...the actions that occur in the child's life now affect her later development? Similarities of Freud and Erikson Sigmund Freud's psychosexual theory and Erik Erikson's psychosocial theory are two important psychoanalytic theories on human development that could be used to explain the developmental effects of this scenario. In this lesson, we will examine what these two theories have in common and how they differ. Erikson's theory followed Freud's and was based on many of Freud's ideas. Because of this, the two theories have similarities. Both theorists recognize the importance of the unconscious on development. They also both separate development into stages of a person's life and utilize similar age divisions for these developmental stages. Differences of Freud and Erikson However, there are several differences that exist between the names of the stages and the developmental issues that are encountered during each. Part of the reason for this is that each psychologist has his own unique view of what drives a person's development. Freud's psychosexual theory emphasizes the importance of basic needs and biological forces, while Erikson's psychosocial theory is based upon social and environmental factors. Erikson also expands his theory into adulthood, while Freud's theory ends at an earlier period. Psychosexual vs. Psychosocial Stages Now, let's briefly look at Freud's...
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...Sigmund Freud is known as one of the most influential and recognized names in the field of psychology. Freud was one of the founding fathers of psychology and had many contributions such as the Oedipus complex, Freudian Slips and Dream Analysis to name a few. His study of the psychology on the mind and repressed feelings all attribute to his contributions to psychology. One of Freud’s most interesting was on Dream Analysis which encompasses the symbolism in the mind during the dreaming stage of the sleep cycle. Sigmund Freud was born in Austria in 1856 and studied as a neurologist and psychiatrist at the University of Vienna. While at the university he presented his studies on psychodynamics in Ernest Wilhelm von Brucke’s Lectures of Physiology. Later in 1879, Freud completed his studies and obtained his Dr. Med with his thesis on the spinal cord of lower fish species. Freud opened his own practice in 1886 focusing on Neurology. At his practice, Freud started initially used hypnosis to help his neurotic patients, but then stopped in favor of the psychotherapeutic approach. Patients would relay their feelings through speech, also coined as the “talking cure” by Anna O, one of Freud’s patients. As Freud continued his studies, he believed that sexual interaction hindered ones accomplishments in life and so he ceased sexual relations with his wife. According to Freud’s biographer, Ernest Jones, Freud was absolutely celibate “in order to sublimate the libido for creative purposes...
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...Personality Overview Paper Joyce Walker PSY/405 September 5, 2011 George Lawrence-Ell Personality Overview Paper Psychodynamic theories of personality have been identified as the work of Sigmund Freud. These theories emphasize the influence of the unconscious mind and childhood experiences on personality. Psychodynamic theories include Sigmund Freud's psychosexual theory and Erik Erikson’s psychosocial stages of development. Freud believed the three main elements of personality were I'd, the ego and the superego. The id is the particle for all needs and urges, the superego is responsible for ideals and moral and the ego mmediates between the demands of the id, the superego, and reality. Erikson believed that personality elevated through a series of stages, with ccomplex conflicts arising at every stage. The perseverance in any stage depends upon overcoming these conflicts. According to Sigmund Freud, personality is pretty much established by the age of five. Early childhood experiences play a large role in the development of personality and continue to socialize behavior throughout their life. Freud's theory of psychosexual development is one of the best known, but also one of the most controversial. Freud believed that personality develops through a series of childhood stages. During these stages, the pleasure-seeking energies of the id become focused on certain erogenous areas. This psychosexual energy, also known as libido, is described as the force...
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...Chapter 2-3-Module 2 Sigmund Freud and the Development of Psychoanalysis The Psychoanalytic Approach to Psychology Ashley Zajac Metropolitan Community College Sigmund Freud was an Austrian neurologist who was very well known for his study of the body and the mind. Freud became known as the founding father of Psychoanalysis, a clinical method for treating psychopathology through dialogue between a patient and a psychoanalyst. Freud worked to develop techniques such as the use of free association, the process in which a patient recites their thoughts without reservation spontaneously. He also discovered transference, the process to which patients speak of feelings to their analysts derived from their childhood attachments. Freud’s work with Psychoanalysis helped him further develop other theories or explanations for the way humans are the way they are including his redefinition of sexuality which formulated the Oedipus complex as the central tenet of the psychoanalytical theory. Freud focused his work mostly on the mind and received many critiques and criticism of his accomplishments. Psychoanalysis emphasized the influence of the unconscious mind on behavior and the main idea that eventually evolved from the development of psychoanalysis is that neurotic symptoms are the result of conflicts within the patient. Neurotic symptoms for example could be phobias, obsessions or compulsions. In Freud’s study of psychoanalysis, he also determined that the mind was composed of...
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...Psychoanalytic Paper Donald Jenkins PSY/310 October Saturday, 2014 Professor Sarah James-Felton Psychoanalytic Paper “Thought is action in rehearsal” – Sigmund Freud Psychoanalysis is the observations of individuals are unaware of factors that determine their behaviors and emotions. This paper will discuss the foundation and components of psychoanalysis. Also this paper will cover the contributions as well as criticism of the psychoanalytic models of explaining human behavior. Psychoanalysis focuses on the unconscious, which during the beginning was a subject ignored by other systems of thought. The foundation of psychoanalysis has many contributors and goes back as far as the eighteenth century. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibnitz (1646-1716) was a German philosopher and mathematician that developed the idea called monadology. Leibnitz’s idea was the psychics are elements of reality and not made up of physical matter, which are mental in nature. Leibnitz believed that mental events which are composed if monads had a different degree of consciousness and were called petites perceptions (Schultz, 2011). Johann Friedrich Herbart (1776-1841) also a German philosopher had refined Leibnitz’s theory of the unconscious to the concept of the threshold of consciousness. Arguing that ideas in the mind rise to the conscious level of awareness. So in order for these ideas to rise to a conscious level of awareness it must be already relevant in the minds consciousness (Schultz, 2011)...
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...Born on December 3, 1895, Anna Freud was the youngest daughter of Sigmund and Martha Freud’s six children. As a young girl, Anna was always fighting for Martha's attention. Constantly in the shadows of older sister Sophie’s beauty, Anna learned to loath Sophie and Martha and took to her father. Anna was continuously reading the works of Sigmund and became instantly interested in psychoanalysis. As Anna grew, she began to work with Sigmund exploring the idea of psychoanalysis and together they turned it into one of the most widely used methods of psychology. The mutual interest in psychoanalysis brought father and daughter together and formed a close bond between them. Sigmund stated in his book “The Interpretation of Dreams” that, “Annerl had a masculine appetite and aggression, and is beautiful with naughtiness” (Hernandaz, 2008). When Anna was around seventeen years old, she took a two year vacation in which she stayed in Vienna with her grandmother. At the time, Anna was suffering from an illness that was then called, “it”, but can be safely labeled as depression (Hernandaz, 2008). While on vacation, Sigmund wrote to his daughter often and offered advice on how to overcome the “it” she was suffering from. Half way through the vacation however, Anna received a letter from Sigmund stating she was not invited to her sister Sophie’s wedding and subsequently, Anna was once again overtaken with depression. After her two year stay in Vienna, Anna, "...worked as an elementary school...
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...motivation within the workplace will rely on four distinctive motives, such as the drive to acquire and achieve expectations, drive to bond and be involved in like minded and/or desirable social groups, drive to learn and comprehend opportunities and challenges and the drive to defend yourself and that these “four drive theory is balance between and among drives so they can compliment and regulate each other. For this reason, I chose Sigmund Freud’s theory of Drive. I chose the theory as I have seen many depictions of driven behaviors. As we have the need to eat, breath, sleep and etcetera, we live throughout life needing to progress, succeed, to rise above our expectations and desires. According to Sigmund Freud’s Drive theory, the theory describes the motivation elements of driven behavior as “that all behavior was motivated and that the purpose of behavior was to serve the satisfaction of need,” along with drive mounting “as a sort of emergency warning system that action needed to be taken” (Reeve, 2009,). In this paper I will discuss how Sigmund Freud’s theory of drive would be applicable or not applicable applied in different working environments on the basis of experience. Applicable I provide consultation with a healthcare organization in the Northwest and there are circumstances...
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...Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development is one of the best-known theories of personality in psychology. Much like Sigmund Freud, Erikson believed that personality develops in a series of stages. Unlike Freud’s theory of psychosexual stages, Erikson’s theory describes the impact of social experience across the whole lifespan. One of the main elements of Erikson’s psychosocial stage theory is the development of ego identity. Ego identity is the conscious sense of self that we develop through social interaction. Erikson believed people experience a conflict that serves as a turning point in development. In Erikson’s view, these conflicts are centered on either developing a psychological quality or failing to develop that quality. During these times, the potential for personal growth is high, but so is the potential for failure. The first stage of Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development (Trust vs. Mistrust) occurs between birth and one year of age and is the most fundamental stage in life. Because an infant is utterly dependent, the development of trust is based on the dependability and quality of the child’s caregivers. If a child successfully develops trust, he or she will feel safe and secure in the world. Caregivers who are inconsistent, emotionally unavailable, or rejecting contribute to feelings of mistrust in the children they care for. Failure to develop trust will result in fear and a belief that the world is inconsistent and unpredictable. The second stage...
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...Psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud is considered to be the father of psychology by his supporters and his adversaries. Many may choose to disagree with his theories but none would deny that it raised interest, controversy, discussions, research and more theories. Many of Freud’s theories are perceived to be appalling in today’s society but especially so for his generation. His theories were enormously influential, but subject to considerable criticism both now and during his own life. Sample of these major theories are The Conscious and Unconscious Mind in which Freud believed that behavior and personality derives from the constant and unique interaction of conflicting psychological forces that operate at three different levels of awareness which are the preconscious, the conscious, and the unconscious. The Id, Ego and Superego which states that personality is composed of three elements which are known to be the id, ego and superego. Psychosexual Development which describes how personality develops during childhood. Defense Mechanisms or ways that we protect ourselves from things that we don't want to think about or deal with. Freudian Slips which is a verbal or memory mistake that is believed to be linked to the unconscious mind. And the Interpretation of Dreams in which Freud explained that our dreams have manifest content which refers to the surface meaning or the conscious description and the latent content which refers to its unconscious material. Sigmund Freud was a trailblazer...
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...Developmental psychology Kohlberg’s Moral Development Theory: Kohlberg’sMoral judgment data from a longitudinal study of 26 undergraduates are scored by Kohlberg’s newly revised manual and replicate his original finding that a significant percentage of subjects appear to regress from adolescence to adulthood. The persistence of relativistic regression in these data suggests the need to revise the theory. The same hypothetical moral dilemmas are also scored according to an alternative coding scheme based on the hypothesis of an adult form of cognitive development. Results indicate that the Kohlberg regressors are progressors when evaluated against a standard of commitment in relativism instead of absolute principles of justice. Real-life data on the same subjects suggest that this progression is related to actual experiences of moral conflict and choice which lead to the restructuring of moral judgment to a more dialectical mode. It is suggested that this alternative notion of postconventional development is necessary for understanding (and scoring) adult moral judgment. Piaget's theory of cognitive development: Piaget's theory of cognitive development is a comprehensive theory about the nature and development of human intelligence, first developed by Jean Piaget. It is primarily known as a developmental stage theory, but in fact, it deals with the nature of knowledge itself and how humans come gradually to acquire, construct, and use it. To Piaget, cognitive development was...
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...This essay requires a basic fundamental understanding of Freudian theories and their contributions to psychological therapies. The theory of psychosexual development is contentious and the aims of this essay is explore what legacy Freud has given to modern therapy and whether it is at all helpful in the understanding of client presenting issues. Sigmund (Sigismund) Freud was born to a large Jewish Family on May 6th1856 in Pribor in The Czech Republic – formally Freiberg, Moravia, the family settled in Vienna where he studied medicine and practised as a neurologist. During work with Josef Breuer in 1892 and later with Jean Charcot in Paris he was taken by the ability to recall painful experiences under hypnosis. He founded that the mind was a complex energy system and that there is more to psychology than what is immediately available to the conscious mind, surmising that by gaining insight into unconscious thoughts and motivations, a client could be cured of his neurosis; at the time his ideas were seen as shocking, - and albeit controversial, are now accepted as commonplace, with modifications and variants, in therapy today. Freud was certainly not the originator of the concept of the unconscious; this was largely developed by the man Freud regarded as “the Great Fechner”, Gustav Fechner (1801-1887)- bestowing his work with prodigious enthusiasm, Freud declared that he had “followed that thinker on many important points” (Freud, 1925) Link S. (unknown). The Freud Encyclopaedia...
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...Karen Horney-Pioneer in Woman Psychology Latascha Purdie PSY 310 June 4, 2012 Professor Meadowlark Karen Horney-Pioneer in Woman Psychology Men dominated the world of psychology but in 1885 a woman was born that was going to challenge his or her theories. Karen Horney was considered a pioneer theorist in personality, psychoanalysis and “feminine psychology.” Her life and works contributed to the change in how female psychology was looked at and studied. From birth to death Karen Horney was born September 16, 1885 in Blankenese, Germany that is near Hamburg, to a family of seven. Her mother Clothilde Marie was the second wife of widower Berndt Danielsen, and he was in his 40s when Horney was born (Hitchcock, 2005). She had little interaction with him because he was always away at work and during the times he was home, his four older children required most of his attention. She was very close to her mother and younger brother, so to her that was her family. In those times girls went to school up until 8th grade and after that they were groomed to be wife’s and mothers. This was not what Horney wanted to do and her opportunity came because in 1894 the first Gymnasium (our equivalent of high school) for girls opened in Baden, Germany, and finally in 1900 they started to offer classes for girls in the Gymnasium in Hamburg (Hitchcock, 2005). Horney was determined to join because the plans she had laid out for herself was to one-day attend a university. Both of her parents...
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...“Evaluate the extent to which Freud's theory of psychosexual development can help us to understand a client's presenting issue.” The main aim of this essay is to demonstrate an understanding of Freud’s theory of psychosexual development and how this theory may help us to explain and identify adult neurotic behaviour. I shall be evaluating the pros and cons of psychosexual theory and the extent to which it helps us to understand a client’s presenting issue. I shall also define and consider the relationship between the Id, Ego and Superego and the way in which these constructs of our psyche are in many ways representative of earlier experiences and of those early situations and conflicts we had faced. Lastly, I will examine some of the criticisms that have been leveled at Freudian theory in order to evaluate it. In Freudian psychology, psychosexual development is a central element of the psychoanalytic sexual drive theory; that human beings, from birth, possess an instinctual libido (sexual energy), that develops in five stages. Each stage – the oral, the anal, the phallic, the latent, and the genital – is characterized by the erogenous zone that is the source of the libidinal drive. Sigmund Freud proposed that if the child experienced sexual frustration in relation to any psychosexual developmental stage, s/he would experience anxiety that would persist into adulthood as a neurosis, a functional mental disorder Freud (1905) stressed that the first five years of life are...
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...Sigmund Freud was born in Monrovia on May 6,1856. He entered the University of Vienna in 1873 at the age of 17. He finished his degree in 1881. Freud died in England in 1939. He was an active therapist, theorist and writer to the very end. ( Ewen 19-20) Erich Fromm was born four years after Freud in 1900 in Frankfurt, Germany. Unlike Freud, Fromm had no medical training in his background. He received his PHD from the University of Heidelberg and later studied at Berlin Psychoanalytic Institute. Erich Fromm died March 16, 1980 in Switzerland. (Ewen 187) While Freud and Fromm were contemporaries and shared some basic beliefs, their approach to most issues varied greatly. Freud’s attitude was purely scientific. Fromm desired to humanize things. Fromm accepted the importance of unconscious, biological drives, repression and defense mechanisms, but rejected Freud’s theory of id, ego and superego. Fromm did not believe in specific developmental stages. “He believed that the growing child slowly learns to distinguish between “I and not I”, through contact with the environment, notably those involving the parents.”(Ewen 194) Fromm contends that personality development continues into adulthood. He believes that if a child keeps up with the increasing feelings of isolation, that anxiety can be kept to a minimal and personality development proceeds normally. Freud’s well-known theory is that the personality is determined during the first five years of life. He believes we proceed through...
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...Many things have been written and said in the media, both pro and con, about perhaps the most polarizing individual in America today. Opinions and emotions are very strong concerning the current President, and even some well known mental health professionals as recently as last Tuesday held a panel discussion in Washington D.C. titled “The Increasingly Dangerous Case of Donald Trump” [1]. It was claimed that the President’s “mental instability” was supported by now well-known examples of exaggeration, lying, and personal vanity. Although many politicians and public figures are controversial because of these behaviors, I thought it would be interesting to examine and explain Donald Trump’s personality using two different perspectives: Freud’s...
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