..._____________________________________________________________________ CREDIT Research Paper No. 01/05 _____________________________________________________________________ Reducing Child Malnutrition: How Far Does Income Growth Take Us? by Harold Alderman, Simon Appleton, Lawrence Haddad, Lina Song and Yisehac Yohannes _____________________________________________________________________ Centre for Research in Economic Development and International Trade, University of Nottingham 2 The Centre for Research in Economic Development and International Trade is based in the School of Economics at the University of Nottingham. It aims to promote research in all aspects of economic development and international trade on both a long term and a short term basis. To this end, CREDIT organises seminar series on Development Economics, acts as a point for collaborative research with other UK and overseas institutions and publishes research papers on topics central to its interests. A list of CREDIT Research Papers is given on the final page of this publication. Authors who wish to submit a paper for publication should send their manuscript to the Editor of the CREDIT Research Papers, Professor M F Bleaney, at: Centre for Research in Economic Development and International Trade, School of Economics, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UNITED KINGDOM Telephone (0115) 951 5620 Fax: (0115) 951 4159 CREDIT Research Papers are distributed free of charge to members of the...
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...MASTER IN HEALTH ECONOMICS PROPOSED MASTER STUDIES MASTER IN ECONOMICS (HEALTHCARE) A Review of Healthcare Financing System in Developed Countries and Malaysia. By: Wong Lim Ping Finance Division Ministry of Health Putrajaya May 2011 MASTER IN HEALTH ECONOMICS TABLE OF CONTENT: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Introduction Field of research Objective of study Literature review Scope of research Research Methodology Work Schedule Brief bibliography Wong Lim Ping 790904-13-5151 2 MASTER IN HEALTH ECONOMICS 1.0 INTRODUCTION As Malaysia strikes toward the high income economic through its various initiatives under Government Transformation Programme (GDP) and Economic Transformation Programme (ETP), healthcare has been identify as one of the trust under Mission Cluster Groups (MCG) in driving the nation‟s development path. Healthcare is a very important component of national development and that the creation of a healthy and productive workforce is essential to support and sustain the growth of the nation. In Malaysia, the Government under the Ministry of Health (MOH) is the provider, regulator and funder of the healthcare system, thus, raising the question of dependency of government subsidized healthcare services that serve the inefficiency use of government resources. In year 2009, the government expenditure on healthcare as a percentage of total Gross Domestic products (GDP) is 4.8% of which the 1.8% is from the government expenditure and 3% from...
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...Civic and Community Engagement Project Brief 12.12.2013 Task: Complete a research paper on Homelessness in Ireland. Write a reflective paper, with maximum 2000 words including references, discussing and reflecting on – The causes of homelessness – The issues that Homeless people face – Solutions to Homelessness – The Simon Society in Ireland Homelessness in Ireland Homelessness is one of our biggest problems in the word and also in Ireland. According to the statistics there are 3808 homeless people living in Ireland. Those include the people who are sleeping on the street, the ones who are staying in refugees or alternative hostels, people who live temporarily in bed and breakfast, or with their family or friends or illegally in squats. Figure 1 1 Figure 2 In the Figure 1 you can see how many homeless people each city or region has and the Figure 2 shows us the statistic categorized in homeless male and female living in a accommodation and the ones who don´t have a stay. But what causes the homelessness? Unfortunately most people think that homelessness is mostly caused by they own fault. A lot of people think after some personal failures the people loose control about their life caused by alcohol or drug abuse and become homeless. Although the personal failures named before also affect homelessness there are more personal reasons that caused homelessness and also most people forget to think about the structural reasons that also affects the homelessness...
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...Population and Environment Theodore Panayotou CID Working Paper No. 54 July 2000 Environment and Development Paper No.2 Copyright 2000 Theodore Panayotou and the President and Fellows of Harvard College Working Papers Center for International Development at Harvard University Population and Environment Theodore Panayotou Abstract The past fifty years have witnessed two simultaneous and accelerating trends: an explosive growth in population and a steep increase in resource depletion and environmental degradation. These trends have fueled the debate on the link between population and environment that began 150 years earlier, when Malthus voiced his concern about the ability of the earth and its finite resources to feed an exponentially growing population. The purpose of this study is to review the literature on population and environment and to identify the main strands of thought and the assumptions that lie behind them. The author begins with a review of the historical perspective. He then reviews and assesses the evidence on the relationship between population and environment, focusing on selected natural and environmental resources: land use, water use, local pollution, deforestation and climate change. The author also reviews selected recent macro and micro perspectives. The new macro perspective introduces the environment-income relationship and examines the role of population growth and density in mediating this relationship. The new micro perspective introduces...
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...Population and Environment Theodore Panayotou CID Working Paper No. 54 July 2000 Environment and Development Paper No.2 Copyright 2000 Theodore Panayotou and the President and Fellows of Harvard College Working Papers Center for International Development at Harvard University Population and Environment Theodore Panayotou Abstract The past fifty years have witnessed two simultaneous and accelerating trends: an explosive growth in population and a steep increase in resource depletion and environmental degradation. These trends have fueled the debate on the link between population and environment that began 150 years earlier, when Malthus voiced his concern about the ability of the earth and its finite resources to feed an exponentially growing population. The purpose of this study is to review the literature on population and environment and to identify the main strands of thought and the assumptions that lie behind them. The author begins with a review of the historical perspective. He then reviews and assesses the evidence on the relationship between population and environment, focusing on selected natural and environmental resources: land use, water use, local pollution, deforestation and climate change. The author also reviews selected recent macro and micro perspectives. The new macro perspective introduces the environment-income relationship and examines the role of population growth and density in mediating this relationship. The new micro perspective introduces the...
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...business cycle reduction. It refers to a general retardation of economic activities (Simon, 2001). Macroeconomic pointers like gross domestic product (GDP), investment spending, employment, capacity utilization, household income, inflation and business profits fall. This happens while unemployment and bankruptcies rates go up (Andrews, 2009). Recessions crops up when there is a general drop in expenditure. It follows the rising of an economic bubble or an unpredictable supply shock. Governments respond to recessions through implementing expansionary macroeconomic strategies. They tend to raise the government’s expenditure, increase money supply and lessen the amount of tax paid by the citizens (Andrews, 2009). In 2007, a global financial predicament rapidly metamorphosed from the bursting of the property bubble in the United States to the most horrible recession ever witnessed on the planet. This paper will research on the causes of the 2008-2009 economic predicament and the policies executed by various key people liable for saving the U.S. economy. It will also explain the task, constitutional authority, and the policy view of some current holders of key positions that set policies for saving the U.S. economy. In 2007, a worldwide economic predicament spread its gloom on the financial outcomes of several nations (Simon, 2001). It ended with what was often termed as the worst recession (Simon, 2001). Its source that originated from the sub-prime segment of the United State real...
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...who will adopt electric vehicles? a segmentation approach of UK consumers Dr Jillian anable The Centre for Transport Research University of aberdeen St Mary’s, Elphinstone Road aberdeen, UK, ab24 3Uf j.anable@abdn.ac.uk Dr geertje Schuitema Department of Marketing and Statistics aarhus University haslegaardsvej 10 DK-8210 aarhus V, Denmark g.Schuitema@asb.dk Dr Stephen Skippon Shell global Solutions Shell Technology Centre Thornton P.o. box 1 Chester, UK, Ch1 3Sh steve.skippon@shell.com Dr neale Kinnear Transport Research laboratory Crowthorne house, nine Mile Ride wokingham, UK, Rg40 3ga nkinnear@trl.co.uk Keywords electric vehicles, consumer preferences, segmentation two-wave design was aimed at reducing psychological distance, supporting information transfer into long-term memory, and facilitating non-conscious processing, thus better representing consumer choice processes. Applying cluster analysis to the various attitudinal measures, participants are segmented according to their pro-social and technology-oriented inclinations and some conclusions as to the characteristics of EV consumers are presented. Abstract Climate change programmes around the globe are relying heavily on the electrification of transport, especially private battery electric vehicles and plug-in hybrids (‘EVs’). These are novel technologies of which mainstream consumers have very little experience and knowledge, so they are psychologically distant from the category. This presents...
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...Public Health Code of Ethics (Public Health Leadership Society, 2002), the American Nurses' Association (ANA) Code of Ethics (2001), and other relevant ethical theory to weigh and balance the arguments for and against the use of sin taxes. Some say that an increase in “sin taxes” will increase health care costs, but the government will take a greater role in regulating health care expenses. A primary argument against sin taxes is based on ethical considerations: the claim that such taxes are unfair, discriminatory, and a threat to freedom by a nanny state seeking to impose its values on a recalcitrant segment of the public. Dorsey, R. (2010) This would drastically affect all consumers /businesses and put a major burden on all Americans. This paper will discuss...
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...An Analysis of Gender Roles in Disney Princess Films Jasmit Singh 213749361 Traditional and Popular Culture – 1900 9.0 Susan Niazi – Tutorial 6 Whether it’s the colours they wear, the activities they engage in or how they behave, men and women are known to play different roles in society. These established gender roles “are not innate or natural but a product of society”. Children, adolescents and adults all learn gender roles through the environment they’re surrendered by. One of the many huge influencers that help shape gender roles is media. Although “there has been a lot of change over the years in terms of what is considered appropriate societal roles for men and women, this change is not reflected in contemporary film”. The ideology of mainstream media continues to focus on the males being the heads of society, which in result, shows an unequal representation of the females. From an early age, media puts an image into young minds, informing them how males and females should think, act, behave and appear. In many television shows and films, one can easily see the distinct difference between the role of a male and a female. Often films are enforcing stereotypical gender roles where the male is seen to holds more importance in society than the female. Amongst many film producing companies, Walt Disney Pictures for decades have been enforcing stereotypical gender roles in their princess films. Though it may not be outright obvious, Disney productions play a huge role...
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...mark, so what effects overpopulation will have on a country’s economy? Acting Prime Minister Teo Chee Hea (2012) said, “The country's population growth is key to achieving this vision. The vision is to build a better and brighter nation for all citizens. If we don't have a sustainable core Singapore population, we won't be able to sustain the kind of Singapore that we want in the future. That is a critical element of the Singapore in the future. The current birth rate is not enough for us to sustain our population or even maintain it at its current level. We want to be able to raise the population through encouraging births," he said. This paper focuses on whether Singapore population growth can contribute to its economic development. And the impact on its GDP if population expected to exceeds 6 million mark. The findings in this paper will support the population-driven economic growth hypothesis which states that population growth promotes per capita income growth. We can conclude that whether an increase in population growth rate can lead to a benefit or detriment to the economic growth in Singapore. Introduction Economic performance in any country is, to a substantial...
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...Executive Summary This paper examines the rate of upward mobility on the lower, middle and upper class. The data suggest that even after controlling for differences between non-college graduates and college graduates —including such factors as age and location— it is far less likely to move up in social class and/or acquire substantial power if a person is not born of parents with said class and/or power. On average, individuals earning 100,000 or more a year, come from homes where their parents or guardian made 100,000 or more per year. The impact of an affluent family was even bigger in occupations where technical skills are more prevalent, such as doctors, lawyers, and chemists. Those individuals who came from an affluent household were 85 percentage more likely to graduate and gain employment making six figures. Those individuals that did not come from an affluent house hold were 75 percent more likely to be involved in criminal activity, underage pregnancy and not make over 30,000 a year. Recent studies propose that there is less economic mobility in the United States than has long been acknowledged. The last twenty years has seen a significant drop-off in median household income growth interrelated to earlier generations. My findings demonstrate that individuals who come from homes netting higher income per year place their offspring in better financial standing, hence better chance of upward mobility than an individual that is from a home netting a lower, middle to...
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...their sentiments and zeal. Their main aim should be to achieve a goal of maximizing their utility or more clearly their satisfaction level (Riaz T & Iqbal H, 2015). Theoretically, discerning different factors within self-control can lead to a better understanding of the processes involved in work behavior, and may expand job design theories. Practically, knowledge on trait self-control could be used for personnel selection, placement, or task assignment. Self-attribution bias is a long-standing concept in psychology research and refers to individuals’ general tendency to attribute successes to personal skills and failures to factors beyond their control (see e.g., Feather and Simon, 1971; Miller and Ross, 1975).Recently, self-attribution bias is also gaining research attention in the field of household finance. In this regard, this bias is thought to underlie and reinforce individual investor overconfidence (Barberand Odean, 2002; Dorn and Huberman, 2005). The household finance literature demonstrates that investor overconfidence is associated with such behaviors as overtrading (Barber and Odean, 2002) and under diversification (Goetzmann and Kumar, 2008), which are detrimental to consumer financial well-being because they lead to underperformance and portfolios with high idiosyncratic risk. For the above-mentioned reasons, it is important to increase the understanding of self-attribution bias in the context of consumer financial decision-making. To date, however, the existence of...
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...Running head: CHILD MALTREATMENT & JUVENILE DELINQUENCY 1 The Correlation Between Child Maltreatment & Juvenile Delinquency April 6, 2014 CHILD MALTREATMENT & JUVENILE DELINQUENCY 2 Abstract Research suggests that there is a correlation between child maltreatment and juvenile delinquency. The findings indicate that children, who have experienced abuse or neglect during childhood, are at increased risk of committing crimes in adolescence. A substantial number of children enter the juvenile justice system with a history of abuse, with approximately one third of these adolescence are actively associated with a child welfare agency at the time of their initial arrest. This paper attempts to establish a clear definition of physical, sexual and emotional abuse, as well as, neglect, while also reviewing a pattern of subsequent delinquency. The effects of racial, ethnic and gender differences in criminal behavior will be explored. A collaborated effort among youth serving agencies is discussed as a method of prevention of child maltreatment and future delinquency. CHILD MALTREATMENT & JUVENILE DELINQUENCY 3 Juvenile delinquency is a serious public health concern. Throughout literature, child and adolescent maltreatment are consistently identified as powerful predictors of juvenile and adult crime. In 2009, law enforcement agencies arrested approximately 1.9 million persons under the age of 18 “ (Ryan, Williams, & Courtney, 2013, p.454)...
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...physical separation of parents. This will essentially affect the child in every aspect of his/her life - emotional, behavioral, educational, economical, and relational. Such ramifications are immediate as well as long term. To hinder the all too familiar “decisions of convenience” I emphatically believe the courts should return to its more restrictive divorce guidelines; and our nation needs to return to “One Nation Under God”. The Devastating Results 3 Researching articles, journals, and other sources for my paper “The Devastating Results of Divorce on Children” has been an eye-opening experience. It seems only logical that divorce-related factors would have a significant impact on the identity crises and achievements of a child. But I grossly underestimated the extent to which these factors affected each and every area of the child’s life – emotional, behavioral, educational, economical, and relational. Surprisingly, much of the research...
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... 1549 2.4 Familiarity 1550 3. Disposition Effect: Selling Winners and Holding Losers The 1551 3.1 The Evidence 1551 3.2 Why Do Investors Prefer to Sell Winners? 1557 4. Reinforcement Learning 1559 5. Attention: Chasing the Action 1559 6. Failure to Diversify 1560 7. Are Individual Investors Contrarians? 1564 8. Conclusion 1565 References 1565 The bulk of research in modern economics has been built on the notion that human beings are rational agents who attempt to maximize wealth while minimizing risk.These agents carefully assess the risk and return of all possible investment options to arrive at an investment portfolio that suits their level of risk aversion. Models based on these * e thank Nicholas Barberis, Simon Gervais, Markku Kaustia, Matti Keloharju, Andrei Simonov, Paolo W Sodini, Rene Stulz, Sheridan Titman, Stephen Utkus, Jing Yao, and Luo Zuo for comments on this paper. We thank Noah Stoffman for providing us with an analysis of the disposition effect for the Finnish dataset. Laney Smith provided valuable research assistance. Handbook of the Economics of Finance...
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