...Multiple births are rare in humans. Twins are the most common form of a multiple pregnancy. About one in eighty-sevens births result in twins. Most of the time, twins are found as fraternal or identical. Siamese, polar body, and sesquizygotic twins are very rare types of twins. The total number of births of twins remains fairly constant, but the birth of fraternal twins alter greatly. The determination of the type of twins is based on how the embryos develop. The birth of twins can occur in two different ways, the fertilization of a single egg or the fertilization of two eggs. In the case of dizygotic twins, the woman’s ovaries release two eggs at the same time, with each being fertilized by two male sperms, and fraternal twins begin to develop. Each fetus lies within its own membrane in two separate sacs, with two separate placentas. The two zygotes do not share blood vessels. Both zygotes develop differently, each having a different genetic coding. They can be both girls, both boys, or a single girl and a single boy. Because each embryo develops on its own from different genetic characteristics, dizygotic twins resemble family characteristics, as do brother and sister. Dizygotic twins share on average about 50% of the same genetic material. Dizygotic Twins Diagram The births of monozygotic twins take place much differently than the birth of fraternal twins. Identical twins originate from a single egg, fertilized similarly to a single pregnancy. A change transpires...
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...Research Paper: Does Twin Language as child effect language later Chloe Wilborn B00745993 October 4, 2013 Introduction To me personally Twins is an interesting topic because I have a twin sister. Although we are not identical, we are so much alike. Language and communication are also important because they are the foundation of a society. A society must have credible and solid language. I wanted to research the communication between twins, because I wanted to know if being so close to one person effected their communications with others. Does the bond that twins have restrict them from closely communicating with someone that is not their twin? It’s suggested that growing up all twins have a twin language that they use to only talk to one another and no one else can understand it. I also wanted to know if that language between the twins ultimately would cause problems in language later for them. My sister and I did have a twin language and I also wanted to know if that could have had an effect on us. Article Summaries Thorpe, K. (2006). Twin children's language development. Early Human Development, 82(6), 387-395. doi:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2006.03.012 The purpose of this experiment was to study the delay in language in comparison between twins and single born children. On average, twins have scored lower than single born children on range of tests of verbal understanding. This was especially true in male twins though. Thorpe (2006) used twins from 20 months to 11 years...
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...Dreaded Darkness “The End of the Party” by Graham Greene is a short story about fear. A young boy named Francis Morton has an extreme phobia of darkness. Although his twin brother Peter continuously tries to comfort his brother’s fear, there is little he can do. Francis reminds his mother, nanny, and peers of his terrible fear throughout the story, but they all excuse it and believe it to be silly. Tragically, undermining his terrible fear has a price. The first example of fear in the story is when Francis tries to excuse himself from the party he is supposed to attend later that afternoon. He knows that if he goes he will be forced to play hide-and-seek in the dark and he is afraid. Francis fakes an illness and although he does not have an illness, he still feels sick from fear. Greene writes, “It was true he felt ill, a sick empty sensation in his stomach and a rapidly beating heart, but he knew the cause was only fear” (183). The extent of Francis’s fear is beginning to be revealed. Both his nanny and his mother encourage him to go to the party. They do not realize the seriousness of his fear, nor do they question his resistance to his attendance at the party. His fear is beyond himself and it affects his physical being as well. Francis’s fear of the dark is not an ordinary fear, but something very serious and almost unbearable. The next example of fear in the story is when Francis is at the party and again tries to come up with excuses to leave and avoid...
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...Twins Photo: Twins A Thing or Two About Twins They have the same piercing eyes. The same color hair. One may be shy, while the other loves meeting new people. Discovering why identical twins differ—despite having the same DNA—could reveal a great deal about all of us. By Peter Miller Photograph by Martin Schoeller Every summer, on the first weekend in August, thousands of twins converge on Twinsburg, Ohio, a small town southeast of Cleveland named by identical twin brothers nearly two centuries ago. They come, two by two, for the Twins Days Festival, a three-day marathon of picnics, talent shows, and look-alike contests that has grown into one of the world's largest gatherings of twins. Dave and Don Wolf of Fenton, Michigan, have been coming to the festival for years. Like most twins who attend, they enjoy spending time with each other. In fact, during the past 18 years, the 53-year-old truckers, whose identical beards reach down to their chests, have driven more than three million miles together, hauling everything from diapers to canned soup from places like Seattle, Washington, to Camden, New Jersey. While one sits at the wheel of their diesel Freightliner, the other snoozes in the bunk behind him. They listen to the same country gospel stations on satellite radio, share the same Tea Party gripes about big government, and munch on the same road diet of pepperoni, apples, and mild cheddar cheese. On their days off they go hunting or fishing together. It's a way...
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...University of Phoenix Material Nature, Nurture or an Interaction? For the following examples, decide whether the situation is a result of nature, nurture, or an interaction of the two. Explain your reasoning. Peter Peter, a 2-year-old only child, displays a bad temper by running to his room and slamming the door when he is angry. Is this nature, nurture, or an interaction? |I think that this is a result of nurture. | Justify your answer: |I think that his display of having a bad temper is an outcry for attention. | Amelia Amelia receives high marks in math. Amelia’s mother is surprised because she never did well in math. Is this nature, nurture, or an interaction? |I think that this is a result of nurture. | Justify your answer: |I think this is nature. Because of Amelia’s mother never doing well in math, Amelia probably sought any help from outside of the home and | |not from her mother. | Chauncey Chauncey almost drowned in the pool when he was 5-years old. Susequently. He is afraid to go swimming years after the experience. Is this nature, nurture, or an interaction? |This is a result of nature | Justify your answer: |What he experienced outside of the home has affected how he handles and deals...
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...Genetic Factors are those that we inherit through our parents, they are used to explain why aggression runs through families. Genetic factors play a role in aggressive behaviour and lies within an individual’s genetic make-up. Psychologists, look at twin studies to try and find evidence on a genetic basis to compare the degree of similarity of aggression between sets of monozygotic (MZ) twins and dizygotic (DZ) twins. A lot of the time, it is found that aggressive behaviour is more highly correlated in MZ twins than DZ twins. An example of this would be when McGuffin and Gottesman found a concordance rate of 87% for aggressive behaviour in MZ twins, compared with 72% for DZ twin pairs. However we cannot just rely on evidence from twin studies because they can be problematic as it is hard to disentangle nature and nurture. Many have suggested that MZ twins are treated more alike and share more similar environments than DZ twins because they act more like 'one' person rather than two separate people. This may affect how alike they are and how likely they are to express aggression. Researchers have also identified a number of genes that can potentially cause aggression. Although no individual gene for aggression has been identified in humans, a gene responsible for the production of the protein MAOA has been associated with aggressive behaviour. MAOA regulates the metabolism of serotonin in the brain. Low levels of serotonin have been associated with aggression. In 1993, a study...
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...Child development is the biological, psychological and emotional changes that occur in human beings between birth and the end of adolescence. There are (3) developmental domains or, changes from birth to adolescence. One of the three domains or changes are of the physical nature. A child is constantly growing and changing and developing motor skills, learning to crawl, play, or take the first step etc. The physical well-being of the child can depend on the nutritional state of health. However, mental illnesses can slow down the process of a child’s growth or motor skills if the brain is not functioning properly. Aside from the physical change of child development, There is also a cognitive state that must take place. The child must be able to obtain information and experience things as an individual. This will impact awareness of whom they are, and provide memories to shape who they will grow to be, as an adolescence. Another change in development is brought out by the interaction with people and surroundings in a child’s life. This is known as the social- emotional growth stage. With these experiences and the observing of other people. A great impact on the molding of the personality of the child takes place, and how they respond to certain situations. Did mom and dad coddle their child? Did this correspond with their child’s neediness or clinginess to be held during the toddler years? Some influences in a child’s development include...
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...LESSON FIVE & SIX – ALL YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT EATING DISORDERS ------------------------------------------------- Specification link: You will be able to outline and evaluate: ------------------------------------------------- Biological, including neural and evolutionary, explanations of anorexia nervosa ------------------------------------------------- Psychology explanations of anorexia nervosa Outline and description of theories | Research evidence and commentary | IntroductionThe DSM-IV Rev identifies three categories of eating disorder: * Anorexia nervosa 1. AN -restricting type – refusal to eat 2. AN- binge eating/purging type – episodes of binge eating followed by removal of food from the body by vomiting, laxatives, or enemas.Both of these are associated with significant weight loss and the other symptoms of AN. * Bulimia nervosa – episodes of binging followed by removal of food from the body by vomiting, laxatives, or enemas (no significant weight loss). * Eating disorders not otherwise specified (EDNOS)The four major symptoms of anorexia nervosa are: * The body weight is 85% or less of normal weight for age and height * Distorted perception of body weight/shape, and/or denial that the weight loss is severe * Intense fear of becoming fat * Loss of three consecutive menstrual cycles in women (amenorrhoea)Anorexia nervosa (AN) and Bulimia nervosa (BN) have much in common, particularly a dissatisfaction with body weight and/or shape....
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...her old flat without any way of communicating. But eventually after long time, she finds a way to get in touch with her nieces and her old lover, Robert. When Elspeth died, she left all of her belongings, including the flat, to her twin sister’s twin daughters, Julia and Valentina. This surprised everyone, as Elspeth and her sister, Edie, had not spoken with each other for twenty years. We later realize out that the twins switched identities, because when Edie, who actually was called Elspeth, was engaged to her husband, Jack, he started to be flirtatious towards Elspeth, who was Edie at the time. So they started to impersonate each other to test him. But even though Jack knew they had switched, he played along and fell in love with “Edie” and broke off the engagement with Elspeth and asked “Edie” to marry him. But in the meantime Elspeth had slept with Jack and was pregnant with the twins, so she moved in with him and raised the twins, though it was Edie he had married. When the twins were about four months old, they switched back and Edie came to live with Jack. But Elspeth was actually the real mother of Valentina and Julia. Valentina and Julia are identical twins, w ho are inseparable and do everything together. Julia is the more dominant twin and...
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...Twin Brothers Audience: Best friend "Clustering" was the prewriting technique that I used to generate ideas and to also help visualize how the ideas might logically relate. As clustering help generate some ideas, it also gave me a sense of organization. Clustering was very beneficial with this week assignment because it allowed me to see how the various facts and ideas might be logically related. On the surface, my brother and I are very identical, yet we have our own distinctive personalities. At times we may have similar connections, but at the end of the day we are each our own individual (or you could use person) own individual . My twin brother and I love to play extreme sports. My brother loves to play basketball and I football. One day, while my brother was playing basketball at the courtyard, he fell and landed on his left arm and was taken to the hospital. After a check-up, Doctors doctors found he had broken his left arm. A few weeks later, I was playing football after school and got tackled down to the ground, where I and landed and injured my left arm. I was taken to the hospital and after a check-up; , Doctors doctors found that I had broken my left arm. My brother and I have many memories where many coincidence coincidental accidents have happened to us, ; however, the connection we do have, and our distinctive personalities, helped us move forward with whatever life threw at us. Hello Matthew- some of the rewording I entered above is just...
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...(Sternberg & Kaufman, 2001). The conceptualization of intelligence is still not set for certain as there are many different measures of intelligence. There is no standard measurement for intelligence and so there is no universal agreement of what intelligence actually is either (Plomin & McClearn, 1993). The research of intelligence found many different factors that determine the intelligence of an individual. The role of biology and genetic inheritance in the determination of intelligence is quite crucial. The genetic inheritance can be found out through how the child inherits the intelligence of the parent through IQ tests When mentioning the biology of intelligence, apart from the genetic inheritance that has to be researched through twin studies and adoption studies, hormones and neurotransmitters also has to be looked into in order to find out the biology of intelligence. The amount of nutrients that a child receives inside the uterus and after birth seems to affect the intelligence of a child. Breastfeeding especially, has been a topic of interest as there are some pieces of research that suggests breastfeeding is able to affect intelligence. Stress and drug exposure have also been key to how it can affect intelligence...
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...If you are a twin like me, you know what it is like to be called your sibling’s name. It usually isn’t a big deal to the twin, but it may be a little embarrassing for the person that was doing the name calling. Keaton and I have been called each other’s names for about 18 years now. After reading this paper, you will realize that there are many more differences than similarities between us. When you see us both coming down the hallway, you may have a struggle to decide who is who. As you are trying to decide, we are getting closer and closer. You look at everything you can to possibly tell a difference but you just can’t. If you look closely, however, Keaton is actually about an inch taller than me. Actually it is about ¾ of an inch but we have always been taught to round up....
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...Twins are most commonly known as two beings that were born at the same time and have many similar characteristics, sometimes they look exactly alike and sometimes they do not. It is interesting to view two characters that had never known or met one another as doubles, such is the case of Bertha and Jane in the novel Jane Eyre. Jane who is a poor English clergyman’s daughter was raised in a charity school; Bertha on the other hand is an exotic Creole, and a wealthy Jamaican planter’s spoiled daughter. Furthermore, how is it that these two distinct characters could be considered each other’s double? Despite the clear contrast in characterization between Jane and Bertha, it is important to note similarities in their lives at Thornfield. While Jane feels figuratively trapped, Bertha is...
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...CAN PERSONALITY BE CHANGED?(summary) This article discusses about the role of beliefs in personality and change. In general people with malleable beliefs do better in all aspects compared to fixed believers. The author says that the malleable belief theory CAN be taught. She showed two examples (Identical twins cases of James Springer-James Lewis and Barbara Herbert-Daphne Goodship) of how certain things happen that makes people think that personality is planted in our genes and is not able to be changed. Beliefs are in fact an essential part of personality. In the study by Aronson, Fried and good, students were shown a film to teach them malleable belief theory. The film demonstrates how the brain is able of making new connections throughout the life and how it grows in response to intellectual challenge. They emphasized the students that brain is malleable and that intelligence expands with hard work. These students did well compared to other students in their semester activities. In the other example, when students were praised for their intelligence, they moved towards a fixed belief theory. This praise made them challenge-avoidant and vulnerable, such that when they hit obstacles their confidence, enjoyment, and performance decline. When students were praised for their effort or strategies (their process), they instead took on a more malleable theory. They were eager to learn and highly flexible in the face of difficulty. Expectations of positive or negative...
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...Sexual Orientation & Identity Manuel (Matthew) Custodio The Brain, The Body and The Mind: All Together Now (Psy/240) 10/21/11 Instructor: Tana Warren Sexual Orientation & Identity There are many different perspectives relating to a person sexual orientation and identity, which will be examine. When examining sexual orientation there are three different types, which are heterosexual (attraction to the opposite sex), homosexual (attraction to same sex) and bisexual (attraction to both sexes) (Pinel, 2009). One perspective is orientation is link with genetics; finding that twin brothers with similar DNA were 52% of monozygotic twin brothers and 22% of the dizygotic twin brothers were homosexual (Pinel, 2009). Women had similar results with 48% for monozygotic twins and 16% for dizygotic twins female were homosexual (Pinel, 2009). However, no gene has been found to confirm or deny the claim that sexual orientation is genetic (Pinel, 2009). Another perspective is that perinatal hormones has an effect on sexual orientation in humans (Pinel, 2009). The support for this comes from the quasiexperimental study of Ehrhardt and in this study they interviewed adult women that was exposed to estrogen during pregnancy (Pinel, 2009). These women children that were exposed to the estrogen were more likely to be attracted to women (Pinel, 2009). Last, perspective is that sexual orientation is a matter of choice is consider to be a false assumption; people discover...
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