trade Policy Support Programme (TPSP) Project Task Force – HAK Tower (2nd floor) 3/C-1 Karwan Bazar, Dhaka 1215, Bangladesh 0 BANGLADESH TRADE POLICY SUPPORT PROGRAMME TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Abbreviations ........................................................................................................................ 6 Preamble ....................................................................................................................................... 10 Chapter 1: Rationale, Objectives and Constituents ..................................................................... 11 1.1 Rationale .............................................................................................................................. 11 1.2 Objectives ............................................................................................................................ 14 1.3 Constituents............................................................................................................... 16 1.3.1 Trade in Goods....................................................................................................... 16 1.3.2 Trade in Services and Investment.......................................................................... 17 1.3.3 Behind the Border Policies ....................................................................................
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...Deardorff's Glossary of International Economics - A - Above the line |In balance of payments[->0] accounting, this refers to those transactions that are included in calculating the balance of payments surplus[->1] or deficit. Transactions below the line, typically official reserve transactions[->2] and sometimes short term capital flows[->3], are not included. | Absolute advantage |The ability to produce a good at lower cost, in terms of real resources, than another country. In a Ricardian model[->4], cost is in terms of only labor. Absolute advantage is neither necessary nor sufficient for a country to export a good. See comparative advantage[->5]. | Absolute advantage trade policy |The idea, advocated by opponents of globalization[->6], that a country should import only goods in which other countries have an absolute advantage[->7], particularly goods that the importing country cannot (or cannot "reasonably") produce itself. | Absolute Purchasing Power Parity |See purchasing power parity[->8]. | Absorption |Total demand for final goods and services by all residents (consumers, producers, and government) of a country (as opposed to total demand for that country's output). The term was introduced as part of the Absorption Approach[->9]. | Absorption approach |A way of understanding the determinants of the balance of trade, noting that it is equal to income minus absorption. Due to Alexander (1952)[->10] | Abundant |Available in large supply. Usually meaningful...
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