...Morality is the quality of being in accord with standards of right or good conduct. The installation of a moral system is vital in every society. Yet, every moral system must deal with the major conflicting general moral issues: Consequentialism versus Non-consequentialism; Self versus Other-Interestedness; Act Utilitarianism versus Rule Utilitarianism; and Emotion versus reason as well as others. The approaches that are used to deal with these issues are up to the person which dilemma or situation is best fitted. In order to use one of these methods you have to understand these theories and their purposes. Immanuel Kant was a dominant philosopher of his time (1724-1804), the theory of Kant is the most difficult to understand but when understood is a simple approach. Kant argues that “the moral worth of an action is to be judged not by its consequences but by the nature of the maxim or principal that motivated the action”(Cahn pg. 98). The only actions that are correct are the ones that can serve as universal laws. People should act only on principles or maxims that can be universalized without contradiction. Another theory that is the theory of a leading English philosopher known as John Stuart Mill (1806-1873), his theory differentiates between Kant’s in that his concentrates on the consequences of an action rather than the motive for an action. Mill’s theory is known as utilitarianism, this view is grounded off that principle that morality is to act as so to produce as...
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...Philosophy is the study of general and fundamental problems, such as those connected with reality, existence, knowledge, values,reason, mind, and language Philosophy is distinguished from other ways of addressing such problems by its critical, generally systematic approach and its reliance on rational argument. In more casual speech, by extension, "philosophy" can refer to "the most basic beliefs, concepts, and attitudes of an individual or group". The word "philosophy" comes from the Ancient Greek φιλοσοφία (philosophia), which literally means "love of wisdom". The introduction of the terms "philosopher" and "philosophy" has been ascribed to the Greek thinker Pythagoras. The Main Branches of Philosophy are divided as to the nature of the questions asked in each area. The integrity of these divisions cannot be rigidly maintained, for one area overlaps into the others. A. Axiology: the study of value; the investigation of its nature, criteria, and metaphysical status. More often than not, the term "value theory" is used instead of "axiology" in contemporary discussions even though the term “theory of value” is used with respect to the value or price of goods and services in economics. Axiology is usually divided into two main parts. Ethics: the study of values in human behavior or the study of moral problems: e.g., (1) the rightness and wrongness of actions, (2) the kinds of things which are good or desirable, and (3) whether actions are blameworthy or praiseworthy. ...
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...Activities | References | 1 | 2 | Overview of the course * Scheme of work * Assessment * Mid semester examination * Final examination | * Ice breaking * Entrance Survey * Blended Learning Requirement * Coursework requirement * Lecture & discussion (F2F) | Main text - Thiroux, Jacques P (2008) Ethics: Theory and Practice. 9thed. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. | 1 | 4 | Topic 1: Introduction to Ethics * The Concept of Ethics * Ethics & Morality * Sources of Morality * Ethics & Reason * The Importance of Study Ethics | * Lecture & tutorial(F2F) | Thiroux, Jacques P (2008) Ethics: Theory and Practice. 9thed. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. | 2 | 4 | Topic 2: Ethical Theories * Consequentialism & Non-Consequentialism * Ethical Egoism * Utilitarianism | * Lecture & tutorial(F2F) | Thiroux, Jacques P (2008) Ethics: Theory and Practice. 9thed. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. | 3 | 4 | Topic 2: Ethical Theories * Kant’s Moral Theory * Natural Law Theory * Virtue Ethics | * Lecture & tutorial(F2F) | Thiroux, Jacques P (2008) Ethics: Theory and Practice. 9thed....
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... In this essay virtual, utilitarianism and deontological theoretical ethical theories will be defined and compared. Virtue Ethics In the Basic Ethics textbook (Boylan, 2009), virtue ethics is defined as “taking the viewpoint that in living your life you should try to cultivate excellence in all that you do and all that others do. These excellences or virtues are both moral and non-moral. For instance, this principle takes the long look at one’s character and is somewhat forgiving of an occasional slipup that is not in consonance with that person’s historical character.” Thus, for instance, people who lied occasionally were not necessarily immoral or bad people if they did not lie regularly. These lies are especially acceptable for instance if the person only lies in order to protect another person’s safety or feelings. Utilitarianism Meanwhile, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Driver, 2009) explains that “utilitarianism is generally held to be the view that the morally right action is the action that produces the most good. One thing to note is that the theory is a form of consequentialism: the right action is understood entirely in terms of consequences produced. On the utilitarian view one ought to maximize the overall good — that is, consider the good of others as well as one's own good.” In the practice of the utilitarianism principle one might assert that lies could be to destructive if left up to the individuals to...
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...now. It states the mission statements of each organization and describes the work each has done or is doing. It examines the ethical values of each organizations and the issues each has gone through or is going through with solutions as to how to fix each issue. Introduction: When analyzing an organization one should know what type of organization it is. There are two types of organizations, Not-for-Profit (Non-Profit) and For-Profit. According to The Macquarie Dictionary, a Not-for-Profit organization is “formed for the purpose of providing goods or services, but not for the purpose of making profit.” A For-Profit is described as “often plural pecuniary gain resulting from the employment of capital in any transaction”. (The Macquarie Dictionary, Profit, para.1). Community Development International, a Not-for-Profit organization, and Home Depot, a For-Profit organizations, are two different kinds of organizations, yet have similarities when it comes to ethical perspectives. Three ethical perspectives that were utilized to generate this study are Consequentialism, Deontology and Virtue Theory. Each organization will be analyzed utilizing these perspectives to examine the issues they are facing and what can be done to better them. A company should always be ethical. They should provide a list of Code of Ethics and well as a Code of Conduct. In this article, they speak about “a five-step ethics job-screen process and an ethical decision-making framework.” (Business Wire...
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...Ethics - Ethics Imagine a 15 year old student in philosophy class. After discussing why should you or shouldn't you judge other societies, and getting in depth with ethics, the teacher decides to tell a story to the class. She says"..there is a tribe in the Amazon(Brazil) were they show love and respect by cutting body parts.It would be a good sign if your father cuts a finger of a son...." she then asked the class ".... if you end up in the Amazon, would you stop a father cutting a sons finger because in your society is wrong.... Ethics - Ethics Ethics is a topic in which many people or groups of people tend to disregard. There can be many reasons supporting the decisions that business firms or individuals make. In many cases, money or monetary gain can influence people to do unethical things either in the workplace or in everyday life. Ethics can be defined as beliefs that distinguish right from wrong. These beliefs are normally passed down from family so you make the right decisions in the future. Morals are also on the same line as ethics when talking about doing the right thing.... Ethics Officer - ... A code of ethics also helps to empower employees to report unethical behavior witnessed by coworkers or executives within the corporation. Ethics Administrative Agency Another proposal is that the government needs to form an organization that will strictly investigate any serious claims of unethical behavior. Many people may argue that the government already over regulates...
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...Business Ethics and Crisis Management: Circumstances for a Second Chance Dr. Stefan MAYR Researcher at the Institut für Controlling und Consulting, Johannes Kepler Universität Linz, Austria Johannes Kepler Universität Linz Institut für Controlling und Consulting Altenberger Straße 69 4040 Linz Austria Stefan.mayr@jku.at Keywords: Corporate responsibility, corporate restructuring, enterprise crisis, bankruptcy 1238 Abstract Discourse regarding ethics and corporate responsibility arose in the last years linked with an increasing number of accounting fraud scandals. The recent financial crisis has had a lasting negative influence on corporate profits. Companies have had to satisfy the interests of several stakeholders, such as its employees, banks, customers and the community, and at the same time successfully manage the consequences of the crisis. An empirical qualitative study which was conducted in Austria in 2008 is presented in this paper aimed at investigating business ethics and crisis management. The stakeholder theory will be used as a reference framework. This paper concludes with lessons that can be learned and political recommendations and policies put forth to grant failed businesses a second chance. 1. Introduction In the past few years, an increasing number of fraud cases and accounting scandals is linked to fierce discourse with respect to ethics and corporate accountability. Business ethics has likewise become a current research subject in...
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...Philosophy Philosophy is the study of general and fundamental problems, such as reality, existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language. Discussed in this paper will be the most prominent individuals in each time period and their ideas, starting with the “Pre-Socratic” philosophers and ending in the era of post modernism. The time period in ancient Greece between the end of the seventh century B.C. and the middle of the fourth century B.C. is what is known as the “Pre-Socratic Era”. The thinkers known as the “Pre-Socratic Philosophers” used the four basic elements (water, earth, fire, and air) as their foundations for their ideas. Thales and most of the other Pre-Socratic philosophers limited themselves mostly to inquiring the nature of existence, being, and the world. They were mostly Materialists, believing that all things are composed of material and nothing else, and were mainly concerned with trying to establish the single underlying substance of which the world is made up. They used this idea of “Monism” without resorting to supernatural or mythological explanations. To these men even the commonest of phenomena like lightning, water freezing to ice, and natural disasters would have appeared miraculous. Empedocles, first of the pluralists, who proposed that reality, is composed of an irreducible plurality of elements. He also documented the first theory of evolution. Democritus developed the extremely influential idea of Atomism (that all of reality is actually...
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... ethics and ethical argumentation consistency: A. It is always wrong to kill a human being B. Abortion is not always wrong C. I am committed to holding that abortion isn’t always the killing of a human being a. This sets a limit on the subjectivity of ethics b. Another such limit: factual accuracy c. One can enjoy a taste without knowing what it is d. In ethics we have to understand the facts of the matter: patient’s prognosis, wishes etc in regards to resuscitation (2) Ethical relativism A. Similarity to subjectivism: B. Ethics depends upon a group, a culture etc. a. Darius: eat or burn one’s dead b. Herodotus each culture things its custom best c. Nomos vs. Phusis d. Anthropology: no superior morality which...
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...FEIT31272 Project Management and the Professional Assignment 1 | Ethics of UAVs | 11035425 Ngo, Kevin 11035502 Truong, Matthew | Table of Contents Executive Summary 2 Introduction 2 Overview 3 Definition 3 History of UAV 4 Civil Use 7 Background: 8 Small Picture Ethics 9 Big Picture Ethics 12 Deontology. 12 Relativism 15 Virtue ethics 17 Future use: 19 Recommendation 21 Individual Opinion 22 Kevin Ngo 22 Matthew Truong 25 Reference List 27 Executive Summary Introduction Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) can generally be defined as a “device used or intended to be used for flight in the air that has no on-board pilot”. Current generations of UAVs “can be as small as an insect or as large as a charter flight”. They can be launched from a road or a small vehicle, but are often large enough to accommodate cameras, sensors or other information gathering equipment. Recently, discussions of UAVs have shifted most of the attention toward the ethical, legal and privacy implications that UAVs have, on society in global and domestic level. Overview Definition ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- There are many various terms used to identify these unmanned vehicles to which by its definition are that of a craft without a human pilot within. The most commonly accepted term would be UAV ( unmanned aerial vehicles); the US military much prefer...
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...Human Resource Management Revision week 1 HRM encompasses -Policies - Practices and systems (Influence employees behaviour, attitudes and performance) - 1945-1979 HR focus was on Personnel Management - making sure employees comply with law…conditions - 1980-1990s HR focus was on management of human capital Strategic Human Resource Management (SHRM) - Plans activities for organisations to achieve its goals - To receive ultimate employee performance, they need to be linked to organisational goals and strategy - Achieved by consistently influencing employee attitudes and behaviours - HRM policies are linked towards organisational goals, HRM contribute to them in a meaningful way. Theoretical bases for HRM Behavioural view - HRM controls employee attitudes and behaviours to suit the situation - Suggesting HR focuses on behaviour rather than skills / knowledge of the job Resource Based view - HR are seen as a resource which give an upper hand for the reason they keep employees in right mind of frame for the goals set Political – influence view HR act as a Political leader through - Social communication through one and another - there to prevent negative social influences and maintain positive environment Harvard framework for HRM -HR take raw influences in business - Tune them providing an organisation that has positive, individual wellbeing, effectiveness and social wellbeing. Roles for HR professionals - Strategic...
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...1.0 INTRODUCTION Health care can be defined as the maintaining and restoration of health by the treatment and prevention of disease especially by trained and licensed professionals such as in medicine, dentistry, clinical psychology, and public health. Besides that, health care also the services are provided to people or communities by agents of the health services or professions for the purpose of promoting, maintaining, monitoring, or restoring health. According to the Institute of Medicine, they defines health care quality as the extent to which health services provided to individuals and patient populations improve desired health outcomes. The care should be based on the strongest clinical evidence and provided in a technically and culturally competent manner with good communication and shared decision making. While dementia or senile are often synonymous with the elderly. Senile is a condition in which the brain has decreased, causing a decline in memory of a patient with severe and cannot even take care of you. Dementia or senile is a disease and not alarmed foreign to the Malay community, since time immemorial have been recorded by type as Munshi Abdullah, in his famous book. It usually only pose problems to a family member when the disease came too early from the age norm. If the patient began suffering from dementia when he reached 80 years were normal and not a problem. But if the patient was only 60 years old, is suffering from dementia, so it is very stressful for...
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...Knowledge Area Module VI Contemporary Issues and the Ethical Delivery of Health Services Student: Harold Taitt, harold.taitt@waldenu.edu Student ID # A00293212 Program: Ph.D. Health Services Specialization: Health Management and Policy Faculty Mentor: Dr. Robert Hoye, robert.hoye@waldenu.edu Faculty Assessor: Dr. Jim Goes, jim.goes@waldenu.edu Walden University May 10, 2013 Abstract Breadth Component In this age of rapidly evolving technological advances, many of the legal and ethical issues that are challenging the delivery of health care and the health care profession are new. As we confront the legal, moral, and ethical aspects of health care, we are seldom faced with decisions that require or are resolved by simple right or wrong answers (Edge & Kreiger, 1998). In the Breadth component of KAM VI, I focus on several ethical theories and how those theories influence the way ethical issues and concerns are addressed and managed in the allocation and delivery of health care services. I critically assess and evaluate those theories, concepts, and derivative principles as they impact important decisions and the implications of those decisions within the context of social change and with special emphasis on health care management and policy. In addition, I discuss the key assumptions on which the selected theories are constructed, compare and contrast the writers’ interpretations across theories, and conclude by providing a critical commentary on the merits of the selected...
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...Introduction Business ethics are not as complicated or abstract as one might think. A simple way to evaluate whether or not a practice is ethical is to determine the ultimate effect of that practice. For example, if the manager of a store paid his cleaning employee less than the going rate to clean his store, knowing exactly what the going rate is, several things could happen to damage the business. The employee could suffer serious financial implications or the employee could leave and find another position where she does not feel exploited. The subject of ethics is often considered abstract or relative by those who believe that rules do not always apply to them. Rules and laws apply to everyone. It is unfortunate that some employees in the upper echelons of the corporate ladder decide to act unethically, but it is a fact of business and of life. For this reason, it is best for a business to be careful of who they promote within their company. Corporate responsibility is a phrase heavily used in the business world. Often mentioned to enhance the image of an organization, corporate responsibility does have a true meaning. Businesses that use energy efficient lighting and offer their employees a fair pay rate are practicing corporate responsibility. Corporate responsibility is an integral part of business ethics and should be practiced by all entities, whether large or small. Corporate responsibility simply means that each individual within a company is practicing personal...
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...ability to write and speak clearly, attending to details Students learn about questions. How to ask good questions and distinguish the worthwhile from the worthless questions. How to divide, prioritize, and simplify questions. Students are affected by learning about questions. * Studying questions liberates us from prejudice * It helps us to think independently, thus, promoting autonomy, self-government, and individuation * It broadens our perspective on life The study of philosophy benefits students intellectually, spiritually, and morally. * Students learn about the origins of those ideas and concepts that are our common intellectual vocabulary. * They learn that there is remarkable intellectual and spiritual connection between themselves and people from different times and places. They see firsthand a common and rich humanity. Source:...
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