...From Nightingale to Now: The Evolution of Nursing and Nursing Theory Student Name Professor Name Course Name and Number School Name Date The profession of nursing has come a long way in the past century. In the 1880s nurses had a reputation as being “drunken, dishonest, and disreputable” (Hoyt, 2010); today, Americans rank nursing as the most ethical profession in the field of health care (Hoyt, 2010). Florence Nightingale was single-handedly responsible for changing not just the way nursing is conducted, but also changing public perception of the nursing profession. In the years since Nightingale established nursing as a serious and legitimate profession, many theories have been developed that continue to codify and define what nursing is and how nurses can best serve their patients. At the core of all these theories remains the most important concept Nightingale established: nurses must have a “single eye to the patient’s good” (Hoyt, 2010). The foundational paradigm of Nightingale’s approach to nursing was strict adherence to a code of ethics. Nightingale insisted that her students be “sober and truthful” (Hoyt, 2010) and that they treat patients in an ethical manner. Nightingale...
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...Evolution of Nursing Theories Sandra Porazzo Perry Laboure Evolution of Nursing Theories The article introduction to Nursing Theory: Its significance and analysis (Alligood, n.d., p. 2) talks about the history of nursing and how nursing has evolved from just a skill /task based practice through the use of academic curriculum from theory development. I feel the author chose to write about the history of nursing theory secondary to the importance of these different era’s and that because of these evidence based practices had led to the standards of practice for the nurses of today. The Author is talking about how through the evolution of practice that is theory based nursing has moved from a task/skilled based practice to a recognized profession, and will continue to grow related to continued education and theory based evidence. This will allow nurse through system knowledge be able to better care for our patients. The implications for nurse is that we are better able to systematically analyze data and information critically which will be beneficial to society as a whole. For ne the most important aspects of this article are how nursing as moved from just a skills based practice to an evidence based profession has truly made for better outcomes for all patients as evidenced by longer, healthier lives we all live. In conclusion this article has made me realize how much theory enables us to systematically understand what is happening, and through this process we are...
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...The Significance of Having a Multidisciplinary Team 3 Abstract The growing prevalence and hospital acquired pressure ulcers is an immediate concern. The major challenge is the A major challenge is the lack of knowledge and skills in wound identification, management, treatment and prevention. This, along with other factors, creates poor patient care and vast costs to the pertinent facilities. The solution is to have interprofessional collaboration. The utilization of current advanced practice nursing staff as a resource for floor nurses and other involved healthcare workers is a must. This would obtain certification in wound care and be responsible for the ongoing continued education for wound prevention, monitoring and maintenance. The staff will be educated and trained at quarterly intervals on wound identification, staging, prevention, maintenance and monitoring. Key words: wound care, evaluation, pressure ulcers, multidisciplinary, specialist, evidence The Significance of Having a Multidisciplinary Team 4 Problem Identified The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) declared in October of 2008 that it will no longer provide reimbursement for hospital acquired pressure ulcers (HAPUs) because it is a preventable occurrence (CMS, 2014). Even though the percentages of occurrences have declined since then, HAPUs continue to cause financial strain on institutions (estimated $9.1- $11.6 billion dollars loss annually)...
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...HEALTH SCIENCE JOURNAL ® VOLUME 5, ISSUE 4 (2011) The Value and Significance of Knowing the Patient for Professional Practice, according to the Carper’s Patterns of Knowing Marianna Mantzorou 1, Dimos Mastrogiannis 2 1. RN, MSc, Lecturer, Department of Nursing Β΄, Technological Educational Institute (TEI) of Athens, Greece 2. RN, MSc, Lecturer, Department of Nursing, Technological Educational Institute (TEI) of Lamia, Greece Abstract Background: Τhe scientific value of man relies upon an extension of a continuous effort of mankind to explain the nature of man. The core issue in nursing is man within his entirety. The aim of the present study was to review the literature about the Knowing the Patient for Professional Practice, according to the Carper’s Patterns of Knowing. Method and material: In this paper the four patterns of knowing according to Carper will be analysed. According to these patterns, a description of the meaning and strategies of " knowing the patient will be made. Finally the significance and value of it will be discussed, with specific referance to: skilled clinical judgement, involvement, patient advocacy, and clinical learning about larger populations. CINAHL and Medline were the basic data bases used for this literature review. Results: The process of knowing encompasses empiric, aesthetic ethic and personal elementsOn the other hand, " knowing the patient‖ acquires two broad dimensions: a) knowing the patient's patterns of responses and b) knowing...
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...Virginia A. Henderson’s Nursing Theory Critique Gaylinn Breeze Maryville University Abstract This paper aims to provide an in depth critique of Henderson’s Nursing Theory using Fawcett’s framework for analysis and evaluation of nursing models. This paper will provide an analysis of the theory based on its scope, context and content. Secondly, the paper will provide an evaluation to unearth its significance, internal consistency, testability, as well as provide empirical and pragmatic adequacy. Lastly, the paper will give a detail of its assumptions and limitations. Virginia A. Henderson’s Nursing Theory Critique Virginia A. Henderson was considered a mother of nursing in the advent of modern day nursing. Her contribution to the nursing system was widely considered as a tool for transforming the nursing practices in health facilities. She gave elaborate guidelines and drew attention of nurses towards what an effective nursing practice would require of them. In her own setup, she carried out research and formulated a theory. Her theory of nursing focused on providing patients with factors that would enhance independence for the patients. In her efforts to transform the patient’s care approach, she acknowledged that basic needs were of primary concern in enabling a functional nursing approach. Her relationship between nursing care and basic needs propagated the ‘Needs Theory’. Scope and...
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...Nursing Theorists A nurse is known for their compassion, ability to assist with healing, and their knowledge. Historically, compassion and ability to follow limited guidelines and doctor orders seems to have been what was required of anyone wanting to be a nurse. Times have been changing over the last 50 years and that change is accelerating. Anyone wanting to become a nurse will need to be medically knowledgeable and more of a clinician than ever before. Yet it is not as though nursing theory has only recently come into existence this century. Real theorists have been hard at work developing the theoretical framework for nursing practice for some time. For whatever reason, one desires to become a nurse, we must all start at the beginning...
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...Differences and in Competencies between Nurses Prepared at Associate-Degree versus the Baccalaureate-Degree Level in Nursing Yolanda Youngblood Grand Canyon University Some will argue that there is Avast difference between nurses that possess a BSN vs those that possess an AND. Nurses with a BSN when compared to nurses with a AND display apparent variances and likenesses when the amount of education in various programs, the years required to obtain a degree, how educational/degree rankings affect delivery of patient’s care and effect, and the various requirements needed for licensing where all analyzed. It is understood that nurses with a BSN and nurses with a AND are held to the same standards, have the same responsibilities and liabilities, and usually work in the same healthcare settings. Nevertheless; a nurse’ professional experience, work setting, and level of education could possibly create a difference in the manner in which said nurse might administer patient care, handle stressful scenarios, and work towards their career trajectory. The direction in which modern technology and the healthcare industry are heading in a nurse’ level of education should be brought to the forefront. There isn’t substantial evidence to prove that nurses with BSNs are better equipped than nurses with ADNs, but there are those in the healthcare sector that are leaning towards requiring nurses to have their BSNs. A BSN is vastly encouraged in the...
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...Grand and Middle Range Theories Meriam Izobo Oakland University Grand and Middle Range Theories When one thinks of the word theory the next thought should be nursing because the foundations of nursing are built from nursing theories. The history of nursing holds a significance to theory in that theories help establish nursing as a profession (Smith & Liehr, 2014). Theories from the past in the Nightingale era and new theories today in the 21st century aid in the guidance of nursing practice and research (Smith & Liehr, 2014). In the twentieth century, nursing was not recognized as an academic discipline or a profession (Alligood, 2013). As theories such as the middle range and grand theories are being brought to the forefront of nursing education, nursing is being viewed now more than ever as a profession. The purpose of this paper is to compare and contrast the middle range and grand theories and discuss how they are relevant to nursing practice. A relevant and important concept for nurses to understand is that theory informs practice and research in the everyday world of nursing and that the existence of nursing is founded on theories (Smith & Liehr, 2014 ). Every procedure, assessment, and nursing intervention is related to and guided by nursing theory and it is every nurses obligation and responsibility to utilize theory into their practice. Theory is a key component in the history of nursing as an academic discipline and it is vital to the practice...
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...encounters. However, a patient’s views and understanding of trustworthiness is yet to be comprehended. Caregivers should internalize and practice trustworthiness thereby enhancing the competency of their job (Hupcey & Miller, 2006). Creating an atmosphere of trust enhances a patient's response to treatment. The concept in professional practices is different when you think about this particular concept with regard to the normal day by day relationship with people such as understandings between (mother and baby, among co-workers, husband and wife or among friends). Trust, however plays a vital role in developing self-confidence in a patient in regards to the care he/she receives from health care professionals. (Hupcey & Miller, 2006). The theory of the study supports classifications that distinctiveness needed in making definitive understanding of the analyzed study (Burns & Grove, 2009). A theoretical understanding originated from the thought based on incident...
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...Synopsis This essay attempts to analyze the theories and underlying models with regard of critical thinking. Firstly the essay examines different theories about critical thinking and relevant evaluations and discussions are followed. Then there are paragraphs demonstrate how critical thinking is linked to real problem thinking and why critical thinking is essential to problem solving especially the management practice. Finally a brief conclusion is drawn at the end of the essay. Diverse materials and references are utilized to cross examine the topic of critical thinking under a reasonably large contextual circumstance. As a project manager, it is of great importance to use critical thinking to understand new information, to evaluate and solve problems and to make sound decisions. Making decisions using critical thinking skills in today's world - a world with increasing number of conflicts, pressure and uncertainty is more imminent than ever before. Organizations and businesses today are confronted with multiple challenges including increasing conflicts brought by economic globalization, fast-paced developing technology and growing diversity. All of these highlight the importance of critical thinking in nowadays society. Critical thinking is the process of collecting and evaluating resources in order to make the most appropriate decision. By adopting critical thinking theory and inferred practice, decision makers such as project managers can effectively deal with these challenges...
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...Florence Nightingale’s Nursing Theory Olivia Briscoe The University of Alabama Capstone College of Nursing NUR 308: Conceptual Foundations of Nursing Fall, 2014 Florence Nightingale’s Nursing Theory Nursing theory serves to distinguish the nursing profession from other professions by delineating shared assumptions; values; and defining the nature, outcome, and purpose of nursing practice (Rutty, 1998). Nursing theory is a concept that provides a description, explanation, prediction, or prescription for various aspects of nursing care. (Meleis, 2011, as cited in Perry, 2013). Nursing theory is integrated and applied to real life situations as opposed to merely remaining a theory. Perry (2013) explains that miscellaneous information is not collected for arbitrary reasons, but instead to incorporate into saving lives and improving the patient’s treatment plan. The purpose of this paper is to identify Florence Nightingale’s specific contributions to nursing theory, to evaluate the current significance of this theory, and to examine how this theory applies to professional nursing. Dossey (2010a) identifies Nightingale as the first to develop a widely known nursing theory and as the founder of contemporary nursing. Her accomplishments are numerous, including creating at least 1000 training schools located in 20 different countries and having them named in her honor (Dossey, 2010a). Perry (2013) identifies Nightingale’s main goal of nursing to be the manipulation of...
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...Culture Care Diversity and Universality Biography of Madeleine Leininger Madeleine Leininger’s theory of Culture Care Diversity and Universality was developed in the 1960’s. The idea for this self-developed theory was constructed after Leininger recognized that nursing’s metaparadigm was missing two major components: care and culture (Leininger & McFarland, 2006). While working on a med-surg unit in the 1940’s, Leininger recognized many patients often reported that nursing care practices helped them get well, stay well, or adjust to another state of well-being ( Leininger & McFarland, 2006). In the 1950’s while working as a child psychiatric mental health nurse, Leininger realized the importance of culture in the care of children of different backgrounds (Leininger, 2001). From these experiences, Leininger reported thoughts of helplessness and culture shock due to her lack of knowledge of cultural factors that influenced nursing care. This led her to pursue doctorial studies in anthropology in the 1960’s. During this time, the theory of Culture Care Diversity and Universality was developed. Brief Examination of Theory The general premise of this theory suggests that people of different cultures can define ways they experience and perceive nursing care and can also relate their experiences to their general health beliefs and practices (George, 2007). Leininger believed that people of different cultures can inform and direct professionals in such a manner to receive...
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...Theory and the Nursing Process Theory and the Nursing Process Theory and the nursing process ensures excellence patient care. There are “six steps in assessment, nursing diagnoses, outcome identification, planning, implementation, and evaluation” (Petiprin, 2015 para.3). The nursing process guides the nurse to perform specific duties and make a decision regarding patient care. A variety of nursing theories are combined into the nursing process. Nursing theories have a strong impact on education, training and development of professional nurses. Nursing and Educational Theories Nursing and educational theories are important in the nursing profession. Nursing and educational methods are used to improve patient outcomes, and to educate the community and individual families. Heath promotion is a nursing theory designed to prevent illness and the maintain disease. Nursing Theory ”Health promotion emphasis on behavior in the direction of social and environmental Interventions” (WHO, 2015, P. 1). Health promotion makes families and communities aware of preventive methods of diseases. Health promotion emphases on maintaining a healthy lifestyle for families and communities. Health promotion also focuses on educational theories, behaviorism is one of three educational theories. Educational Theory Behaviorism holds an influential part in the study of psychology. In the 20th century behavior theorist thought learning was a noticeable change in behavior, which occurs...
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...NURSING PHILOSOPHY, 1 NURSING PHILOSOPHY NURSING PHILOSOPHY, 2 Nursing philosophy Definitions Philosophy Philosophies encompass a multitude of value statements and beliefs. Philosophies are based on knowledge derived from reality, personal values, existence, reasoning, and relevant presentation of concepts. According to Alligood (2014), they address concepts such as person, environment, health, and nursing. Philosophies are derived from different theoretical works which affirm general ideas pertaining to those works. Philosophies are all based on individual ideas which conceptualize different views of nursing. Alligood (2014) suggests that philosophies broaden everyday views of nursing. Nursing Philosophy Nursing philosophy is a representation of philosophy as it directly relates to nursing. According to Alligood (2014), specific nursing philosophies encompass theory guided nursing practice. The three different philosophies of nursing that each has their own value system are Nightingale’s, Watson’s and Benner’s. Each philosophy addresses its own concept of nursing care and factors that are associated with that. Alligood (2014) suggests nursing philosophies give us different views to consider when applying nursing care. Each philosophy serves its purpose as an interpretation of a rationalized value system of ideas of nursing care. Metaparadigm A metaparadigm is a knowledge type of nursing. The core basis of nursing is...
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...time through a sound educational base as well as a multitude of experiences. * She proposed that one could gain knowledge and skills ("knowing how") without ever learning the theory ("knowing that"). * She further explains that the development of knowledge in applied disciplines such as medicine and nursing is composed of the extension of practical knowledge (know how) through research and the characterization and understanding of the "know how" of clinical experience. * She coneptualizes in her writing about nursing skills as experience is a prerequisite for becoming an expert. ABOUT THE THEORIST * Patricia E. Benner, R.N., Ph.D., FAAN is a Professor Emerita at the University of California, San Francisco. * BA in Nursing - Pasadena College/Point Loma College * MS in Med/Surg nursing from UCSF * PhD -1982 from UC Berkeley * 1970s - Research at UCSF and UC Berkeley * Has taught and done research at UCSF since 1979 * Published 9 books and numerous articles * Published ‘Novice to Expert Theory’ in 1982 * Received Book of the Year from AJN in 1984,1990,1996, 2000 * Her web address is at: http://www.PatriciaBenner.com * Her profile can be obtained at http://nurseweb.ucsf.edu/www/ix-fd.shtml LEVELS OF NURSING EXPERIENCE She described 5 levels of nursing experience as; 1. Novice 2. Advanced beginner 3. Competent 4. Proficient 5. Expert Novice * Beginner with no experience * Taught general...
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